Conversations in Glaucoma - Pennsylvania Optometric Association
... pressurized regions: the intraocular/orbital space and the intracranial space. Recent studies have shown that ICP is lower in patients with OAG and NTG. Conversely, ICP appears to be higher in patients with ocular HTN. The relationship between IOP and ICP may play an important role in the developmen ...
... pressurized regions: the intraocular/orbital space and the intracranial space. Recent studies have shown that ICP is lower in patients with OAG and NTG. Conversely, ICP appears to be higher in patients with ocular HTN. The relationship between IOP and ICP may play an important role in the developmen ...
Integrating Top-Down and Bottom
... the processing becomes faster (Fig. 4A) as well as more reliable (Fig. 4B). The latter effect is most prominent for the burst signal of area A and rather limited for the spike signal of area A. These results are in line with physiological findings demonstrating rather modulatory effects of top-down ...
... the processing becomes faster (Fig. 4A) as well as more reliable (Fig. 4B). The latter effect is most prominent for the burst signal of area A and rather limited for the spike signal of area A. These results are in line with physiological findings demonstrating rather modulatory effects of top-down ...
31 Relating the Activity of Sensory Neurons to Perception
... in the middle temporal visual area (MT) and performance in a motion-direction discrimination task. To our knowledge, this is the only connection between sensory neurons and perception for which all of the questions below can be answered in the affirmative. In each section, we will describe the evide ...
... in the middle temporal visual area (MT) and performance in a motion-direction discrimination task. To our knowledge, this is the only connection between sensory neurons and perception for which all of the questions below can be answered in the affirmative. In each section, we will describe the evide ...
Role of Slitrk Family Members in
... The development of the nervous system is an extremely complex process where gene expression is tightly regulated, both spatially and temporally. Any gene disruption during neurodevelopment, from the complete non-transcription of the gene to a single nucleotide mutation, has the potential to lead to ...
... The development of the nervous system is an extremely complex process where gene expression is tightly regulated, both spatially and temporally. Any gene disruption during neurodevelopment, from the complete non-transcription of the gene to a single nucleotide mutation, has the potential to lead to ...
Cell-Type Specific Channelopathies in the Prefrontal Cortex of the
... asked whether the two general types of L5 projection neurons are found in the fmr1-/y mouse medial PFC (mPFC). In WT and fmr1-/y mice, we infused red retrograde tracer (Lumuflour beads) into the pontine nuclei to label PT neurons and a green tracer into either the contralateral striatum or contralat ...
... asked whether the two general types of L5 projection neurons are found in the fmr1-/y mouse medial PFC (mPFC). In WT and fmr1-/y mice, we infused red retrograde tracer (Lumuflour beads) into the pontine nuclei to label PT neurons and a green tracer into either the contralateral striatum or contralat ...
15-5 Somatic Motor Pathways
... Carry sensations of fast pain, or prickling pain, such as that caused by an injection or a deep cut Sensations reach the CNS quickly and often trigger somatic reflexes Relayed to the primary sensory cortex and receive conscious attention ...
... Carry sensations of fast pain, or prickling pain, such as that caused by an injection or a deep cut Sensations reach the CNS quickly and often trigger somatic reflexes Relayed to the primary sensory cortex and receive conscious attention ...
Brain Electrical Activity During Waking and Sleep States
... Physiology. Coeruleocortical neurons in rats and monkeys show long-duration action potential and slow conduction velocities. LC neurons tend to fire synchronously, often in bursts in response to peripheral sensory stimuli; this is usually followed by a quiescent period, which is thought to represent ...
... Physiology. Coeruleocortical neurons in rats and monkeys show long-duration action potential and slow conduction velocities. LC neurons tend to fire synchronously, often in bursts in response to peripheral sensory stimuli; this is usually followed by a quiescent period, which is thought to represent ...
Signal Propagation and Logic Gating in Networks of Integrate
... a network of 10,000 cells and connected them to each other randomly with a connection probability of 2%. This value was chosen as a compromise between the higher connection probabilities found for neighboring neurons in cortex and the lower values for neurons separated by distance. Our results shoul ...
... a network of 10,000 cells and connected them to each other randomly with a connection probability of 2%. This value was chosen as a compromise between the higher connection probabilities found for neighboring neurons in cortex and the lower values for neurons separated by distance. Our results shoul ...
Membrane Phospholipid Asymmetry Counters the
... It is thought that the oxysterol-binding protein (OSBP), also called the OSBP-related protein (ORP) family of oxysterol-binding proteins, may link cholesterol homeostasis, sphingomyelin synthesis, and phospholipid asymmetry (Olkkonen 2004; Raychaudhuri and Prinz 2010). ORPs are implicated in sterol ...
... It is thought that the oxysterol-binding protein (OSBP), also called the OSBP-related protein (ORP) family of oxysterol-binding proteins, may link cholesterol homeostasis, sphingomyelin synthesis, and phospholipid asymmetry (Olkkonen 2004; Raychaudhuri and Prinz 2010). ORPs are implicated in sterol ...
Structural Changes in AMPA-Receptive Neurons in the Nucleus of
... rats, which was attributable to an increase in the proportion of dendritic spines containing GluR1 as well as an increase in the total number of dendritic spines. The differences were only seen after the development of hypertension and were not seen in rostral regions of the nucleus of the solitary ...
... rats, which was attributable to an increase in the proportion of dendritic spines containing GluR1 as well as an increase in the total number of dendritic spines. The differences were only seen after the development of hypertension and were not seen in rostral regions of the nucleus of the solitary ...
(X) rotin - University of Toronto
... ratios were also significantly larger in young Ptprs–/– (0.724) compared with Ptprs+/– (0.619) mice, suggesting relative hypomyelination in the former. Analysis of six-month-old animals revealed development of the nerves to maturity with a significant increase in the range and absolute value of myel ...
... ratios were also significantly larger in young Ptprs–/– (0.724) compared with Ptprs+/– (0.619) mice, suggesting relative hypomyelination in the former. Analysis of six-month-old animals revealed development of the nerves to maturity with a significant increase in the range and absolute value of myel ...
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... Marianeli Rodriguez, Jeonghoon Choi, Sungjin Park and Shanthini Sockanathan* SUMMARY The mammalian cortex is a multilaminar structure consisting of specialized layer-specific neurons that form complex circuits throughout the brain and spinal cord. These neurons are generated in a defined sequence di ...
... Marianeli Rodriguez, Jeonghoon Choi, Sungjin Park and Shanthini Sockanathan* SUMMARY The mammalian cortex is a multilaminar structure consisting of specialized layer-specific neurons that form complex circuits throughout the brain and spinal cord. These neurons are generated in a defined sequence di ...
The spinothalamic tract: An examination of the cells of origin of the
... spread to the midbrain were included in the data analysis. In addition, the targeted thalamic nuclei (VPL, PO, CL, SM), which are those with known STT terminations, had to be well filled. Thirteen of these animals had HRP injections Fig. 1. Representative drawings of the extents of thalamic injectio ...
... spread to the midbrain were included in the data analysis. In addition, the targeted thalamic nuclei (VPL, PO, CL, SM), which are those with known STT terminations, had to be well filled. Thirteen of these animals had HRP injections Fig. 1. Representative drawings of the extents of thalamic injectio ...
Microinfusion of bupropion inhibits putative GABAergic ventral
... increase the synaptic availability of DA/NE to presynaptic autoreceptors that followed by decrease in the release of DA and NE. The increase of NE in the LC nucleus by bupropion can reduces the firing rates of LC-NE neurons, dose dependently (Ascher et al. 1995). The VTA-DA neurons increase the DA s ...
... increase the synaptic availability of DA/NE to presynaptic autoreceptors that followed by decrease in the release of DA and NE. The increase of NE in the LC nucleus by bupropion can reduces the firing rates of LC-NE neurons, dose dependently (Ascher et al. 1995). The VTA-DA neurons increase the DA s ...
The Formation of Terminal Fields in the Absence of Competitive
... cones follow a common pathway out of the spinal cord, and their axons are closely associated until they reach the horizontal septum, where they then proceed along divergent paths. By labeling individual CaP and RoP motoneurons with long-lasting vital fluorescent dyes, we were able to observe them di ...
... cones follow a common pathway out of the spinal cord, and their axons are closely associated until they reach the horizontal septum, where they then proceed along divergent paths. By labeling individual CaP and RoP motoneurons with long-lasting vital fluorescent dyes, we were able to observe them di ...
Nerves
... Sensory (afferent) signals picked up by sensor receptors, carried by nerve fibers of PNS to the CNS Motor (efferent) signals are carried away from the CNS, innervate muscles and glands Divided according to region they serve ...
... Sensory (afferent) signals picked up by sensor receptors, carried by nerve fibers of PNS to the CNS Motor (efferent) signals are carried away from the CNS, innervate muscles and glands Divided according to region they serve ...
Adaptation of Firing Rate and Spike
... Adaptation is commonly seen as a decrease in response to a constant stimulus and is thought to accentuate time-varying input while attenuating static background values. Adaptation is ubiquitous in the auditory system and specifically in the sound localization pathway. In psychophysics, adaptation ma ...
... Adaptation is commonly seen as a decrease in response to a constant stimulus and is thought to accentuate time-varying input while attenuating static background values. Adaptation is ubiquitous in the auditory system and specifically in the sound localization pathway. In psychophysics, adaptation ma ...
Rapid Changes in Synaptic Vesicle Cytochemistry
... described in detail elsewhere (26). By 2 wk in vitro, these cultures had well-developed fascicles of nerve fibers connecting single or small groups of neurons. They were subsequently cultured for a total of 5-9 wk in vitro because prior studies using this culture system have demonstrated that substa ...
... described in detail elsewhere (26). By 2 wk in vitro, these cultures had well-developed fascicles of nerve fibers connecting single or small groups of neurons. They were subsequently cultured for a total of 5-9 wk in vitro because prior studies using this culture system have demonstrated that substa ...
A Quantitative Map of the Circuit of Cat Primary Visual Cortex
... formed by the presynaptic neurons of type j and Nu the number of neurons in layer u. In its simplest form, Peters’s rule states that the Sju synapses distribute evenly over the Nu potential target neurons (i.e., each neuron in layer u receives Sju/Nu synapses of type j). However, this rule ignores s ...
... formed by the presynaptic neurons of type j and Nu the number of neurons in layer u. In its simplest form, Peters’s rule states that the Sju synapses distribute evenly over the Nu potential target neurons (i.e., each neuron in layer u receives Sju/Nu synapses of type j). However, this rule ignores s ...
Impact of acute inflammation on spinal motoneuron synaptic
... fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), which is an intermediate filament (IF) protein belonging to the type III subclass of IF proteins, reacts with a single band of 52 kDa on immunoblotting [19]. The antibody used here showed a typical immunostaing pattern for astroglial cells, comparable to that descri ...
... fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), which is an intermediate filament (IF) protein belonging to the type III subclass of IF proteins, reacts with a single band of 52 kDa on immunoblotting [19]. The antibody used here showed a typical immunostaing pattern for astroglial cells, comparable to that descri ...
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... fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), which is an intermediate filament (IF) protein belonging to the type III subclass of IF proteins, reacts with a single band of 52 kDa on immunoblotting [19]. The antibody used here showed a typical immunostaing pattern for astroglial cells, comparable to that descri ...
... fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), which is an intermediate filament (IF) protein belonging to the type III subclass of IF proteins, reacts with a single band of 52 kDa on immunoblotting [19]. The antibody used here showed a typical immunostaing pattern for astroglial cells, comparable to that descri ...
OSBP coupled with ER-resident protein FAN is essential
... Osbp overexpression might lead to defects in the synthesis or trafficking of bursicon in CCAP neurons. We examined the expression of bursicon with anti-bursicon (α-subunit) antibody staining in P15 pharate adults, the stage with the highest level of bursicon. In control flies, intensive anti-bursico ...
... Osbp overexpression might lead to defects in the synthesis or trafficking of bursicon in CCAP neurons. We examined the expression of bursicon with anti-bursicon (α-subunit) antibody staining in P15 pharate adults, the stage with the highest level of bursicon. In control flies, intensive anti-bursico ...
Production and Survival of Projection Neurons in a Forebrain Vocal
... used to calculate the total number of HVC neurons, of fluorogoldbackfilled HVC neurons, of ‘H-labeled HVC neurons, and of ‘H-labeled fluorogold-backfilled HVC neurons. In some animals, fluorogold injections missed RA on one side of the brain. When this occurred, values from the remaining hemisphere ...
... used to calculate the total number of HVC neurons, of fluorogoldbackfilled HVC neurons, of ‘H-labeled HVC neurons, and of ‘H-labeled fluorogold-backfilled HVC neurons. In some animals, fluorogold injections missed RA on one side of the brain. When this occurred, values from the remaining hemisphere ...
repair of avulsed cervical nerve roots
... and cut and stained with methylene and eosin, and luxol fast blue with ...
... and cut and stained with methylene and eosin, and luxol fast blue with ...
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... according to their dominant apical dendrites that give off branches as they extend from the cell body to the pial surface. These neurons were also identified according to the shape of their cell bodies and by the presence of basal dendrites. The apical dendrites of most layer III and V pyramidal neu ...
... according to their dominant apical dendrites that give off branches as they extend from the cell body to the pial surface. These neurons were also identified according to the shape of their cell bodies and by the presence of basal dendrites. The apical dendrites of most layer III and V pyramidal neu ...
Axon
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An axon (from Greek ἄξων áxōn, axis), also known as a nerve fibre, is a long, slender projection of a nerve cell, or neuron, that typically conducts electrical impulses away from the neuron's cell body. The function of the axon is to transmit information to different neurons, muscles and glands. In certain sensory neurons (pseudounipolar neurons), such as those for touch and warmth, the electrical impulse travels along an axon from the periphery to the cell body, and from the cell body to the spinal cord along another branch of the same axon. Axon dysfunction causes many inherited and acquired neurological disorders which can affect both the peripheral and central neurons.An axon is one of two types of protoplasmic protrusions that extrude from the cell body of a neuron, the other type being dendrites. Axons are distinguished from dendrites by several features, including shape (dendrites often taper while axons usually maintain a constant radius), length (dendrites are restricted to a small region around the cell body while axons can be much longer), and function (dendrites usually receive signals while axons usually transmit them). All of these rules have exceptions, however.Some types of neurons have no axon and transmit signals from their dendrites. No neuron ever has more than one axon; however in invertebrates such as insects or leeches the axon sometimes consists of several regions that function more or less independently of each other. Most axons branch, in some cases very profusely.Axons make contact with other cells—usually other neurons but sometimes muscle or gland cells—at junctions called synapses. At a synapse, the membrane of the axon closely adjoins the membrane of the target cell, and special molecular structures serve to transmit electrical or electrochemical signals across the gap. Some synaptic junctions appear partway along an axon as it extends—these are called en passant (""in passing"") synapses. Other synapses appear as terminals at the ends of axonal branches. A single axon, with all its branches taken together, can innervate multiple parts of the brain and generate thousands of synaptic terminals.