Oxytocin Influence on the Nucleus of the Solitary Tract
... NTS neurons and heterogeneous innervation by oxytocin-containing axons projecting from the paraventricular nucleus. The study includes a brief, but interesting, discussion of how innervation of the NTS by oxytocin-synthesizing paraventricular nucleus neurons may modulate homeostatic reflexes; we pro ...
... NTS neurons and heterogeneous innervation by oxytocin-containing axons projecting from the paraventricular nucleus. The study includes a brief, but interesting, discussion of how innervation of the NTS by oxytocin-synthesizing paraventricular nucleus neurons may modulate homeostatic reflexes; we pro ...
Multimodal Integration in Rostral Fastigial Nucleus Provides an
... signals underlies the accurate computation of body motion. Furthermore, the same neurons that encode body motion (i.e., bimodal neurons) most likely encode vestibular signals in a body-referenced coordinate frame, since the integration of proprioceptive and vestibular information is required for bot ...
... signals underlies the accurate computation of body motion. Furthermore, the same neurons that encode body motion (i.e., bimodal neurons) most likely encode vestibular signals in a body-referenced coordinate frame, since the integration of proprioceptive and vestibular information is required for bot ...
Neural correlates of odor learning in the honeybee antennal lobe
... Fig. 2. Frequency analysis of the LFP and relationship of spikes to LFP. (a) Top: raw power spectra for the four consecutive 500-ms time windows: spontaneous baseline activity (gray), phasic ON-response (red), sustained response (magenta) and OFF-response (blue). Each box shows the trial-averaged po ...
... Fig. 2. Frequency analysis of the LFP and relationship of spikes to LFP. (a) Top: raw power spectra for the four consecutive 500-ms time windows: spontaneous baseline activity (gray), phasic ON-response (red), sustained response (magenta) and OFF-response (blue). Each box shows the trial-averaged po ...
Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) expression and inhibitory
... It has been noted many times in the past that interneurons synapse onto themselves and onto other interneurons in addition to pyramidal cells (Csillag et al., 1993; Hajós et al., 1988; Hájos et al., 1996) but it has previously remained unclear and difficult to ascertain how this impacts the function ...
... It has been noted many times in the past that interneurons synapse onto themselves and onto other interneurons in addition to pyramidal cells (Csillag et al., 1993; Hajós et al., 1988; Hájos et al., 1996) but it has previously remained unclear and difficult to ascertain how this impacts the function ...
Information processing in the cortex: The relevance of coherent oscillations for neuronal communication
... rents on pyramidal neurons, suggesting that interneuronal synchronization was mediated by fast recurrent excitation. Therefore, cholinergically induced fast network oscillations in the hippocampus appeared to be generated by a synaptic feedback circuit between pyramidal cells and perisomatic-targeti ...
... rents on pyramidal neurons, suggesting that interneuronal synchronization was mediated by fast recurrent excitation. Therefore, cholinergically induced fast network oscillations in the hippocampus appeared to be generated by a synaptic feedback circuit between pyramidal cells and perisomatic-targeti ...
Neural Tissue
... transmembrane potential as opening a gated sodium channel. Step One: The rate of potassium outflow would increase, and the interior of the cell would lose positive ions. This is called hyperpolarization. When this happens an increase in the negativity of the resting potential occurs. Step Two: T ...
... transmembrane potential as opening a gated sodium channel. Step One: The rate of potassium outflow would increase, and the interior of the cell would lose positive ions. This is called hyperpolarization. When this happens an increase in the negativity of the resting potential occurs. Step Two: T ...
High baseline activity in inferior temporal cortex
... 2000; Fox et al., 2007; Hesselmann et al., 2008; Scholvinck et al., 2012). The results of these electrophysiological and neuroimaging studies have changed the traditional view in which the baseline activity was considered noise. However, these human studies do not provide any direct information abou ...
... 2000; Fox et al., 2007; Hesselmann et al., 2008; Scholvinck et al., 2012). The results of these electrophysiological and neuroimaging studies have changed the traditional view in which the baseline activity was considered noise. However, these human studies do not provide any direct information abou ...
projecting to oculomotor regions of the pons Activity of monkey
... train of three stimulus pulses lasting a total of 6 ms at an intensity of 1,000 PA. Low-intensity, longer duration electrical stimuli (24 pulses, 75 PA, 70 ms) traditionally used to evoke saccades from the frontal eye field were also followed by a cessation in omnipause neuron firing, but only after ...
... train of three stimulus pulses lasting a total of 6 ms at an intensity of 1,000 PA. Low-intensity, longer duration electrical stimuli (24 pulses, 75 PA, 70 ms) traditionally used to evoke saccades from the frontal eye field were also followed by a cessation in omnipause neuron firing, but only after ...
ANALYSIS OF THE ACTIVITY OF THE CHAINS
... of the different axons. The number and complexity of central pathways ar‘e best described by saying that, with but few exceptions, at least one pathway can be found connecting any two central neurons in a .manner so that an impulse may be conducted from one to the other neuron in the direction of ax ...
... of the different axons. The number and complexity of central pathways ar‘e best described by saying that, with but few exceptions, at least one pathway can be found connecting any two central neurons in a .manner so that an impulse may be conducted from one to the other neuron in the direction of ax ...
Inhibitory interneurons in a cortical column form hot zones of
... hemispheres of four animals (P25–P36, both sexes) were analyzed. All the slices contained the center of D2 (n = 5) and either C2 (n = 3) or E2 (n = 2). Markers were manually placed in somata of neurons and INs [details, especially the correction for doublecounting between slices, are discussed in th ...
... hemispheres of four animals (P25–P36, both sexes) were analyzed. All the slices contained the center of D2 (n = 5) and either C2 (n = 3) or E2 (n = 2). Markers were manually placed in somata of neurons and INs [details, especially the correction for doublecounting between slices, are discussed in th ...
Zn2 Slows Down CaV3.3 Gating Kinetics: Implications for
... 1999), carrying more slowly inactivating currents such as those recorded in nRT cells (Huguenard and Prince 1992). As these different isoforms have specific kinetic properties, neuron behavior will depend on the type of T-current it expresses. Specifically, because slow inactivating CaV3.3 channels ...
... 1999), carrying more slowly inactivating currents such as those recorded in nRT cells (Huguenard and Prince 1992). As these different isoforms have specific kinetic properties, neuron behavior will depend on the type of T-current it expresses. Specifically, because slow inactivating CaV3.3 channels ...
Swallowing reflex and brain stem neurons activated by superior
... lated with the cytoarchitectural characteristics as defined by cresyl violet staining and nNOS staining. From a coronal perspective, Sol is broadly divided into a smaller lateral and a larger medial subdivision based on their position in relation to the SolT. The lateral subdivision is further subdi ...
... lated with the cytoarchitectural characteristics as defined by cresyl violet staining and nNOS staining. From a coronal perspective, Sol is broadly divided into a smaller lateral and a larger medial subdivision based on their position in relation to the SolT. The lateral subdivision is further subdi ...
Olfactory Learning in Drosophila: Learning from Models
... LI (see the right side of the lower part of Fig. 1). Flies show a conditioned approach towards the trained odor in the test. We interpret this as a change of the hedonic value of the US. The associative strength is less strong than for delay conditioning and the ISI range for learning is smaller. Th ...
... LI (see the right side of the lower part of Fig. 1). Flies show a conditioned approach towards the trained odor in the test. We interpret this as a change of the hedonic value of the US. The associative strength is less strong than for delay conditioning and the ISI range for learning is smaller. Th ...
Reinforcement Learning and the Basal Ganglia
... on their output target, as some patch neurons project exclusively to the GPe, while others project to the SNc, and matrix cells project either to the SNr and to the GPi with collaterals to the GPe, or exclusively to the GPe (Gerfen & Young, 1988). The use of neurochemical markers assists in defining ...
... on their output target, as some patch neurons project exclusively to the GPe, while others project to the SNc, and matrix cells project either to the SNr and to the GPi with collaterals to the GPe, or exclusively to the GPe (Gerfen & Young, 1988). The use of neurochemical markers assists in defining ...
PROGRAMME and ABSTRACTS
... Peter Gass (Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany) Mice with altered glucocorticoid receptor expression as a model for depression Ewa Obuchowicz (Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland) Effects of antidepressant drugs on cytokines in experimental study Francesco Roselli (Max ...
... Peter Gass (Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany) Mice with altered glucocorticoid receptor expression as a model for depression Ewa Obuchowicz (Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland) Effects of antidepressant drugs on cytokines in experimental study Francesco Roselli (Max ...
Vestibular Signals in the Parasolitary Nucleus
... Action potentials were discriminated with a window-slope discriminator-Schmitt trigger. Discriminated action potentials were analyzed by computer using Spike 2 software (Cambridge Electronic Design). Evoked single-unit activity was displayed on-line as a peristimulus histogram. Peristimulus histogra ...
... Action potentials were discriminated with a window-slope discriminator-Schmitt trigger. Discriminated action potentials were analyzed by computer using Spike 2 software (Cambridge Electronic Design). Evoked single-unit activity was displayed on-line as a peristimulus histogram. Peristimulus histogra ...
Neurotransmitter Transporters
... back to the outside for another cycle of transport, led to early models of transporters that moved across the membrane or rotated in place. The structural information contained in the primary sequence of the transporter genes and a wealth of experimental data now indicate that transporters form a po ...
... back to the outside for another cycle of transport, led to early models of transporters that moved across the membrane or rotated in place. The structural information contained in the primary sequence of the transporter genes and a wealth of experimental data now indicate that transporters form a po ...
Transgenic Mouse Lines Subdivide Medial Vestibular Nucleus
... expressing inhibitory neurons (GIN) and yellow fluorescent several holes in the MVN on one side of the brainstem, particularly in the protein-16 (YFP-16), are used to elucidate the intrinsic physiolmidventral region, which is the primary target of commissural fibers ogy of neurochemically delimited ...
... expressing inhibitory neurons (GIN) and yellow fluorescent several holes in the MVN on one side of the brainstem, particularly in the protein-16 (YFP-16), are used to elucidate the intrinsic physiolmidventral region, which is the primary target of commissural fibers ogy of neurochemically delimited ...
Andrea Kádár
... which stimulate TRH expression and the orexigenic AGRP/NPY neurons which have inhibitory effect on TRH transcription. During fasting α-MSH/CART neurons are inhibited and AGRP/NPY neurons are stimulated. Interestingly, two hours after the start of refeeding αMSH/CART neurons are active and acutely st ...
... which stimulate TRH expression and the orexigenic AGRP/NPY neurons which have inhibitory effect on TRH transcription. During fasting α-MSH/CART neurons are inhibited and AGRP/NPY neurons are stimulated. Interestingly, two hours after the start of refeeding αMSH/CART neurons are active and acutely st ...
Impaired Cl Extrusion in Layer V Pyramidal Neurons of Chronically
... trauma, activation of GABAA receptors causes depolarization and an increase in intracellular Ca2⫹ in different CNS regions (Nabekura et al. 2002; Toyoda et al. 2003; van den Pol et al. 1996). In brain slice preparations, tetanic stimulation switches the response to GABA from inhibition to one of exc ...
... trauma, activation of GABAA receptors causes depolarization and an increase in intracellular Ca2⫹ in different CNS regions (Nabekura et al. 2002; Toyoda et al. 2003; van den Pol et al. 1996). In brain slice preparations, tetanic stimulation switches the response to GABA from inhibition to one of exc ...
Mesodermal and neuronal retinoids regulate the induction and
... in forelimb spinal motor neurons led to a decrease of forelimb LMCl neurons, supporting the idea that motor neuron sources of RA are partly required for LMCl specification (Vermot et al., 2005, Fig. 8A). The homeobox protein Hoxc8 is thought to mediate this process as Hoxc8 expression is lost in LMC ...
... in forelimb spinal motor neurons led to a decrease of forelimb LMCl neurons, supporting the idea that motor neuron sources of RA are partly required for LMCl specification (Vermot et al., 2005, Fig. 8A). The homeobox protein Hoxc8 is thought to mediate this process as Hoxc8 expression is lost in LMC ...
Mitochondrial support of persistent presynaptic vesicle mobilization
... perfusion-fixed (Figure 2E). It is unlikely that these spines simply retracted, leaving intact presynaptic boutons, because the frequency of nonsynaptic boutons did not increase (Figure 2E). The frequency of single synaptic boutons in the LTP condition was comparable to the perfusion-fixed and great ...
... perfusion-fixed (Figure 2E). It is unlikely that these spines simply retracted, leaving intact presynaptic boutons, because the frequency of nonsynaptic boutons did not increase (Figure 2E). The frequency of single synaptic boutons in the LTP condition was comparable to the perfusion-fixed and great ...
Patterned, But Not Tonic, Optogenetic Stimulation in Motor
... Example stimulation trains. Top, TBS. Middle, bottom, Segments from neuronal spike times recorded in a control rat during reaching (pReP) or open field exploration (pExP). Calibration: 1 s. ...
... Example stimulation trains. Top, TBS. Middle, bottom, Segments from neuronal spike times recorded in a control rat during reaching (pReP) or open field exploration (pExP). Calibration: 1 s. ...
Functional Properties of Corticotectal Neurons in the Monkey`s
... field that could drive saccadic eye movements and neural pathways by which these signals could reach brain stem oculomotor centers. However, to understand how the cerebral cortex controls a specific behavior, it is not sufficient to know the types of activity in the cortex and the anatomical project ...
... field that could drive saccadic eye movements and neural pathways by which these signals could reach brain stem oculomotor centers. However, to understand how the cerebral cortex controls a specific behavior, it is not sufficient to know the types of activity in the cortex and the anatomical project ...
Multisensory Integration in the Ventral Intraparietal Area of the
... Materials and Methods Surgical preparation. Two adult rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta, monkeys N and M), weighing 4.5 and 6.5 kg, were used in this study. Procedures were approved by the local Animal Care Committee in compliance with the guidelines of European Community on Animal Care. Animals were p ...
... Materials and Methods Surgical preparation. Two adult rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta, monkeys N and M), weighing 4.5 and 6.5 kg, were used in this study. Procedures were approved by the local Animal Care Committee in compliance with the guidelines of European Community on Animal Care. Animals were p ...
Nonsynaptic plasticity
Nonsynaptic plasticity is a form of neuroplasticity that involves modification of ion channel function in the axon, dendrites, and cell body that results in specific changes in the integration of excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs). Nonsynaptic plasticity is a modification of the intrinsic excitability of the neuron. It interacts with synaptic plasticity, but it is considered a separate entity from synaptic plasticity. Intrinsic modification of the electrical properties of neurons plays a role in many aspects of plasticity from homeostatic plasticity to learning and memory itself. Nonsynaptic plasticity affects synaptic integration, subthreshold propagation, spike generation, and other fundamental mechanisms of neurons at the cellular level. These individual neuronal alterations can result in changes in higher brain function, especially learning and memory. However, as an emerging field in neuroscience, much of the knowledge about nonsynaptic plasticity is uncertain and still requires further investigation to better define its role in brain function and behavior.