PDF Mynark - American Kinesiology Association
... Two basic experimental designs have been used to stimulate and measure the spinal stretch reflex (SSR) arc: (a) the traditional tendon-tap methodology and (b) the Hoffmann or H-reflex. Measuring the SSR via the tendon-tap involves a mechanical perturbation to the tendon of the target muscle. EMG act ...
... Two basic experimental designs have been used to stimulate and measure the spinal stretch reflex (SSR) arc: (a) the traditional tendon-tap methodology and (b) the Hoffmann or H-reflex. Measuring the SSR via the tendon-tap involves a mechanical perturbation to the tendon of the target muscle. EMG act ...
Multisensory Integration in the Ventral Intraparietal Area of the
... Materials and Methods Surgical preparation. Two adult rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta, monkeys N and M), weighing 4.5 and 6.5 kg, were used in this study. Procedures were approved by the local Animal Care Committee in compliance with the guidelines of European Community on Animal Care. Animals were p ...
... Materials and Methods Surgical preparation. Two adult rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta, monkeys N and M), weighing 4.5 and 6.5 kg, were used in this study. Procedures were approved by the local Animal Care Committee in compliance with the guidelines of European Community on Animal Care. Animals were p ...
L1CAM/Neuroglian controls the axon–axon interactions establishing
... Figure 1. Extra- and intracellular Nrg domains contribute to MB axon guidance. (A) Schematic drawings of MB development. Side views of MB axon projections and cross-sections of the pedunculus are shown: (gray), ’’ (magenta), and (green). (B–D) Frontal projections of posterior (top) and anter ...
... Figure 1. Extra- and intracellular Nrg domains contribute to MB axon guidance. (A) Schematic drawings of MB development. Side views of MB axon projections and cross-sections of the pedunculus are shown: (gray), ’’ (magenta), and (green). (B–D) Frontal projections of posterior (top) and anter ...
Early Neuronal Loss and Axonal/Presynaptic Damage is Associated
... investigation in the AD field. The subiculum is the principal target of the CA1 pyramidal cells and serves as the major output structure of the hippocampal formation to widespread subcortical and cortical areas (for review, see [31]). In AD patients, the subiculum is among the earliest regions displ ...
... investigation in the AD field. The subiculum is the principal target of the CA1 pyramidal cells and serves as the major output structure of the hippocampal formation to widespread subcortical and cortical areas (for review, see [31]). In AD patients, the subiculum is among the earliest regions displ ...
Activity in the Lateral Prefrontal Cortex Reflects Multiple Steps of
... Overall Proportion of Neurons with Identified Properties We trained animals to be able to reach final goals at a success rate averaging more than 85%. It took about a year for the animals to perform at this level. During recording sessions, the success rates for the two animals were 93.1% and 89.4% ...
... Overall Proportion of Neurons with Identified Properties We trained animals to be able to reach final goals at a success rate averaging more than 85%. It took about a year for the animals to perform at this level. During recording sessions, the success rates for the two animals were 93.1% and 89.4% ...
Review Mitochondrial movement and positioning in axons
... mitochondrial motility in the axon? Since the activity of the growth cone has a pronounced influence on the behavior of mitochondria (Morris and Hollenbeck, 1993), we have focused on signals that affect axonal outgrowth, particularly neurotrophins. Neurotrophins are trophic factors that act via the ...
... mitochondrial motility in the axon? Since the activity of the growth cone has a pronounced influence on the behavior of mitochondria (Morris and Hollenbeck, 1993), we have focused on signals that affect axonal outgrowth, particularly neurotrophins. Neurotrophins are trophic factors that act via the ...
PDF version - Richard Andersen
... task. The analysis presented here is based on 161 neurons re(typically 60 ms). For both areas LIP and 7a the distribution of corded from the lateral intraparietal area (LIP), a recently defined subdivision of the IPL; and 54 neurons recorded from the neigh- durations was approximately Gaussian. The ...
... task. The analysis presented here is based on 161 neurons re(typically 60 ms). For both areas LIP and 7a the distribution of corded from the lateral intraparietal area (LIP), a recently defined subdivision of the IPL; and 54 neurons recorded from the neigh- durations was approximately Gaussian. The ...
Clarke`s column neurons as the focus of a corticospinal corollary circuit
... neural systems capable of anticipating actual sensory feedback. Just where and how predictive systems exert their influence remains poorly understood. We explored the possibility that spinocerebellar neurons that convey proprioceptive sensory information also integrate information from cortical comm ...
... neural systems capable of anticipating actual sensory feedback. Just where and how predictive systems exert their influence remains poorly understood. We explored the possibility that spinocerebellar neurons that convey proprioceptive sensory information also integrate information from cortical comm ...
Central and peripheral chemoreceptors evoke distinct responses in
... raphé nuclei. Midline raphé neurons are proposed to be elements of a distributed brainstem system of central chemoreceptors, as well as modulators of central chemoreceptors at other sites, including the retrotrapezoid nucleus. Stimulation of the raphé system or peripheral chemoreceptors can induc ...
... raphé nuclei. Midline raphé neurons are proposed to be elements of a distributed brainstem system of central chemoreceptors, as well as modulators of central chemoreceptors at other sites, including the retrotrapezoid nucleus. Stimulation of the raphé system or peripheral chemoreceptors can induc ...
Electrophysiological evidence that noradrenergic neurons of the rat
... (1-4 Hz), (2) long duration action potential (>2 msec), (3) changes in activity directly correlated with changes in behavioral state and (4) subsequent histological localization in the DRN. Iontophoretic studies were conducted as follows: when a DRN unit was found, computer data collection was start ...
... (1-4 Hz), (2) long duration action potential (>2 msec), (3) changes in activity directly correlated with changes in behavioral state and (4) subsequent histological localization in the DRN. Iontophoretic studies were conducted as follows: when a DRN unit was found, computer data collection was start ...
Gustatory Processing in Drosophila Higher Brain Centers By
... which in turn causes an increase in the amount of glutamate released by the sensory cell (Brunelli et al., 1976). Hence, the synaptic connection between the sensory and motor cells is strengthened and results in a more powerful withdrawal reflex. Pairing the tactile stimulus and the tail shock, hen ...
... which in turn causes an increase in the amount of glutamate released by the sensory cell (Brunelli et al., 1976). Hence, the synaptic connection between the sensory and motor cells is strengthened and results in a more powerful withdrawal reflex. Pairing the tactile stimulus and the tail shock, hen ...
Read Here
... effector tools (Ray et al., 2011; Brust et al., 2014; Niederkofler et al., 2016). Here, we apply these tools to characterize the function and projections of Tac1-Pet1 neurons. Studies have linked the control of breathing to 5-HT, substance P, its receptor, the neurokinin-1 receptor (NK1R), and medul ...
... effector tools (Ray et al., 2011; Brust et al., 2014; Niederkofler et al., 2016). Here, we apply these tools to characterize the function and projections of Tac1-Pet1 neurons. Studies have linked the control of breathing to 5-HT, substance P, its receptor, the neurokinin-1 receptor (NK1R), and medul ...
The role of NADPH oxidase (NOX) enzymes in neurodegenerative
... induce NOX via rac and PKC stimulation. In the early stage of differentiation, the resulting ROS has been shown to mediate proper p38MAPK activation and neurite sprouting (Suzukawa et al., 2000; Puntambekar et al., 2005; Ibi et al., 2006). However, at later stages of PC12 cell differentiation, NOX-m ...
... induce NOX via rac and PKC stimulation. In the early stage of differentiation, the resulting ROS has been shown to mediate proper p38MAPK activation and neurite sprouting (Suzukawa et al., 2000; Puntambekar et al., 2005; Ibi et al., 2006). However, at later stages of PC12 cell differentiation, NOX-m ...
Raven Ch
... d. repolarization The correct answer is a—temporal summation A. Answer a is correct. Temporal summation is the term used to describe a change in the timing of firing of the presynaptic cell. The correct answer is a— B. Answer b is incorrect. Spatial summation describes the effect of multiple presyna ...
... d. repolarization The correct answer is a—temporal summation A. Answer a is correct. Temporal summation is the term used to describe a change in the timing of firing of the presynaptic cell. The correct answer is a— B. Answer b is incorrect. Spatial summation describes the effect of multiple presyna ...
Molecular Mechanisms of Signal Integration in Hypothalamic
... and in coordinating behavioral and physiological processes: the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). We particularly emphasize the necessity of validating certain characteristics of a neural system to be the focus of studies investigating mechanisms of signal processi ...
... and in coordinating behavioral and physiological processes: the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). We particularly emphasize the necessity of validating certain characteristics of a neural system to be the focus of studies investigating mechanisms of signal processi ...
The dynamic cytoskeleton: backbone of dendritic spine plasticity
... the spine. An elegant study by the Kasai lab, using twophoton uncaging of photoactivatable actin (PA-b-actin) in hippocampal slices, showed that there are at least three pools of f-actin in spines [26]. The first is a dynamic pool (time constant 40 s) that polymerizes near the tip of the spine an ...
... the spine. An elegant study by the Kasai lab, using twophoton uncaging of photoactivatable actin (PA-b-actin) in hippocampal slices, showed that there are at least three pools of f-actin in spines [26]. The first is a dynamic pool (time constant 40 s) that polymerizes near the tip of the spine an ...
Vesicular glutamate transporters (VGLUTs): The three musketeers of
... and numerous experimenters established its expression in glutamatergic neurons and its role in vesicular glutamate transport, thus calling it VGLUT2 (Fujiama et al. 2001, Herzog et al. 2001, SakataHaga et al. 2001, Takamori et al. 2001). The two isoforms appeared to account for the release of glutam ...
... and numerous experimenters established its expression in glutamatergic neurons and its role in vesicular glutamate transport, thus calling it VGLUT2 (Fujiama et al. 2001, Herzog et al. 2001, SakataHaga et al. 2001, Takamori et al. 2001). The two isoforms appeared to account for the release of glutam ...
Basic Mechanisms Underlying Seizures and Epilepsy
... Kindling model: repeated subconvulsive stimuli resulting in electrical afterdischarges • Eventually lead to stimulation-induced clinical seizures • In some cases, lead to spontaneous seizures (epilepsy) • Applicability to human epilepsy uncertain ...
... Kindling model: repeated subconvulsive stimuli resulting in electrical afterdischarges • Eventually lead to stimulation-induced clinical seizures • In some cases, lead to spontaneous seizures (epilepsy) • Applicability to human epilepsy uncertain ...
Early Functional Impairment of Sensory-Motor Connectivity in a Mouse Model of Spinal Muscular Atrophy
... show altered function and many of them eventually die. Because of this, most research on ALS and SMA is focused on the motor neuron itself and on its synapse with skeletal muscle, the neuromuscular junction. However, in the spinal cord, motor neurons receive inputs from local spinal networks, descen ...
... show altered function and many of them eventually die. Because of this, most research on ALS and SMA is focused on the motor neuron itself and on its synapse with skeletal muscle, the neuromuscular junction. However, in the spinal cord, motor neurons receive inputs from local spinal networks, descen ...
Enhanced Modulation of Neuronal Activity during
... GP might regulate eye movements through the nigro-collicular descending circuitry and through the basal ganglia--thalamocortical pathways. Keywords: antisaccade, globus pallidus, inactivation, physiology, primate ...
... GP might regulate eye movements through the nigro-collicular descending circuitry and through the basal ganglia--thalamocortical pathways. Keywords: antisaccade, globus pallidus, inactivation, physiology, primate ...
final scientific program
... learning, memory, cognition, perception, action and ultimately conscious awareness. Electrophysiological recordings in behaving animals over the past forty years have revealed considerable information about what the firing patterns of single neurons encode in isolation, but it remains largely a myst ...
... learning, memory, cognition, perception, action and ultimately conscious awareness. Electrophysiological recordings in behaving animals over the past forty years have revealed considerable information about what the firing patterns of single neurons encode in isolation, but it remains largely a myst ...
kwanPNAS08
... (4, 5), migrate radially and settle within the preplate (PP), where they form the nascent cortical plate (CP) (6). Incoming CP neurons, which split the PP into the marginal zone (MZ) and subplate (SP), are generated sequentially so that early-born neurons occupy the deep layers and later-born neuron ...
... (4, 5), migrate radially and settle within the preplate (PP), where they form the nascent cortical plate (CP) (6). Incoming CP neurons, which split the PP into the marginal zone (MZ) and subplate (SP), are generated sequentially so that early-born neurons occupy the deep layers and later-born neuron ...
Chapter 8: The Nervous System
... Ans: A nerve impulse is a wave of depolarization and repolarization, during which sodium ions first move into a neuron and then potassium ions move out of a neuron. This is called an action potential. When the action potential reaches the end of the axon, neurotransmitter substances are released int ...
... Ans: A nerve impulse is a wave of depolarization and repolarization, during which sodium ions first move into a neuron and then potassium ions move out of a neuron. This is called an action potential. When the action potential reaches the end of the axon, neurotransmitter substances are released int ...
the primate amygdala: neuronal representations of
... After cluster cutting of the spikes with Datawave software, the numbers of spikes of the single neuron in 80 time bins each 100 ms long starting at the onset of the stimulus were obtained using SPSS. Statistical analysis was performed on the numbers of spikes in the first 1 s period after stimulus o ...
... After cluster cutting of the spikes with Datawave software, the numbers of spikes of the single neuron in 80 time bins each 100 ms long starting at the onset of the stimulus were obtained using SPSS. Statistical analysis was performed on the numbers of spikes in the first 1 s period after stimulus o ...
Cover page
... neuronal regeneration in the context of neurodegenerative disease of the cortical output circuitry. The neocortex contains an unparalleled diversity of neuronal subtypes, each defined by distinct traits that are developmentally acquired under the control of several neuron subtype-specific and pan-ne ...
... neuronal regeneration in the context of neurodegenerative disease of the cortical output circuitry. The neocortex contains an unparalleled diversity of neuronal subtypes, each defined by distinct traits that are developmentally acquired under the control of several neuron subtype-specific and pan-ne ...
Nonsynaptic plasticity
Nonsynaptic plasticity is a form of neuroplasticity that involves modification of ion channel function in the axon, dendrites, and cell body that results in specific changes in the integration of excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs). Nonsynaptic plasticity is a modification of the intrinsic excitability of the neuron. It interacts with synaptic plasticity, but it is considered a separate entity from synaptic plasticity. Intrinsic modification of the electrical properties of neurons plays a role in many aspects of plasticity from homeostatic plasticity to learning and memory itself. Nonsynaptic plasticity affects synaptic integration, subthreshold propagation, spike generation, and other fundamental mechanisms of neurons at the cellular level. These individual neuronal alterations can result in changes in higher brain function, especially learning and memory. However, as an emerging field in neuroscience, much of the knowledge about nonsynaptic plasticity is uncertain and still requires further investigation to better define its role in brain function and behavior.