Control of Wake and Sleep States
... Spindles occur when aminergic input is slowly withdrawn during early NREM sleep leading to bursts of action potentials in reticular neurons. This leads to excitatory potential in cortical neurons signaled as spindles. Spindles are inhibited during wakefulness and REM sleep by tonic firing of thalami ...
... Spindles occur when aminergic input is slowly withdrawn during early NREM sleep leading to bursts of action potentials in reticular neurons. This leads to excitatory potential in cortical neurons signaled as spindles. Spindles are inhibited during wakefulness and REM sleep by tonic firing of thalami ...
Induction of NADPH diaphoraselnitric oxide synthase in the spinal
... Fig. 5. Transverse section through the cervical enlargement of spinal cord. 2 days after a single (underground) blast. Note that the number as well as intensity of NADPH-d positive ventral horn motoneurons (arrows) at laminae Vlll and IX is clearly enhanced when compared with that in rat killed 3 ho ...
... Fig. 5. Transverse section through the cervical enlargement of spinal cord. 2 days after a single (underground) blast. Note that the number as well as intensity of NADPH-d positive ventral horn motoneurons (arrows) at laminae Vlll and IX is clearly enhanced when compared with that in rat killed 3 ho ...
Signaling by truncated Dab1 protein - Development
... phosphorylation (Howell et al., 2000), suggesting that some other change induced by activated VLDLR and apoER2, for example, possible serine phosphorylation or relocalization of Dab1, triggers changes in the rates of Dab1 synthesis or degradation. Decreased Dab1 protein levels may be part of a negat ...
... phosphorylation (Howell et al., 2000), suggesting that some other change induced by activated VLDLR and apoER2, for example, possible serine phosphorylation or relocalization of Dab1, triggers changes in the rates of Dab1 synthesis or degradation. Decreased Dab1 protein levels may be part of a negat ...
Peripheral and Central Mechanisms of Pain Generation
... situations that evoke pain. Pain during disease is different from “normal” pain. It occurs in the absence of external noxious stimuli, during mild stimulation or in an unpredictable way. Types of pain have been classified according to their pathogenesis, and pain research intends to define their neuro ...
... situations that evoke pain. Pain during disease is different from “normal” pain. It occurs in the absence of external noxious stimuli, during mild stimulation or in an unpredictable way. Types of pain have been classified according to their pathogenesis, and pain research intends to define their neuro ...
Brainstem A Atlas: Clinical Neuroanatomy Atlas
... What brainstem region? The red arrow points to a lonely white matter structure. Identify it, and its major functions. Several nuclei are circled in green. What function do they serve? Where is the spinothalamic tract located at this level? What's circled in black? You can see it in several different ...
... What brainstem region? The red arrow points to a lonely white matter structure. Identify it, and its major functions. Several nuclei are circled in green. What function do they serve? Where is the spinothalamic tract located at this level? What's circled in black? You can see it in several different ...
Developmental Changes Revealed by Immunohistochemical
... differentiated ependymal layer, whereas the intermediate zone has become the definitive white matter. In experimental mammals, including nonhuman primates, it is known that the subplate and marginal zones contain the first postmitotic neurons of the cerebral cortex. However, by early maturity many o ...
... differentiated ependymal layer, whereas the intermediate zone has become the definitive white matter. In experimental mammals, including nonhuman primates, it is known that the subplate and marginal zones contain the first postmitotic neurons of the cerebral cortex. However, by early maturity many o ...
Kalirin, a Multifunctional Rho Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factor
... neuronal plasticity requires understanding the many factors that control the actin cytoskeleton (Schmidt and Hall, 1998; Luo, 2002). Among these factors are the Rho GTPases, small GTPbinding proteins activated by guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) of the Dbl family and inactivated by GTPasea ...
... neuronal plasticity requires understanding the many factors that control the actin cytoskeleton (Schmidt and Hall, 1998; Luo, 2002). Among these factors are the Rho GTPases, small GTPbinding proteins activated by guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) of the Dbl family and inactivated by GTPasea ...
Hypothalamus
... However, the parvocellular neurons release their secretory products into fenestrated capillaries that drain into the long portal vessels that drain into the anterior lobe. The magnocellular neurons secrete either vasopressin or oxytocin, and are largely concentrated in the supraoptic (SON) and parav ...
... However, the parvocellular neurons release their secretory products into fenestrated capillaries that drain into the long portal vessels that drain into the anterior lobe. The magnocellular neurons secrete either vasopressin or oxytocin, and are largely concentrated in the supraoptic (SON) and parav ...
The Integrative Action of the Autonomic Nervous System
... University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia. The autonomic nervous system carries the signals from the central nervous system to all organs and tissues of the body except skeletal muscle fibers. It is made up of preganglionic and postganglionic neurons linked together in functionally disti ...
... University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia. The autonomic nervous system carries the signals from the central nervous system to all organs and tissues of the body except skeletal muscle fibers. It is made up of preganglionic and postganglionic neurons linked together in functionally disti ...
Channels active in the excitability of nerves and skeletal muscles
... ⫺70 mV. When an input signal occurs, mechanically, chemically, or voltage-gated channels (usually Na⫹, Cl⫺, or Ca2⫹) open to lead to a graded potential at the dendrites or the cell body. If the graded potential is sufficient (when it arrives at the trigger zone of the axon hillock) to depolarize the ...
... ⫺70 mV. When an input signal occurs, mechanically, chemically, or voltage-gated channels (usually Na⫹, Cl⫺, or Ca2⫹) open to lead to a graded potential at the dendrites or the cell body. If the graded potential is sufficient (when it arrives at the trigger zone of the axon hillock) to depolarize the ...
HH--Bell`s palsy - 2
... The vestibular afferent ganglion cells are located in Scarpa’s ganglion, which is inside the portion of the vestibular nerve inside the internal auditory canal. The cochlear nerve is composed of approx. 30,000 afferent bipolar ganglion cells. The efferent cochlear axons (olivocochlear bundle - appro ...
... The vestibular afferent ganglion cells are located in Scarpa’s ganglion, which is inside the portion of the vestibular nerve inside the internal auditory canal. The cochlear nerve is composed of approx. 30,000 afferent bipolar ganglion cells. The efferent cochlear axons (olivocochlear bundle - appro ...
Target-specific differences in somatodendritic morphology of layer V
... Dendritic geometry has been shown to be a critical determinant of information processing and neuronal computation. However, it is not known whether cortical projection neurons that target different subcortical nuclei have distinct dendritic morphologies. In this study, fast blue retrograde tracing i ...
... Dendritic geometry has been shown to be a critical determinant of information processing and neuronal computation. However, it is not known whether cortical projection neurons that target different subcortical nuclei have distinct dendritic morphologies. In this study, fast blue retrograde tracing i ...
Fluorescence Recordings of Electrical Activity in Goldfish Optic
... noise from the optical traces in real time (Manis et al., unpublished observations). The slices transmitted between 25 and 50% of the incident light. A calibration pulse was included on the optical recordings by adding a fraction of the resting fluorescence signal to the recording with a gated summi ...
... noise from the optical traces in real time (Manis et al., unpublished observations). The slices transmitted between 25 and 50% of the incident light. A calibration pulse was included on the optical recordings by adding a fraction of the resting fluorescence signal to the recording with a gated summi ...
Channels active in the excitability of nerves and skeletal muscles
... These voltage-gated K⫹ channels are responsible for the repolarization (falling phase) of an action potential in a neuron (4) (Fig. 1). Also known as Kv class (or Shaker-related) K⫹ channels, they have strong selectivity for K⫹ over other cations (9). Mammalian neuronal voltage-gated K⫹ channels are ...
... These voltage-gated K⫹ channels are responsible for the repolarization (falling phase) of an action potential in a neuron (4) (Fig. 1). Also known as Kv class (or Shaker-related) K⫹ channels, they have strong selectivity for K⫹ over other cations (9). Mammalian neuronal voltage-gated K⫹ channels are ...
Brainstem (II)
... (pyramidal decussation) to form the lateral corticospinal tract. Those do not cross in the pyramidal decussation continue into the smaller anterior corticospinal tract that typically crosses in the spinal cord before terminating. ...
... (pyramidal decussation) to form the lateral corticospinal tract. Those do not cross in the pyramidal decussation continue into the smaller anterior corticospinal tract that typically crosses in the spinal cord before terminating. ...
Olfactory Coding in the Honeybee Lateral Horn
... well-described staining of their dendrites within AL glomeruli (Figure 1A1), a homogeneous staining composed of numerous fine axon terminals throughout the LH (Figure 1A2). We found that clear odor-evoked activity could be measured at this location (Figure 1B). Bees were presented with ten different ...
... well-described staining of their dendrites within AL glomeruli (Figure 1A1), a homogeneous staining composed of numerous fine axon terminals throughout the LH (Figure 1A2). We found that clear odor-evoked activity could be measured at this location (Figure 1B). Bees were presented with ten different ...
Early Neuronal Loss and Axonal/Presynaptic Damage is Associated
... of GABAergic interneurons were selectively affected at early ages in hippocampal CA fields and dentate gyrus [24, 25] as well as entorhinal cortex [26]. However, pyramidal neurons were first affected in entorhinal cortex [26] and then later in CA1 hippocampus [27], similarly to the pathological patt ...
... of GABAergic interneurons were selectively affected at early ages in hippocampal CA fields and dentate gyrus [24, 25] as well as entorhinal cortex [26]. However, pyramidal neurons were first affected in entorhinal cortex [26] and then later in CA1 hippocampus [27], similarly to the pathological patt ...
- Valiente Lab
... adulthood, many lines of evidence suggest that schizophrenia is a neurodevelopmental disorder with a strong genetic component1,2. Several independent studies have identified neuregulin 1 (NRG1) and its receptor ERBB4 as important risk genes for schizophrenia3,4, although their precise role in the di ...
... adulthood, many lines of evidence suggest that schizophrenia is a neurodevelopmental disorder with a strong genetic component1,2. Several independent studies have identified neuregulin 1 (NRG1) and its receptor ERBB4 as important risk genes for schizophrenia3,4, although their precise role in the di ...
Fine-scale specificity of cortical networks depends on inhibitory cell
... levels of organization. The cerebral cortex is parceled into functionally and anatomically distinct areas, each of which connects to distinct subsets of the other areas1. And within each area, specific connections create and respect laminar and columnar functional architecture2–8. Within any one of ...
... levels of organization. The cerebral cortex is parceled into functionally and anatomically distinct areas, each of which connects to distinct subsets of the other areas1. And within each area, specific connections create and respect laminar and columnar functional architecture2–8. Within any one of ...
Motor Cortical Networks for Skilled Movements Have Reaching
... In this study, each task trial was classified as either “successful” or “unsuccessful” depending on whether or not the animal was able to reach the food pellet and cover it with its paw in one smoothly performed attempt, as determined by video analysis. The reaching task that was chosen for these ex ...
... In this study, each task trial was classified as either “successful” or “unsuccessful” depending on whether or not the animal was able to reach the food pellet and cover it with its paw in one smoothly performed attempt, as determined by video analysis. The reaching task that was chosen for these ex ...
LAB: Nerve Reflexes
... Nerve impulses follow routes through the nervous system called nerve pathways. Some of the simplest nerve pathways consist of little more than two neurons that communicate across a single synapse. A reflex is a relatively simple motor response that does not involve a large number of interneurons (or ...
... Nerve impulses follow routes through the nervous system called nerve pathways. Some of the simplest nerve pathways consist of little more than two neurons that communicate across a single synapse. A reflex is a relatively simple motor response that does not involve a large number of interneurons (or ...
Lemniscal recurrent and transcortical influences on
... 2.2. Recurrent excitatory responses ML stimulation induced EPSPs, presumably generated by recurrent collateral branches from CL neurons, on 32 out of 55 CL cells and on eight out of 29 nCL neurons tested. The mean latency of these synaptic responses was 2±0.5 ms (mean ± SD). To uncover the presumed ...
... 2.2. Recurrent excitatory responses ML stimulation induced EPSPs, presumably generated by recurrent collateral branches from CL neurons, on 32 out of 55 CL cells and on eight out of 29 nCL neurons tested. The mean latency of these synaptic responses was 2±0.5 ms (mean ± SD). To uncover the presumed ...
Brainstem (II)
... (pyramidal decussation) to form the lateral corticospinal tract. Those do not cross in the pyramidal decussation continue into the smaller anterior corticospinal tract that typically crosses in the spinal cord before terminating. ...
... (pyramidal decussation) to form the lateral corticospinal tract. Those do not cross in the pyramidal decussation continue into the smaller anterior corticospinal tract that typically crosses in the spinal cord before terminating. ...
View: Chapter Text (PDF with new
... Each pyramid (pyramis) consists of myelinated axons that originate from neuronal cell bodies in the cerebral cortex. Axons within the pyramids go to the medulla oblongata (corticonuclear and corticoreticular axons) or to the spinal cord (corticospinal axons). The axons synapse on interneurons that r ...
... Each pyramid (pyramis) consists of myelinated axons that originate from neuronal cell bodies in the cerebral cortex. Axons within the pyramids go to the medulla oblongata (corticonuclear and corticoreticular axons) or to the spinal cord (corticospinal axons). The axons synapse on interneurons that r ...
Clarke`s column neurons as the focus of a corticospinal corollary circuit
... the sensory relay properties of Clarke’s column have long been appreciated9, the possibility that this set of spinocerebellar neurons has additional integrative functions in spinal sensory processing has not been explored in detail. Proprioceptive sensory information of peripheral origin provides on ...
... the sensory relay properties of Clarke’s column have long been appreciated9, the possibility that this set of spinocerebellar neurons has additional integrative functions in spinal sensory processing has not been explored in detail. Proprioceptive sensory information of peripheral origin provides on ...
Axon
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An axon (from Greek ἄξων áxōn, axis), also known as a nerve fibre, is a long, slender projection of a nerve cell, or neuron, that typically conducts electrical impulses away from the neuron's cell body. The function of the axon is to transmit information to different neurons, muscles and glands. In certain sensory neurons (pseudounipolar neurons), such as those for touch and warmth, the electrical impulse travels along an axon from the periphery to the cell body, and from the cell body to the spinal cord along another branch of the same axon. Axon dysfunction causes many inherited and acquired neurological disorders which can affect both the peripheral and central neurons.An axon is one of two types of protoplasmic protrusions that extrude from the cell body of a neuron, the other type being dendrites. Axons are distinguished from dendrites by several features, including shape (dendrites often taper while axons usually maintain a constant radius), length (dendrites are restricted to a small region around the cell body while axons can be much longer), and function (dendrites usually receive signals while axons usually transmit them). All of these rules have exceptions, however.Some types of neurons have no axon and transmit signals from their dendrites. No neuron ever has more than one axon; however in invertebrates such as insects or leeches the axon sometimes consists of several regions that function more or less independently of each other. Most axons branch, in some cases very profusely.Axons make contact with other cells—usually other neurons but sometimes muscle or gland cells—at junctions called synapses. At a synapse, the membrane of the axon closely adjoins the membrane of the target cell, and special molecular structures serve to transmit electrical or electrochemical signals across the gap. Some synaptic junctions appear partway along an axon as it extends—these are called en passant (""in passing"") synapses. Other synapses appear as terminals at the ends of axonal branches. A single axon, with all its branches taken together, can innervate multiple parts of the brain and generate thousands of synaptic terminals.