Chapter 2: Nerve Cells and Nerve Impulses
... b. Transmission across a synapse was just as fast as transmission along an axon. c. The tip of an axon physically merged with the next neuron. d. All neurons were of similar size and shape. ANS: C ...
... b. Transmission across a synapse was just as fast as transmission along an axon. c. The tip of an axon physically merged with the next neuron. d. All neurons were of similar size and shape. ANS: C ...
Sensorimotor cortical influences on cuneate nucleus
... neurons.28 It was also shown that the cuneate neurons display tonic and bursting activity which, as in the thalamus and the cortex, appears to depend partially on intrinsic membrane properties.7. and 31. It was suggested that, while the cortically originated slow oscillation47., 51. and 52. is proba ...
... neurons.28 It was also shown that the cuneate neurons display tonic and bursting activity which, as in the thalamus and the cortex, appears to depend partially on intrinsic membrane properties.7. and 31. It was suggested that, while the cortically originated slow oscillation47., 51. and 52. is proba ...
Csercsa Richárd
... There are several theories of what could cause the change in arousal as well as in cortical excitability during sleep. There are two classical conceptions: the passive and the active hypothesis. According to the passive hypothesis, the default arousal state is sleep, and it is a result of a decrease ...
... There are several theories of what could cause the change in arousal as well as in cortical excitability during sleep. There are two classical conceptions: the passive and the active hypothesis. According to the passive hypothesis, the default arousal state is sleep, and it is a result of a decrease ...
Common Mechanisms Underlying Growth Cone Guidance and Axon
... body that are approximately equal in length and tipped by growth cones. One of the processes then continues to elongate and becomes the single axon. This scenario is also consistent with development of hippocampal neurons in culture (Dotti et al., 1988). About 20 – 40 h after plating, branches begin ...
... body that are approximately equal in length and tipped by growth cones. One of the processes then continues to elongate and becomes the single axon. This scenario is also consistent with development of hippocampal neurons in culture (Dotti et al., 1988). About 20 – 40 h after plating, branches begin ...
PARK9-Associated ATP13A2 Localizes to Intracellular
... particularly lysosomes and endosomes and partially with autophagosomes. Autophagy forms the major implicated in neurodegenerative diseases, including PD (19-23). To explore the potential relationship between ATP13A2 and the autophagy pathway, the effect of ATP13A2 silencing and overexpression on aut ...
... particularly lysosomes and endosomes and partially with autophagosomes. Autophagy forms the major implicated in neurodegenerative diseases, including PD (19-23). To explore the potential relationship between ATP13A2 and the autophagy pathway, the effect of ATP13A2 silencing and overexpression on aut ...
Spatiotemporal Properties of Eye Position Signals
... same criterion. The level of the criterion varied from zero to a maximal value in distributions in a step of either 5 spikes/s or a smaller value so that the number of criteria was >25. Area under the ROC curve represented the choice probability indicating how well an ideal observer could discrimina ...
... same criterion. The level of the criterion varied from zero to a maximal value in distributions in a step of either 5 spikes/s or a smaller value so that the number of criteria was >25. Area under the ROC curve represented the choice probability indicating how well an ideal observer could discrimina ...
Structural Correlates of Efficient GABAergic Transmission in the
... membranes, the synapses, puncta adherentia (PA), and the glial sheaths covering the terminals, and in four cases also the mitochondria and the pool of the vesicles, were made using the AnalySIS software (Olympus). Synapses were considered only if the synaptic cleft and the vesicle accumulation were ...
... membranes, the synapses, puncta adherentia (PA), and the glial sheaths covering the terminals, and in four cases also the mitochondria and the pool of the vesicles, were made using the AnalySIS software (Olympus). Synapses were considered only if the synaptic cleft and the vesicle accumulation were ...
electrophysiological and synaptic properties of rat superior and
... preganglionic nerve bundle revealed that in HT, a greater number of neurons receive strong synaptic inputs. Application of high-frequency, low amplitude stimulation of the preganglionic nerve revealed that a greater proportion of neurons from NT rats underwent long-term potentiation of excitatory po ...
... preganglionic nerve bundle revealed that in HT, a greater number of neurons receive strong synaptic inputs. Application of high-frequency, low amplitude stimulation of the preganglionic nerve revealed that a greater proportion of neurons from NT rats underwent long-term potentiation of excitatory po ...
Organelle motility and metabolism in axons vs dendrites of cultured
... half of dendritic length, and the most distal 10% of dendritic length. Quantitative analysis was done by drawing a line across the video screen perpendicular to and bisecting the process and counting the number of organelles that crossed the line during a 4× time lapse playback of the video sequence ...
... half of dendritic length, and the most distal 10% of dendritic length. Quantitative analysis was done by drawing a line across the video screen perpendicular to and bisecting the process and counting the number of organelles that crossed the line during a 4× time lapse playback of the video sequence ...
Role of High-Affinity Receptors and Membrane Transporters in
... review that the first concrete evidence of presynaptic receptors was published in a classic report by Masland and Wigton (1940). These authors claimed that the fasciculation that follows the intra-arterial injection of ACh or an anticholinesterase drug into a skeletal muscle reflects the firing of t ...
... review that the first concrete evidence of presynaptic receptors was published in a classic report by Masland and Wigton (1940). These authors claimed that the fasciculation that follows the intra-arterial injection of ACh or an anticholinesterase drug into a skeletal muscle reflects the firing of t ...
Distinguishing intrinsic from extrinsic factors underlying firing rate
... should lessen the effective change in membrane potential caused by a given increment in synaptic current (due to Ohm’s law) and also lead to an abbreviation in the time course of postsynaptic potentials (due to the decrease in membrane time constant). Theoretically, such decreases in membrane input ...
... should lessen the effective change in membrane potential caused by a given increment in synaptic current (due to Ohm’s law) and also lead to an abbreviation in the time course of postsynaptic potentials (due to the decrease in membrane time constant). Theoretically, such decreases in membrane input ...
Regulation of neurons in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus by
... application of 100 µM resveratrol the frequency of sEPSCs significantly increased to 4.2 ± 0.8 Hz (range from 0.8 to 8.2 Hz, n = 8, p < 0.05) (Figures 1A–C). The average amplitude of sEPSCs was 13.2 ± 1.4 pA (range from 7.5 to 19.2 pA) before and 10.3 ± 0.6 pA (range from 8.0 to 13.7 pA) after appli ...
... application of 100 µM resveratrol the frequency of sEPSCs significantly increased to 4.2 ± 0.8 Hz (range from 0.8 to 8.2 Hz, n = 8, p < 0.05) (Figures 1A–C). The average amplitude of sEPSCs was 13.2 ± 1.4 pA (range from 7.5 to 19.2 pA) before and 10.3 ± 0.6 pA (range from 8.0 to 13.7 pA) after appli ...
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... Mammalian central neurons express a large repertoire of voltage-dependent ion channels (VDICs) that form selective pores in the neuronal membrane and confer diverse properties of intrinsic neuronal excitability. This allows mammalian neurons to display a richness of firing behaviors over a wide rang ...
... Mammalian central neurons express a large repertoire of voltage-dependent ion channels (VDICs) that form selective pores in the neuronal membrane and confer diverse properties of intrinsic neuronal excitability. This allows mammalian neurons to display a richness of firing behaviors over a wide rang ...
Synaptic Distinction of Laminar-specific Prefrontal-temporal Pathways in Primates
... which are anatomically and functionally distinct. Here we addressed the still unanswered question of whether cortical pathways that terminate in different layers are distinct at the synaptic level. We addressed this issue using as a model system the robust and functionally significant pathways from ...
... which are anatomically and functionally distinct. Here we addressed the still unanswered question of whether cortical pathways that terminate in different layers are distinct at the synaptic level. We addressed this issue using as a model system the robust and functionally significant pathways from ...
The Classical Complement Cascade Mediates
... the developing brain, we performed double immunostaining with antibodies to C1q and synaptic markers. Using confocal microscopy, we observed many C1q-positive puncta that colocalized with the postsynaptic protein PSD95 in the developing dLGN (Figure 3A). In order to better visualize C1q’s synaptic l ...
... the developing brain, we performed double immunostaining with antibodies to C1q and synaptic markers. Using confocal microscopy, we observed many C1q-positive puncta that colocalized with the postsynaptic protein PSD95 in the developing dLGN (Figure 3A). In order to better visualize C1q’s synaptic l ...
Neurobiological Mechanisms Underlying Oestradiol Negative and
... increased activity of that network, this increase should be eliminated by blocking action potential firing. If, however, the increase in spontaneous transmission is due to an increase in the number of contacts made by the presynaptic network on the postsynaptic GnRH neurone or a change in release pr ...
... increased activity of that network, this increase should be eliminated by blocking action potential firing. If, however, the increase in spontaneous transmission is due to an increase in the number of contacts made by the presynaptic network on the postsynaptic GnRH neurone or a change in release pr ...
Neurophysiological involvement in hypervolemic hyponatremia
... osmosensitivity is due to the presence of intrinsic cellular mechanoreceptors and glial modulation. In neurons, osmosensing mechanoreceptors were initially identified as stretch-modulated cation channels [25] and now are associated to the transient receptor potential (TRP) vanilloid (V) family catio ...
... osmosensitivity is due to the presence of intrinsic cellular mechanoreceptors and glial modulation. In neurons, osmosensing mechanoreceptors were initially identified as stretch-modulated cation channels [25] and now are associated to the transient receptor potential (TRP) vanilloid (V) family catio ...
Drosophila as a Model Organism for the Study of
... Acetylcholine is the main excitatory neurotransmitter in the Drosophila central nervous system (CNS), in contrast to the more limited role in the mammalian CNS. Like mammals, flies also have choline acetyltransferase, acetylcholinesterase, a vesicular acetylcholine transporter, and nicotinic (ionotr ...
... Acetylcholine is the main excitatory neurotransmitter in the Drosophila central nervous system (CNS), in contrast to the more limited role in the mammalian CNS. Like mammals, flies also have choline acetyltransferase, acetylcholinesterase, a vesicular acetylcholine transporter, and nicotinic (ionotr ...
Impact of prefrontal cortex in nicotine
... been reported to act through nicotinic acetylcholine receptors well-established electrophysiological criteria (Bunney et al., 1973; Grace (nAChRs) in the PFC to enhance working memory and attention and Bunney, 1983; Ungless et al., 2004), we do acknowledge that there are (Levin, 1992; Granon et al., ...
... been reported to act through nicotinic acetylcholine receptors well-established electrophysiological criteria (Bunney et al., 1973; Grace (nAChRs) in the PFC to enhance working memory and attention and Bunney, 1983; Ungless et al., 2004), we do acknowledge that there are (Levin, 1992; Granon et al., ...
identification of central cholinergic neurons containing both choline
... 1981), although we could not distinguish between two populations of neurons. In the 20-pm sections used for the double-labeling studies we felt we could not be certain that the smaller profiles did not simply represent angled sections of larger neurons, since in 50- and 100~pm-thick sections of stri ...
... 1981), although we could not distinguish between two populations of neurons. In the 20-pm sections used for the double-labeling studies we felt we could not be certain that the smaller profiles did not simply represent angled sections of larger neurons, since in 50- and 100~pm-thick sections of stri ...
jneurosci.org - INI Institute of Neuroinformatics
... volves three major steps as described below. (between 0.95 and 1.05). An example set L is shown for one neuron in Preprocessing: elimination of “linear” structures. Not all the boutons of Figure S1 (available at www.jneurosci.org as supplemental material). The an axon are contained in clusters, whic ...
... volves three major steps as described below. (between 0.95 and 1.05). An example set L is shown for one neuron in Preprocessing: elimination of “linear” structures. Not all the boutons of Figure S1 (available at www.jneurosci.org as supplemental material). The an axon are contained in clusters, whic ...
Fig. - Development - The Company of Biologists
... number of mandibular neurons than in wild type, whereas Hmx1+ and OC1 + cells were concomitantly reduced (Fig. 2F-H). This was further confirmed with Hmx1/Tbx3 double fluorescent in situ hybridisation (FISH) and quantified (Fig. 2I-K). This effect was not a result of increased cell death in the mand ...
... number of mandibular neurons than in wild type, whereas Hmx1+ and OC1 + cells were concomitantly reduced (Fig. 2F-H). This was further confirmed with Hmx1/Tbx3 double fluorescent in situ hybridisation (FISH) and quantified (Fig. 2I-K). This effect was not a result of increased cell death in the mand ...
Linking Topography to Tonotopy in the Mouse Auditory
... Winer, 2007). Some of these spatially ordered representations, such as tonotopy, can be distributed over hundreds of thousands of neurons, while other features, such as the representations for pitch, sound level, spectral integration, and binaural or temporal modulation preference are clustered into ...
... Winer, 2007). Some of these spatially ordered representations, such as tonotopy, can be distributed over hundreds of thousands of neurons, while other features, such as the representations for pitch, sound level, spectral integration, and binaural or temporal modulation preference are clustered into ...
Facial whisker pattern is not sufficient to instruct a
... number of mandibular neurons than in wild type, whereas Hmx1+ and OC1 + cells were concomitantly reduced (Fig. 2F-H). This was further confirmed with Hmx1/Tbx3 double fluorescent in situ hybridisation (FISH) and quantified (Fig. 2I-K). This effect was not a result of increased cell death in the mand ...
... number of mandibular neurons than in wild type, whereas Hmx1+ and OC1 + cells were concomitantly reduced (Fig. 2F-H). This was further confirmed with Hmx1/Tbx3 double fluorescent in situ hybridisation (FISH) and quantified (Fig. 2I-K). This effect was not a result of increased cell death in the mand ...
Normalization as a canonical neural computation
... σ + Σk Dk The numerator is the neuron’s driving input Dj; in sensory systems, this driving input provides the stimulus drive to the responses. Its units depend on the system under study. They could be in units of stimulus intensity in a sensory system, or in spikes per second if the input is conside ...
... σ + Σk Dk The numerator is the neuron’s driving input Dj; in sensory systems, this driving input provides the stimulus drive to the responses. Its units depend on the system under study. They could be in units of stimulus intensity in a sensory system, or in spikes per second if the input is conside ...
Nonsynaptic plasticity
Nonsynaptic plasticity is a form of neuroplasticity that involves modification of ion channel function in the axon, dendrites, and cell body that results in specific changes in the integration of excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs). Nonsynaptic plasticity is a modification of the intrinsic excitability of the neuron. It interacts with synaptic plasticity, but it is considered a separate entity from synaptic plasticity. Intrinsic modification of the electrical properties of neurons plays a role in many aspects of plasticity from homeostatic plasticity to learning and memory itself. Nonsynaptic plasticity affects synaptic integration, subthreshold propagation, spike generation, and other fundamental mechanisms of neurons at the cellular level. These individual neuronal alterations can result in changes in higher brain function, especially learning and memory. However, as an emerging field in neuroscience, much of the knowledge about nonsynaptic plasticity is uncertain and still requires further investigation to better define its role in brain function and behavior.