Time-Dependent Activation of Feed-Forward Inhibition in
... approaching objects (looming stimuli). Such neurons have been described in the visual system of several species, including monkeys, pigeons, and insects (Cooke and Graziano 2004; Fogassi et al. 1996; Gabbiani et al. 2004; Sun and Frost 1998; Wicklein and Strausfeld 2000). In the locust, one such ide ...
... approaching objects (looming stimuli). Such neurons have been described in the visual system of several species, including monkeys, pigeons, and insects (Cooke and Graziano 2004; Fogassi et al. 1996; Gabbiani et al. 2004; Sun and Frost 1998; Wicklein and Strausfeld 2000). In the locust, one such ide ...
Production and Survival of Projection Neurons in a Forebrain Vocal
... Data collection for birds injected with fluorescent beads was similar to that for fluorogold-injected birds. Twelve sections through HVC were completely scanned for 3H-labeled neurons. The number of such cells that were also retrogradely labeled with beads was divided by the volume sampled to genera ...
... Data collection for birds injected with fluorescent beads was similar to that for fluorogold-injected birds. Twelve sections through HVC were completely scanned for 3H-labeled neurons. The number of such cells that were also retrogradely labeled with beads was divided by the volume sampled to genera ...
Comparison of Primate Prefrontal and Inferior Temporal
... needed to represent the category of the currently visible test stimulus and several laboratories (Logothetis et al., 1995; Booth and Rolls, 1998; Kowhether it was a categorical match to the sample stimulus. To analyze batake et al., 1998; Baker et al., 2002). No attempt was made to prescreen categor ...
... needed to represent the category of the currently visible test stimulus and several laboratories (Logothetis et al., 1995; Booth and Rolls, 1998; Kowhether it was a categorical match to the sample stimulus. To analyze batake et al., 1998; Baker et al., 2002). No attempt was made to prescreen categor ...
Tuning Curve Shift by Attention Modulation in Cortical Neurons: a
... 4C). When we simulate an attentional signal with inhibitory surround effect, we use r9A = 0.52, A0 = –0.48 and A1 = 1.5. For each of these models, and each parameter set explored, we found the network activity pattern in response to a single stimulus (centered at xS), and the spatial tuning curve of ...
... 4C). When we simulate an attentional signal with inhibitory surround effect, we use r9A = 0.52, A0 = –0.48 and A1 = 1.5. For each of these models, and each parameter set explored, we found the network activity pattern in response to a single stimulus (centered at xS), and the spatial tuning curve of ...
Neuronal innervation of the exocrine defence glands in stick insects
... Insects use a great variety of primary and secondary defence mechanisms [2–8]. Stick insects (Phasmatodea) are named for their mimetic body shapes, resembling plant elements to avoid detection in the first place. But they are also known for different means of secondary defence, including defence by ...
... Insects use a great variety of primary and secondary defence mechanisms [2–8]. Stick insects (Phasmatodea) are named for their mimetic body shapes, resembling plant elements to avoid detection in the first place. But they are also known for different means of secondary defence, including defence by ...
Neuronal Activity in Substantia Nigra Pars Reticulata during Target
... which visual stimuli were displayed. The cross represents the fixation point, and the small box indicates the eye position criterion window for correct performance of the task. Each of these trial types was randomly interleaved. As the number of possible target increased, the probability that any on ...
... which visual stimuli were displayed. The cross represents the fixation point, and the small box indicates the eye position criterion window for correct performance of the task. Each of these trial types was randomly interleaved. As the number of possible target increased, the probability that any on ...
world-of-psychology-7th-edition-wood-test-bank
... Correct. The semipermeable membrane allows positive ions to enter the cell, thus changing its electrical polarity. b) an electrical current initiated in the cell body which flows the length of the axon c) the opening of ion channels, promoting a negative charge within the axonal membrane Incorrect. ...
... Correct. The semipermeable membrane allows positive ions to enter the cell, thus changing its electrical polarity. b) an electrical current initiated in the cell body which flows the length of the axon c) the opening of ion channels, promoting a negative charge within the axonal membrane Incorrect. ...
Sample
... 48. __________ is the process by which neurotransmitters are reclaimed by the axon terminal intact, and then are repackaged for immediate use. a) Reception Incorrect. Reception occurs when neurotransmitters fill in tiny sites on the post-synaptic neuron’s surface. ...
... 48. __________ is the process by which neurotransmitters are reclaimed by the axon terminal intact, and then are repackaged for immediate use. a) Reception Incorrect. Reception occurs when neurotransmitters fill in tiny sites on the post-synaptic neuron’s surface. ...
Duration Tuning across Vertebrates
... generated by two single-compartment neurons: one providing excitation timed relative to stimulus onset (onset-evoked) and the other providing excitation timed relative to stimulus offset (offset-evoked). Neurons with transient, onset-evoked responses are found throughout the central auditory pathway ...
... generated by two single-compartment neurons: one providing excitation timed relative to stimulus onset (onset-evoked) and the other providing excitation timed relative to stimulus offset (offset-evoked). Neurons with transient, onset-evoked responses are found throughout the central auditory pathway ...
Distribution of GABAergic neurons and axon terminals in the
... Neurons that utilize the neurotransmitter y-aminobutyric acid (GABA) appear to play an important role in generating many of the receptive field properties that distinguish neurons in the striate cortex from those in the lateral geniculate nucleus. When the inhibitory effects of GABA are blocked by t ...
... Neurons that utilize the neurotransmitter y-aminobutyric acid (GABA) appear to play an important role in generating many of the receptive field properties that distinguish neurons in the striate cortex from those in the lateral geniculate nucleus. When the inhibitory effects of GABA are blocked by t ...
Calcium homeostasis in aging neurons
... system is acting to remove Ca2+ , energy is supplied by the electrochemical gradient that ultimately results from the activity of the plasma membrane Na+ /K+ ATPase (Na+ pump). Plasma membrane Ca2+ pump has a higher affinity for Ca2+ (K d = 100 nM) but a very slow turnover, whereas NCX has a much low ...
... system is acting to remove Ca2+ , energy is supplied by the electrochemical gradient that ultimately results from the activity of the plasma membrane Na+ /K+ ATPase (Na+ pump). Plasma membrane Ca2+ pump has a higher affinity for Ca2+ (K d = 100 nM) but a very slow turnover, whereas NCX has a much low ...
Association of Poly(A) mRNA with Microtubules
... to eliminate hybridization to soluble mRNA, which was released from microfilaments but still present in thecell body(region of greatest volume). However, because of the fragility of neu- ...
... to eliminate hybridization to soluble mRNA, which was released from microfilaments but still present in thecell body(region of greatest volume). However, because of the fragility of neu- ...
Module 10 - Neuronal Signalling
... A very important aspect of neuronal signalling concerns the action potential frequency, which can vary over a wide range. At one extreme, there is the circadian clock, where the output of the suprachiasmatic clock neurons changes over 24 h. At the other end of the scale, we have the very rapid trans ...
... A very important aspect of neuronal signalling concerns the action potential frequency, which can vary over a wide range. At one extreme, there is the circadian clock, where the output of the suprachiasmatic clock neurons changes over 24 h. At the other end of the scale, we have the very rapid trans ...
Cell-intrinsic drivers of dendrite morphogenesis
... Box 1) have vastly improved our understanding of dendrite development (Scott and Luo, 2001; Grueber and Jan, 2004). The development of new approaches for studying dendrite morphogenesis (see Box 2) has led to the view that axons and dendrites work in concert to define neuronal connectivity. A key co ...
... Box 1) have vastly improved our understanding of dendrite development (Scott and Luo, 2001; Grueber and Jan, 2004). The development of new approaches for studying dendrite morphogenesis (see Box 2) has led to the view that axons and dendrites work in concert to define neuronal connectivity. A key co ...
Barrel cortex function - Brain Research Institute
... interactive approach will provide mechanistic ideas ‘how’ the cortical machinery might work. However, in order to decide between different mechanistic hypotheses of cortical function the question of ‘what’ is achieved by cortical processing will become increasingly important. For sensory systems thi ...
... interactive approach will provide mechanistic ideas ‘how’ the cortical machinery might work. However, in order to decide between different mechanistic hypotheses of cortical function the question of ‘what’ is achieved by cortical processing will become increasingly important. For sensory systems thi ...
Neural Networks
... SNIPE 1 is a well-documented JAVA library that implements a framework for neural networks in a speedy, feature-rich and usable way. It is available at no cost for non-commercial purposes. It was originally designed for high performance simulations with lots and lots of neural networks (even large on ...
... SNIPE 1 is a well-documented JAVA library that implements a framework for neural networks in a speedy, feature-rich and usable way. It is available at no cost for non-commercial purposes. It was originally designed for high performance simulations with lots and lots of neural networks (even large on ...
the inferior colliculus of the rat: quantitative
... 0 and 255 correspond to white and black colors, respectively. The camera was connected to a Macintosh computer via a video digitizing card (Scion Corporation). Images were digitized and analyzed using Scion NIH Image software. In an attempt to preserve identical illumination conditions for different ...
... 0 and 255 correspond to white and black colors, respectively. The camera was connected to a Macintosh computer via a video digitizing card (Scion Corporation). Images were digitized and analyzed using Scion NIH Image software. In an attempt to preserve identical illumination conditions for different ...
Calcium Influx and Protein Phosphorylation Mediate the Metabolic
... Reiness and Weinberg, 198 1; Salpeter, 1987). The aim of the present study was to analyze the signaling mechanisms by which the motor nerve regulates metabolic stabilization of the synaptic AChRs in rat muscle. The nerve-induced metabolic stability of synaptic AChRs is a remarkably persistent phenom ...
... Reiness and Weinberg, 198 1; Salpeter, 1987). The aim of the present study was to analyze the signaling mechanisms by which the motor nerve regulates metabolic stabilization of the synaptic AChRs in rat muscle. The nerve-induced metabolic stability of synaptic AChRs is a remarkably persistent phenom ...
Specificity in Inhibitory Systems Associated with Prefrontal Pathways to
... upper layers (2--3a), and innervate mostly other GABAergic neurons (Meskenaite 1997; DeFelipe et al. 1999; Gonchar and Burkhalter 1999; Melchitzky et al. 2005). PV and CB neurons are distinguished by significant differences. PV is expressed in basket and chandelier inhibitory neurons, which are found ...
... upper layers (2--3a), and innervate mostly other GABAergic neurons (Meskenaite 1997; DeFelipe et al. 1999; Gonchar and Burkhalter 1999; Melchitzky et al. 2005). PV and CB neurons are distinguished by significant differences. PV is expressed in basket and chandelier inhibitory neurons, which are found ...
PDF
... murine proNGF on the survival of these neurons cultured at low density at stages throughout late fetal and early postnatal development when these neurons are dependent on a supply of mNGF from their targets for survival. In control cultures (no added factors), the majority of neurons died within 48 ...
... murine proNGF on the survival of these neurons cultured at low density at stages throughout late fetal and early postnatal development when these neurons are dependent on a supply of mNGF from their targets for survival. In control cultures (no added factors), the majority of neurons died within 48 ...
Dynamics of sensory thalamocortical synaptic networks during
... from the principal trigeminal nucleus through the lemniscal pathway (for review Diamond, 1995). Lemniscal terminals form glutamatergic synaptic contacts with the soma and proximal dendrites of VPM neurons (Spacek and Lieberman, 1974; Williams et al., 1994b). Thus, corticothalamic synapses contact di ...
... from the principal trigeminal nucleus through the lemniscal pathway (for review Diamond, 1995). Lemniscal terminals form glutamatergic synaptic contacts with the soma and proximal dendrites of VPM neurons (Spacek and Lieberman, 1974; Williams et al., 1994b). Thus, corticothalamic synapses contact di ...
Mechanisms Underlying the Cardioinhibitory and Pressor
... by dividing the value of maximum change with the control value: (response value - control value) / (control value) × 100 %. The control value of nerve activity was derived by averaging the integrated nerve activities for a period of 30 s before stimulation. The largest deviation from the control lev ...
... by dividing the value of maximum change with the control value: (response value - control value) / (control value) × 100 %. The control value of nerve activity was derived by averaging the integrated nerve activities for a period of 30 s before stimulation. The largest deviation from the control lev ...
Mechanisms of axon degeneration: From development to disease
... highlighted how this is an active process of controlled axon self-destruction similar in many ways to the active selfdestruction of cells during apoptosis (Coleman, 2005; Low and Cheng, 2005; Luo and O’Leary, 2005; Raff et al., 2002). Although the molecular mechanisms involved are different (but see ...
... highlighted how this is an active process of controlled axon self-destruction similar in many ways to the active selfdestruction of cells during apoptosis (Coleman, 2005; Low and Cheng, 2005; Luo and O’Leary, 2005; Raff et al., 2002). Although the molecular mechanisms involved are different (but see ...
Hindbrain Glucoprivation Effects on Gastric Vagal Reflex Circuits
... for iontophoretic marking of recording sites, was used in the identification and recording of activity of gastric-NST or -DMN neurons, as described previously (McCann et al., 1992; Viard et al., 2012). Extracellular signals from the micropipette were amplified (5000⫻; WPI DAM 50 Differential Amplifi ...
... for iontophoretic marking of recording sites, was used in the identification and recording of activity of gastric-NST or -DMN neurons, as described previously (McCann et al., 1992; Viard et al., 2012). Extracellular signals from the micropipette were amplified (5000⫻; WPI DAM 50 Differential Amplifi ...
Rapid Translocation of Zn 2+ from Nerve Terminals
... Zn2⫹ imaging For extracellular Zn2⫹ fluorescence imaging, hippocampal slices were preloaded with 20 M NG dipotassium salt at room temperature in the dark for at least 30 min, and recordings were made with NG dipotassium salt in the ACSF bathing the slice. For intracellular Zn2⫹ imaging, the slices ...
... Zn2⫹ imaging For extracellular Zn2⫹ fluorescence imaging, hippocampal slices were preloaded with 20 M NG dipotassium salt at room temperature in the dark for at least 30 min, and recordings were made with NG dipotassium salt in the ACSF bathing the slice. For intracellular Zn2⫹ imaging, the slices ...
Nonsynaptic plasticity
Nonsynaptic plasticity is a form of neuroplasticity that involves modification of ion channel function in the axon, dendrites, and cell body that results in specific changes in the integration of excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs). Nonsynaptic plasticity is a modification of the intrinsic excitability of the neuron. It interacts with synaptic plasticity, but it is considered a separate entity from synaptic plasticity. Intrinsic modification of the electrical properties of neurons plays a role in many aspects of plasticity from homeostatic plasticity to learning and memory itself. Nonsynaptic plasticity affects synaptic integration, subthreshold propagation, spike generation, and other fundamental mechanisms of neurons at the cellular level. These individual neuronal alterations can result in changes in higher brain function, especially learning and memory. However, as an emerging field in neuroscience, much of the knowledge about nonsynaptic plasticity is uncertain and still requires further investigation to better define its role in brain function and behavior.