Mushroom body efferent neurons responsible for aversive olfactory
... and middle superior medial protocerebrum. (a–f) Distribution of mCD8:: GFP (white, a–c) and Syt::GFP (white, d–f) in the MB-V2 neurons driven by NP2492. Neuropils were labeled with an antibody to synapsin (orange). Mushroom body (MB) vertical lobes are outlined (dashed lines in a, d, h and k). (a–c) ...
... and middle superior medial protocerebrum. (a–f) Distribution of mCD8:: GFP (white, a–c) and Syt::GFP (white, d–f) in the MB-V2 neurons driven by NP2492. Neuropils were labeled with an antibody to synapsin (orange). Mushroom body (MB) vertical lobes are outlined (dashed lines in a, d, h and k). (a–c) ...
Neuron Production, Neuron Number, and Structure Size Are
... same BrdU injection regimen as the chickadees used in this study were sectioned and processed along with six of the chickadee brains. All positive control sections examined demonstrated clear labeling of cells at frequencies similar to those reported in another juvenile bird (Ling, Zuo, AlvarezBuyll ...
... same BrdU injection regimen as the chickadees used in this study were sectioned and processed along with six of the chickadee brains. All positive control sections examined demonstrated clear labeling of cells at frequencies similar to those reported in another juvenile bird (Ling, Zuo, AlvarezBuyll ...
J. Neurophysiol. - Nonlinear Dynamics Group
... the firing activity of specific populations of neurons to animal behaviors, defining sites with neuronal activity in particular behavioral contexts as the functional areas corresponding to those behaviors. Although such observations are interesting in themselves, these studies do not necessarily exa ...
... the firing activity of specific populations of neurons to animal behaviors, defining sites with neuronal activity in particular behavioral contexts as the functional areas corresponding to those behaviors. Although such observations are interesting in themselves, these studies do not necessarily exa ...
Reward-Dependent Spatial Selectivity of Anticipatory Activity in
... to the event. Do these neurons show the anticipatory activity because the event is likely to occur? Or do they show the anticipatory activity because the event leads to reward? Most of the previous studies were not designed to differentiate between these possibilities, since the task-related events ...
... to the event. Do these neurons show the anticipatory activity because the event is likely to occur? Or do they show the anticipatory activity because the event leads to reward? Most of the previous studies were not designed to differentiate between these possibilities, since the task-related events ...
Ascending Sensory Pathways
... GTOs detect sensory input neuromuscular (muscle) spindles and from the skeletal muscle and the GTOs (neurotendinous spindles), are associated with skeletal muscle only transmit it to the spinal cord ...
... GTOs detect sensory input neuromuscular (muscle) spindles and from the skeletal muscle and the GTOs (neurotendinous spindles), are associated with skeletal muscle only transmit it to the spinal cord ...
Lecture 8 - EdUHK Moodle
... Communication Between Neurons LO 2.2 How Neurons Use Neurotransmitters to Communicate ...
... Communication Between Neurons LO 2.2 How Neurons Use Neurotransmitters to Communicate ...
PDF Mynark - American Kinesiology Association
... (Ludatscher, Silbermann, Gershon, & Reznick, 1985). This process leads to a decrease in axonal integrity as the interaction between the axon membrane becomes increasingly in greater contact with damaging substances in the extracellular matrix. Decreased axonal integrity effects on the transmission c ...
... (Ludatscher, Silbermann, Gershon, & Reznick, 1985). This process leads to a decrease in axonal integrity as the interaction between the axon membrane becomes increasingly in greater contact with damaging substances in the extracellular matrix. Decreased axonal integrity effects on the transmission c ...
Brain Electrical Activity During Waking and Sleep States
... before the onset of rapid eye movement or desynchronized sleep. Neurons in the cerebral cortex, thalamic reticular nucleus and thalamic relay nuclei change their activities in vivo from periodic and rhythmic spike bursts during natural, slow wave sleep to tonic firing of trains of single spikes duri ...
... before the onset of rapid eye movement or desynchronized sleep. Neurons in the cerebral cortex, thalamic reticular nucleus and thalamic relay nuclei change their activities in vivo from periodic and rhythmic spike bursts during natural, slow wave sleep to tonic firing of trains of single spikes duri ...
Three key sequences HDEV
... The basic units of the nervous system are cells called neurons. Neurons receive and transmit messages from one part of the body to another. The messages account for phenomena such as reflexes, the perception of an itch from a mosquito bite, the visual–motor coordination of a skier, the composition o ...
... The basic units of the nervous system are cells called neurons. Neurons receive and transmit messages from one part of the body to another. The messages account for phenomena such as reflexes, the perception of an itch from a mosquito bite, the visual–motor coordination of a skier, the composition o ...
3. Connections of the Hypothalamus
... Hormonal and transynaptic regulation. The magno- and parvocellular cell groups producing the hypothalamic hormones receive a variety of stimuli from different parts of the brain, primarily within the hypothalamus, but also from extrahypothalamic areas including the amygdaloid body, hippocampus and v ...
... Hormonal and transynaptic regulation. The magno- and parvocellular cell groups producing the hypothalamic hormones receive a variety of stimuli from different parts of the brain, primarily within the hypothalamus, but also from extrahypothalamic areas including the amygdaloid body, hippocampus and v ...
AP150 PATHWAYS ASSIGNMENT
... An action potential begins on a ___UPPER MOTOR_ neurons that leaves the __FRONTAL__ lobe of the brain and passes through the ____CEREBRAL PENDUNCLES__ of the midbrain and then the __PYRAMIDS__ of the medulla oblongata where it then decussates and travels down a __ANTERIOR OR LATTERAL __ column to th ...
... An action potential begins on a ___UPPER MOTOR_ neurons that leaves the __FRONTAL__ lobe of the brain and passes through the ____CEREBRAL PENDUNCLES__ of the midbrain and then the __PYRAMIDS__ of the medulla oblongata where it then decussates and travels down a __ANTERIOR OR LATTERAL __ column to th ...
Fast Propagation of Firing Rates through Layered Networks of Noisy
... schemes that require preservation of precise spike timing. On the other hand, weaker responses in the input layer fail to propagate; the packet dies out. The response in the deeper layers is thus all-or-none, as can be observed from the layer 5 and layer 10 response in Figure 1b. A very different mo ...
... schemes that require preservation of precise spike timing. On the other hand, weaker responses in the input layer fail to propagate; the packet dies out. The response in the deeper layers is thus all-or-none, as can be observed from the layer 5 and layer 10 response in Figure 1b. A very different mo ...
Full-Text PDF
... In general, in more mature neurons (at least 14 DIV for cultured neurons or postnatal day 14 in vivo), the chronic blockade of action potential (AP) driven synaptic activity throughout the network results in an increase in probability of release and mEPSC frequency without a change in synapse densit ...
... In general, in more mature neurons (at least 14 DIV for cultured neurons or postnatal day 14 in vivo), the chronic blockade of action potential (AP) driven synaptic activity throughout the network results in an increase in probability of release and mEPSC frequency without a change in synapse densit ...
Quantified Distribution of the Noradrenaline Innervation in the
... horn (CAl, CA3-a, CA3-b) and the medial blade (DG-mb), crest (DGc), and lateral blade (DG-lb) of the DG. The exact areas (sectors) to be counted consisted of columns comprising 4-8 rectangular counting windows according to the hippocampal region examined (Fig. 1). From one section and one rat to ano ...
... horn (CAl, CA3-a, CA3-b) and the medial blade (DG-mb), crest (DGc), and lateral blade (DG-lb) of the DG. The exact areas (sectors) to be counted consisted of columns comprising 4-8 rectangular counting windows according to the hippocampal region examined (Fig. 1). From one section and one rat to ano ...
Embodied Cognition and Mirror Neurons
... that during a control task requiring subjects to evaluate whether a particular motor property was associated with an object (e.g., HAIR = combed). The authors found a greater signal for the color knowledge task than for the control task in a left fusiform area demonstrated to be more active during c ...
... that during a control task requiring subjects to evaluate whether a particular motor property was associated with an object (e.g., HAIR = combed). The authors found a greater signal for the color knowledge task than for the control task in a left fusiform area demonstrated to be more active during c ...
Electroencephalography: Basic Principles, Clinical Applications, and
... (Fig. 2.12A1,3) or with polyphasic (Fig. 2.12A2) configurations. This statement does not merely apply to individual ictal potentials but is also true for prolonged trains of potentials during the convulsion. As Fig. 2.12B shows, paroxysmal depolarizations of pyramidal tract cells may be accompanied ...
... (Fig. 2.12A1,3) or with polyphasic (Fig. 2.12A2) configurations. This statement does not merely apply to individual ictal potentials but is also true for prolonged trains of potentials during the convulsion. As Fig. 2.12B shows, paroxysmal depolarizations of pyramidal tract cells may be accompanied ...
Cortical cfos Expression Reveals Broad Receptive Field Excitatory
... layer 2 neurons but also the subthreshold synaptic input that drives spiking. The short latency sensory-evoked synaptic response reflects both direct thalamic and recurrent cortical inputs into the layer 2 network. To isolate this response for comparison between cells, we focused analysis on the ear ...
... layer 2 neurons but also the subthreshold synaptic input that drives spiking. The short latency sensory-evoked synaptic response reflects both direct thalamic and recurrent cortical inputs into the layer 2 network. To isolate this response for comparison between cells, we focused analysis on the ear ...
Building silicon nervous systems with dendritic tree neuromorphs
... It is clear from a growing body of physiological work on neurons from many areas of the brain that dendritic membranes contain ionic channels that are voltage−dependent or influenced by intracellular second messenger systems [Hille, 1992]. Such mechanisms allow for non−linear operations, such as the ...
... It is clear from a growing body of physiological work on neurons from many areas of the brain that dendritic membranes contain ionic channels that are voltage−dependent or influenced by intracellular second messenger systems [Hille, 1992]. Such mechanisms allow for non−linear operations, such as the ...
Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials Trigger a Plateau Potential in Rat
... (Nakanishi et al. 1987; Overton and Greenfield 1995). But it is not known whether plateau potentials can be triggered by synaptic potentials. In the present study, we therefore tested whether activation of excitatory synaptic inputs to STN neurons can trigger a plateau potential and if so, how the p ...
... (Nakanishi et al. 1987; Overton and Greenfield 1995). But it is not known whether plateau potentials can be triggered by synaptic potentials. In the present study, we therefore tested whether activation of excitatory synaptic inputs to STN neurons can trigger a plateau potential and if so, how the p ...
17. Pathways and Integrative Functions
... spinal cord, these axons ascend within a specific posterior funiculus, either the fasciculus cuneatus (kū ń ē-ā-tu ̆s; cuneus = wedge) or the fasciculus gracilis (gras ́i-lis). The fasciculus cuneatus houses axons from sensory neurons originating in the upper limbs, superior trunk, neck, and pos ...
... spinal cord, these axons ascend within a specific posterior funiculus, either the fasciculus cuneatus (kū ń ē-ā-tu ̆s; cuneus = wedge) or the fasciculus gracilis (gras ́i-lis). The fasciculus cuneatus houses axons from sensory neurons originating in the upper limbs, superior trunk, neck, and pos ...
Odorant Category Profile Selectivity of Olfactory Cortex Neurons
... column shows (from top to bottom) the name of the category, abbreviation, molecular structure, component odorants in the present study. For individual neurons, responses to each mixture (3–7 odorants) used for the stimulation with each category, and the perceptual quality. B, Ventrolateral view of t ...
... column shows (from top to bottom) the name of the category, abbreviation, molecular structure, component odorants in the present study. For individual neurons, responses to each mixture (3–7 odorants) used for the stimulation with each category, and the perceptual quality. B, Ventrolateral view of t ...
Afferents of dopamine neurons
... Also innervate striatal interneurons Actions mediated through at least two classes of receptors ...
... Also innervate striatal interneurons Actions mediated through at least two classes of receptors ...
Stimulation-Induced Functional Decoupling (SIFD)
... STN: main excitatory structure in basal ganglia ...
... STN: main excitatory structure in basal ganglia ...
Different Subthreshold Mechanisms Underlie Song Selectivity in
... intracellular studies concluded they were nonauditory (Katz and Gurney, 1981; Lewicki, 1996). The difficulty in obtaining in vivo intracellular recordings from identified HVc neurons has obscured the nature of auditory information transmitted from HVc to other song nuclei, while impeding insight int ...
... intracellular studies concluded they were nonauditory (Katz and Gurney, 1981; Lewicki, 1996). The difficulty in obtaining in vivo intracellular recordings from identified HVc neurons has obscured the nature of auditory information transmitted from HVc to other song nuclei, while impeding insight int ...
Spinal motor neurons are regenerated after
... motor neuron regeneration (see above). However, no mCherry+ cells were observed for up to 8 dpf (n = 7, data not shown). In addition, at two weeks after a spinal lesion in adult Tg(mnx1:Gal4, UAS:nfsB-mCherry) fish (n = 3), we observed small strongly Hb9 immunoreactive cells, previously shown to be ...
... motor neuron regeneration (see above). However, no mCherry+ cells were observed for up to 8 dpf (n = 7, data not shown). In addition, at two weeks after a spinal lesion in adult Tg(mnx1:Gal4, UAS:nfsB-mCherry) fish (n = 3), we observed small strongly Hb9 immunoreactive cells, previously shown to be ...
Axon
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An axon (from Greek ἄξων áxōn, axis), also known as a nerve fibre, is a long, slender projection of a nerve cell, or neuron, that typically conducts electrical impulses away from the neuron's cell body. The function of the axon is to transmit information to different neurons, muscles and glands. In certain sensory neurons (pseudounipolar neurons), such as those for touch and warmth, the electrical impulse travels along an axon from the periphery to the cell body, and from the cell body to the spinal cord along another branch of the same axon. Axon dysfunction causes many inherited and acquired neurological disorders which can affect both the peripheral and central neurons.An axon is one of two types of protoplasmic protrusions that extrude from the cell body of a neuron, the other type being dendrites. Axons are distinguished from dendrites by several features, including shape (dendrites often taper while axons usually maintain a constant radius), length (dendrites are restricted to a small region around the cell body while axons can be much longer), and function (dendrites usually receive signals while axons usually transmit them). All of these rules have exceptions, however.Some types of neurons have no axon and transmit signals from their dendrites. No neuron ever has more than one axon; however in invertebrates such as insects or leeches the axon sometimes consists of several regions that function more or less independently of each other. Most axons branch, in some cases very profusely.Axons make contact with other cells—usually other neurons but sometimes muscle or gland cells—at junctions called synapses. At a synapse, the membrane of the axon closely adjoins the membrane of the target cell, and special molecular structures serve to transmit electrical or electrochemical signals across the gap. Some synaptic junctions appear partway along an axon as it extends—these are called en passant (""in passing"") synapses. Other synapses appear as terminals at the ends of axonal branches. A single axon, with all its branches taken together, can innervate multiple parts of the brain and generate thousands of synaptic terminals.