Heterogeneous Integration of Bilateral Whisker Signals by Neurons
... demonstrated that rats can integrate whisker signals from both sides of the face in a tactile discrimination task (Krupa et al. 2001b; Shuler et al. 2002). In fact, the rat integrated bilateral whisker signals even in an aperture width discrimination task that does not force rats to use a bilateral ...
... demonstrated that rats can integrate whisker signals from both sides of the face in a tactile discrimination task (Krupa et al. 2001b; Shuler et al. 2002). In fact, the rat integrated bilateral whisker signals even in an aperture width discrimination task that does not force rats to use a bilateral ...
in Primate STT Cells Differentially Modulate Brief
... given as the means ⫾ SE. Cumulative concentration-response relations were constructed by averaging the mean frequency of the responses for each drug concentration; the averages were then expressed as percentage of predrug control values (set to 100%). EC50s and the respective 95% confidence interval ...
... given as the means ⫾ SE. Cumulative concentration-response relations were constructed by averaging the mean frequency of the responses for each drug concentration; the averages were then expressed as percentage of predrug control values (set to 100%). EC50s and the respective 95% confidence interval ...
Article - Perelman School of Medicine at the University of
... (Figures 1G, 1H, and 1J–J00 ). Each subtype of CFu neurons, therefore, has a characteristic combinatorial expression of the transcription factors SOX5, CTIP2, and TBR1: (1) SP neurons express an intermediate level of SOX5, a high level of TBR1, and a low level of CTIP2; (2) CTh neurons in layer VI s ...
... (Figures 1G, 1H, and 1J–J00 ). Each subtype of CFu neurons, therefore, has a characteristic combinatorial expression of the transcription factors SOX5, CTIP2, and TBR1: (1) SP neurons express an intermediate level of SOX5, a high level of TBR1, and a low level of CTIP2; (2) CTh neurons in layer VI s ...
Co-activation of VTA DA and GABA neurons mediates nicotine
... 0.127 mm; Figure 4a) is inserted into the VTA and held in a fixed position by means of a small connector. The tip of the injection cannula projects beyond the guide cannula by 1.5 mm (Figure 4a). It is connected by flexible polyethylene tubing to the microinjection system, which houses a 5-ml Hamilton ...
... 0.127 mm; Figure 4a) is inserted into the VTA and held in a fixed position by means of a small connector. The tip of the injection cannula projects beyond the guide cannula by 1.5 mm (Figure 4a). It is connected by flexible polyethylene tubing to the microinjection system, which houses a 5-ml Hamilton ...
Neural Mechanisms of Reward in Insects - Chittka Lab
... predictive stimuli as reward (e.g., gnawing on a food dish as if it were food). Drive reduction theories lost their appeal after Olds & Milner (53) observed that rats could be trained using mild electrical stimulation to areas of the lateral hypothalamus. Rats could be taught to lever-press for brai ...
... predictive stimuli as reward (e.g., gnawing on a food dish as if it were food). Drive reduction theories lost their appeal after Olds & Milner (53) observed that rats could be trained using mild electrical stimulation to areas of the lateral hypothalamus. Rats could be taught to lever-press for brai ...
Alexander et al., 2009
... populations (Carter et al., 2013; Fig. 1C). Thus, these viral approaches offer several options for selectively marking subpopulations of cells with DREADDs. Virally mediated DREADD delivery methods afford a number of advantages compared with transgenic mouse lines. First and foremost, this approach ...
... populations (Carter et al., 2013; Fig. 1C). Thus, these viral approaches offer several options for selectively marking subpopulations of cells with DREADDs. Virally mediated DREADD delivery methods afford a number of advantages compared with transgenic mouse lines. First and foremost, this approach ...
Forebrain glutamatergic neurons mediate leptin action on
... For evaluating the antidepressant-like behavioral effects of leptin (R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA) or Ro25-6981 (Sigma, St Louis, MO, USA), the drugs were dissolved in saline immediately before use and administered intraperitoneally to mice 30 min before the tail suspension test or the forced s ...
... For evaluating the antidepressant-like behavioral effects of leptin (R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA) or Ro25-6981 (Sigma, St Louis, MO, USA), the drugs were dissolved in saline immediately before use and administered intraperitoneally to mice 30 min before the tail suspension test or the forced s ...
Normalization as a canonical neural computation
... The brain has a modular design. The advantages of modularity are well known to engineers: modules that can be replicated and cascaded, such as transistors and web servers, lie at the root of powerful technologies. The brain seems to apply this principle in two ways: with modular circuits and ...
... The brain has a modular design. The advantages of modularity are well known to engineers: modules that can be replicated and cascaded, such as transistors and web servers, lie at the root of powerful technologies. The brain seems to apply this principle in two ways: with modular circuits and ...
Morphology of Thalamocortical Neurons Projecting
... or larger somata with multipolar shapes and four to eight primary dendrites. Samples of LY-filled,immunocytochemically stained SI-projecting neurons located in VPL are shown in Figure 2. Most SI-projecting neurons in VPI were medium-sized or small, and had four to eight primary dendrites (see Fig. 3 ...
... or larger somata with multipolar shapes and four to eight primary dendrites. Samples of LY-filled,immunocytochemically stained SI-projecting neurons located in VPL are shown in Figure 2. Most SI-projecting neurons in VPI were medium-sized or small, and had four to eight primary dendrites (see Fig. 3 ...
Selective Loss of Catecholaminergic Wake–Active Neurons in a
... 2004) and thus may highlight injured wake-active neurons. The second and fifth 1:6 sets of sections from the above nonsleep-deprived mice (LTIH, n ⫽ 5; sham LTIH, n ⫽ 5) were used for double labeling of wake neuron identifier and cleaved caspase-3 (CC3) using polyclonal rabbit anti-cleaved caspase-3 ...
... 2004) and thus may highlight injured wake-active neurons. The second and fifth 1:6 sets of sections from the above nonsleep-deprived mice (LTIH, n ⫽ 5; sham LTIH, n ⫽ 5) were used for double labeling of wake neuron identifier and cleaved caspase-3 (CC3) using polyclonal rabbit anti-cleaved caspase-3 ...
View PDF - MRC Brain Network Dynamics Unit
... Cholinergic interneurons are key components of striatal microcircuits. In primates, tonically active neurons (putative cholinergic interneurons) exhibit multiphasic responses to motivationally salient stimuli that mirror those of midbrain dopamine neurons and together these two systems mediate rewar ...
... Cholinergic interneurons are key components of striatal microcircuits. In primates, tonically active neurons (putative cholinergic interneurons) exhibit multiphasic responses to motivationally salient stimuli that mirror those of midbrain dopamine neurons and together these two systems mediate rewar ...
Contrasting Effects of Reward Expectation on Sensory and Motor
... the pre-cue ‘control’ period (the 1 s duration before the cue onset) to examine whether the neuron showed significant task-related activities. If the mean discharge rate in a given period was significantly different from that in the control period (Mann--Whitney U-test, P < 0.05), the neuron was consi ...
... the pre-cue ‘control’ period (the 1 s duration before the cue onset) to examine whether the neuron showed significant task-related activities. If the mean discharge rate in a given period was significantly different from that in the control period (Mann--Whitney U-test, P < 0.05), the neuron was consi ...
On-line Optical Operant Conditioning of Cortical Activity
... Neural circuits and information ............................................ 13 ...
... Neural circuits and information ............................................ 13 ...
Differential Characteristics of Face Neuron Responses Within the
... face (I-DMS task; Fig. 1A); this behavioral task was the same as that described in our preceding paper (Eifuku et al. 2004). In the I-DMS task, a sample (480 ms) stimulus was presented to the animal after fixation on a small point, and test (match or nonmatch, 480 ms) stimuli were subsequently prese ...
... face (I-DMS task; Fig. 1A); this behavioral task was the same as that described in our preceding paper (Eifuku et al. 2004). In the I-DMS task, a sample (480 ms) stimulus was presented to the animal after fixation on a small point, and test (match or nonmatch, 480 ms) stimuli were subsequently prese ...
Neural substrates for expectation-modulated fear learning in
... stores memories of the conditioned stimulus–unconditioned stimulus association, but the origin of UCS inputs to the amygdala is unknown. Theory and evidence suggest that instructive UCS inputs to the amygdala will be inhibited when the UCS is expected, but this has not been found during fear conditi ...
... stores memories of the conditioned stimulus–unconditioned stimulus association, but the origin of UCS inputs to the amygdala is unknown. Theory and evidence suggest that instructive UCS inputs to the amygdala will be inhibited when the UCS is expected, but this has not been found during fear conditi ...
Coincidence Detection or Temporal Integration?
... the fact that most of our cortical electrode penetrations had recording depths indicating that the neurons were located in the middle cortical layers. We did not make any electrolytic lesions in the present study, however, and did not reconstruct the SII neuronal recording sites with respect to the ...
... the fact that most of our cortical electrode penetrations had recording depths indicating that the neurons were located in the middle cortical layers. We did not make any electrolytic lesions in the present study, however, and did not reconstruct the SII neuronal recording sites with respect to the ...
DOES ISCHEMIA CAUSE ACUTE NEURONAL DAMAGE BY CONVERTING THE NA /K
... The gray matter of the higher brain undergoes spreading depolarization in response to ischemia, which increases metabolic demand and so promotes acute neuronal injury. The molecular mechanism linking ischemic failure of the Na+/K+ pump to the subsequent onset of a large inward current in neurons has ...
... The gray matter of the higher brain undergoes spreading depolarization in response to ischemia, which increases metabolic demand and so promotes acute neuronal injury. The molecular mechanism linking ischemic failure of the Na+/K+ pump to the subsequent onset of a large inward current in neurons has ...
The Molecular Basis of Odor Coding in the Drosophila Antenna
... The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster has two olfactory organs, the antenna and maxillary palp, which contain ⵑ1200 and ⵑ120 ORNs, respectively (Stocker, 1994; Shanbhag et al., 1999). ORNs are compartmentalized into sensilla, which can be subdivided into three major morphological types: basiconic, c ...
... The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster has two olfactory organs, the antenna and maxillary palp, which contain ⵑ1200 and ⵑ120 ORNs, respectively (Stocker, 1994; Shanbhag et al., 1999). ORNs are compartmentalized into sensilla, which can be subdivided into three major morphological types: basiconic, c ...
Dynamics of sensory processing in the dual olfactory pathway of the
... mixtures at the AL output (Galizia and Kimmerle 2004; Krofczik et al. 2008; Yamagata et al. 2009). 3.2. Characteristic differences of lateral and median uniglomerular projection neurons Based on intracellular recording and staining of uniglomerular projection neurons, Müller et al. (2002) reported t ...
... mixtures at the AL output (Galizia and Kimmerle 2004; Krofczik et al. 2008; Yamagata et al. 2009). 3.2. Characteristic differences of lateral and median uniglomerular projection neurons Based on intracellular recording and staining of uniglomerular projection neurons, Müller et al. (2002) reported t ...
Critical Time Window of Neuronal Cholesterol Synthesis during
... whether cortical projection neurons in vivo essentially require cholesterol biosynthesis and which cell types support neurons, we have conditionally ablated the cholesterol biosynthesis in these neurons in mice either embryonically or postnatally. We found that cortical projection neurons synthesize ...
... whether cortical projection neurons in vivo essentially require cholesterol biosynthesis and which cell types support neurons, we have conditionally ablated the cholesterol biosynthesis in these neurons in mice either embryonically or postnatally. We found that cortical projection neurons synthesize ...
Motif distribution, dynamical properties, and computational
... somatosensory, motor and visual areas of adult rats and adult cats. It specifies connection probabilities and connection strengths of effectively established synaptic connections between excitatory and inhibitory neocortical neurons, to which we will refer as functional connectivity in this paper. Th ...
... somatosensory, motor and visual areas of adult rats and adult cats. It specifies connection probabilities and connection strengths of effectively established synaptic connections between excitatory and inhibitory neocortical neurons, to which we will refer as functional connectivity in this paper. Th ...
Selectivity for the Shape, Size, and Orientation of Objects for
... the Student-Newman-Keuls procedure (2-tail, P ⬍ 0.05). If the neuronal activity level for one object was significantly higher than that for the other objects, we classified the neurons as being highly selective. If the neuronal activity level for the most preferred object was not significantly highe ...
... the Student-Newman-Keuls procedure (2-tail, P ⬍ 0.05). If the neuronal activity level for one object was significantly higher than that for the other objects, we classified the neurons as being highly selective. If the neuronal activity level for the most preferred object was not significantly highe ...
The Neurons of the Medial Geniculate Body in the Mustached Bat
... Low-magnification cartoons (Figs. 1, 2) were made by drawing neurons through a camera lucida from several sections and arranging them without dendritic overlap for purposes of clarity. For each neuron, the location relative to nuclear borders and the orientation were preserved. Every section contain ...
... Low-magnification cartoons (Figs. 1, 2) were made by drawing neurons through a camera lucida from several sections and arranging them without dendritic overlap for purposes of clarity. For each neuron, the location relative to nuclear borders and the orientation were preserved. Every section contain ...
L - Oxford Academic
... ultrastructural characteristics. Some motor axons possess both facilitating and nonfacilitating synapses. The proportion of the different types of synapse associated with a motor axon probably determines in large measure the properties of the postsynaptic potentials evoked by that axon. Pre-synaptic ...
... ultrastructural characteristics. Some motor axons possess both facilitating and nonfacilitating synapses. The proportion of the different types of synapse associated with a motor axon probably determines in large measure the properties of the postsynaptic potentials evoked by that axon. Pre-synaptic ...
High-frequency stimulation in Parkinson`s disease: more
... inhibition (12%) in half of the neurons recorded [26]. Shortcomings of the ‘less’ hypothesis The silencing hypothesis is based on extracellular recordings during very short periods of HFS (Table 2). One potential problem with studies relying on extracellular recordings is that large stimulus artifac ...
... inhibition (12%) in half of the neurons recorded [26]. Shortcomings of the ‘less’ hypothesis The silencing hypothesis is based on extracellular recordings during very short periods of HFS (Table 2). One potential problem with studies relying on extracellular recordings is that large stimulus artifac ...
Nonsynaptic plasticity
Nonsynaptic plasticity is a form of neuroplasticity that involves modification of ion channel function in the axon, dendrites, and cell body that results in specific changes in the integration of excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs). Nonsynaptic plasticity is a modification of the intrinsic excitability of the neuron. It interacts with synaptic plasticity, but it is considered a separate entity from synaptic plasticity. Intrinsic modification of the electrical properties of neurons plays a role in many aspects of plasticity from homeostatic plasticity to learning and memory itself. Nonsynaptic plasticity affects synaptic integration, subthreshold propagation, spike generation, and other fundamental mechanisms of neurons at the cellular level. These individual neuronal alterations can result in changes in higher brain function, especially learning and memory. However, as an emerging field in neuroscience, much of the knowledge about nonsynaptic plasticity is uncertain and still requires further investigation to better define its role in brain function and behavior.