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Inactivation of Parietal and Prefrontal Cortex Reveals
... of these subpopulations were matched to a greater extent (Chafee and Goldman-Rakic 1998) than could be gleaned from independent studies of the two populations using similar, but not identical, tasks (Andersen et al. 1990b; Bruce and Goldberg 1985; Funahashi et al. 1989 –1991; Gnadt and Andersen 1988 ...
... of these subpopulations were matched to a greater extent (Chafee and Goldman-Rakic 1998) than could be gleaned from independent studies of the two populations using similar, but not identical, tasks (Andersen et al. 1990b; Bruce and Goldberg 1985; Funahashi et al. 1989 –1991; Gnadt and Andersen 1988 ...
Pain - mbbsclub.com
... • Opioids are commonly used analgesics (chemicals that relieve the pain) that can exert their effects at various places in the CNS, including the spinal cord and dorsal root ganglion. • The different opioids are: 1. Endorphins: split products of POMC, made in the Pituitary gland as well as CNS. In t ...
... • Opioids are commonly used analgesics (chemicals that relieve the pain) that can exert their effects at various places in the CNS, including the spinal cord and dorsal root ganglion. • The different opioids are: 1. Endorphins: split products of POMC, made in the Pituitary gland as well as CNS. In t ...
Cholinergic modulation of cognitive processing: insights drawn from computational models Kishan Gupta
... post-synaptic sites (and is functionally related to the M3 and M5 receptors). The M1 receptor mediates post-synaptic effects of the activation of muscarinic receptors, including depolarization and suppression of spike-frequency accommodation (Dasari and Gulledge, 2011). M2 receptors are located at b ...
... post-synaptic sites (and is functionally related to the M3 and M5 receptors). The M1 receptor mediates post-synaptic effects of the activation of muscarinic receptors, including depolarization and suppression of spike-frequency accommodation (Dasari and Gulledge, 2011). M2 receptors are located at b ...
Blood-Spinal Cord Barrier Alterations in Subacute and Chronic
... Milwaukee, WI) and 0.1% Cresyl violet (Sigma-Aldrich) technique using a standard protocol. To determine motor neuron numbers in the gray ventral horn of the cervical spinal cords on both sides, the optical fractionator method of unbiased stereological cell counting techniques (44, 45) was used with ...
... Milwaukee, WI) and 0.1% Cresyl violet (Sigma-Aldrich) technique using a standard protocol. To determine motor neuron numbers in the gray ventral horn of the cervical spinal cords on both sides, the optical fractionator method of unbiased stereological cell counting techniques (44, 45) was used with ...
Distribution of Androgen and Estrogen Receptor mRNA in the Brain
... leopard gecko, Eublepharis macularius. In addition, both incubation temperature and gonadal sex influence behavioral responses to androgen and estrogen treatments in adulthood. Although these findings suggest that temperature and sex steroids act upon a common neural substrate to influence behavior, ...
... leopard gecko, Eublepharis macularius. In addition, both incubation temperature and gonadal sex influence behavioral responses to androgen and estrogen treatments in adulthood. Although these findings suggest that temperature and sex steroids act upon a common neural substrate to influence behavior, ...
Signals from the notochord and floor plate regulate
... transcripts are absent from floor plate cells and the adjacent ventrally located neuroepithelial cells. The zebrafish homologue of Pax-6, pax[zf-a], exhibits a similar pattern of expression in the mid-lateral spinal cord of the early embryo (Krauss et al., 1991a; Pueschel et al., 1992). The spinal c ...
... transcripts are absent from floor plate cells and the adjacent ventrally located neuroepithelial cells. The zebrafish homologue of Pax-6, pax[zf-a], exhibits a similar pattern of expression in the mid-lateral spinal cord of the early embryo (Krauss et al., 1991a; Pueschel et al., 1992). The spinal c ...
FEATURE ARTICLE Cortical Auditory Adaptation
... moving rats. Two identical stimuli were delivered with different intervals ranging from 50 ms to 8 s. Single neuron recordings in the awake animal revealed that the response to a sound is influenced by sounds delivered even several seconds earlier, the second one usually yielding a weaker response. ...
... moving rats. Two identical stimuli were delivered with different intervals ranging from 50 ms to 8 s. Single neuron recordings in the awake animal revealed that the response to a sound is influenced by sounds delivered even several seconds earlier, the second one usually yielding a weaker response. ...
Receptores Monoaminérgicos en Corteza Prefrontal: Mecanismo de Acción de Fármacos Antipsicóticos
... nucleus; PCP, phencyclidine; mPFC medial prefrontal cortex: vGluT1, vesicular glutamate transporter 1. ...
... nucleus; PCP, phencyclidine; mPFC medial prefrontal cortex: vGluT1, vesicular glutamate transporter 1. ...
Basal Ganglia: Mechanisms for Action Selection
... 1986). Each macroscopic domain is thought to subdivide into a further large set of discrete parallel loops, termed channels here to distinguish them from the macroscopic-scale loops. For example, the somatotopic map found within the striatal motor domain is maintained throughout the basal ganglia’s ...
... 1986). Each macroscopic domain is thought to subdivide into a further large set of discrete parallel loops, termed channels here to distinguish them from the macroscopic-scale loops. For example, the somatotopic map found within the striatal motor domain is maintained throughout the basal ganglia’s ...
Role of the basal ganglia in conditional associative learning
... basis of what we sense in our environment. Often, we gaze at an object present in our peripersonnal space (e.g. a cup of coffee), attend to its features and place, reach toward it, and grasp it. Such movements were termed by Wise and colleagues (1996) standard sensorimotor mapping in that the moveme ...
... basis of what we sense in our environment. Often, we gaze at an object present in our peripersonnal space (e.g. a cup of coffee), attend to its features and place, reach toward it, and grasp it. Such movements were termed by Wise and colleagues (1996) standard sensorimotor mapping in that the moveme ...
Anatomical study of lumbar spine innervation
... which we termed superficial oblique rami (SOR), ran obliquely between the psoas major and the lateral surface of the vertebral column, connecting ST and the spinal nerves in a non-segmental manner. In most specimens, these rami were observed at the level of the T12-L2 spinal nerves, and in only four ...
... which we termed superficial oblique rami (SOR), ran obliquely between the psoas major and the lateral surface of the vertebral column, connecting ST and the spinal nerves in a non-segmental manner. In most specimens, these rami were observed at the level of the T12-L2 spinal nerves, and in only four ...
Peptides that regulate food intake: orexin gene expression is increased during states of hypertriglyceridemia
... be a strong and reliable correlate of long-term body fat accrual, permitting one to characterize obesity-prone rats during the very early stages in their development of obesity. The identification of obesity-prone rats with this measure can occur even before a significant rise in fat pad weights, wi ...
... be a strong and reliable correlate of long-term body fat accrual, permitting one to characterize obesity-prone rats during the very early stages in their development of obesity. The identification of obesity-prone rats with this measure can occur even before a significant rise in fat pad weights, wi ...
Development of replication-defective herpes simplex viral vectors for
... vectors for gene silencing in peripheral neurons and the potential application of this technology to the study of nociceptive processes and in pain gene target validation studies. Moreover, a disabled HSV-1 vector targeting p75, Lingo1 and NgR2, which are involved in myelin inhibition of axonal rege ...
... vectors for gene silencing in peripheral neurons and the potential application of this technology to the study of nociceptive processes and in pain gene target validation studies. Moreover, a disabled HSV-1 vector targeting p75, Lingo1 and NgR2, which are involved in myelin inhibition of axonal rege ...
The Language of Anatomy
... Study the terms that follow (refer to Figure 1.5). Notice that certain terms have a different meaning for a four-legged animal (quadruped) than they do for a human (biped). Superior/inferior (above/below): These terms refer to placement of a structure along the long axis of the body. Superior struct ...
... Study the terms that follow (refer to Figure 1.5). Notice that certain terms have a different meaning for a four-legged animal (quadruped) than they do for a human (biped). Superior/inferior (above/below): These terms refer to placement of a structure along the long axis of the body. Superior struct ...
Stop-Signal Task - Gemstone Honors Program
... times (Eagle & Baunez, 2010). Poor performance on these tasks is observed after pharmacological manipulation of prefrontal cortex, notably the dPL, suggesting an association of the prefrontal cortex with response inhibition (Aron & Poldrack, 2004; Bari et al., 2011). Unfortunately, no single neuron ...
... times (Eagle & Baunez, 2010). Poor performance on these tasks is observed after pharmacological manipulation of prefrontal cortex, notably the dPL, suggesting an association of the prefrontal cortex with response inhibition (Aron & Poldrack, 2004; Bari et al., 2011). Unfortunately, no single neuron ...
Principles of Neural Science - Weizmann Institute of Science
... The region of the retina from which the ganglion cell axons exit, the optic disc, contains no photoreceptors and therefore is insensitive to light—a blind spot in the retina. Since the disc is nasal to the fovea in each eye (Figure 27-1), light coming from a single point in the binocular zone never ...
... The region of the retina from which the ganglion cell axons exit, the optic disc, contains no photoreceptors and therefore is insensitive to light—a blind spot in the retina. Since the disc is nasal to the fovea in each eye (Figure 27-1), light coming from a single point in the binocular zone never ...
segregation of stimulus phase and intensity coding in the cochlear
... where previously there had been none. This was especially true for high frequency neurons. In cases where there is a weak modulation of the period histogram, the criterion of a positive phase shift with increased frequency can be used to discern physiologically related phase locking. This method is ...
... where previously there had been none. This was especially true for high frequency neurons. In cases where there is a weak modulation of the period histogram, the criterion of a positive phase shift with increased frequency can be used to discern physiologically related phase locking. This method is ...
Olfactory System Anatomy
... of regeneration. Activation occurs when odiferous molecules come in contact with specialized processes known as the olfactory vesicles. [1] ...
... of regeneration. Activation occurs when odiferous molecules come in contact with specialized processes known as the olfactory vesicles. [1] ...
Cortex, Cognition and the Cell: New Insights into the Pyramidal
... (1941, 1947, 1955, 1959, 1963, 1967) who published a multiple volume series in which he quantified variation in cell structure in a multitude of cortical areas in the developing human cerebral cortex. Over 250 drawings reveal incredible diversity in pyramidal cell structure (Fig. 2). However, the fu ...
... (1941, 1947, 1955, 1959, 1963, 1967) who published a multiple volume series in which he quantified variation in cell structure in a multitude of cortical areas in the developing human cerebral cortex. Over 250 drawings reveal incredible diversity in pyramidal cell structure (Fig. 2). However, the fu ...
Representation of Number in Animals and Humans: A Neural Model
... 2002). An alternative is that this ability is easily and quickly learned and is therefore omnipresent. Third, what is the relation with symbolic cognition? Several authors (e.g., Spelke, 2002; Dehaene, 2001) have suggested that human numerical abilities are built on a primitive number sense shared w ...
... 2002). An alternative is that this ability is easily and quickly learned and is therefore omnipresent. Third, what is the relation with symbolic cognition? Several authors (e.g., Spelke, 2002; Dehaene, 2001) have suggested that human numerical abilities are built on a primitive number sense shared w ...
The Classical Complement Cascade Mediates
... in the optic tract (Figure 5A). Small incremental increases in stimulus intensity were used in order to recruit individual ...
... in the optic tract (Figure 5A). Small incremental increases in stimulus intensity were used in order to recruit individual ...
Synaptic Pruning in Development: A Novel Account in Neural Terms
... is observed throughout widespread brain regions including cortical areas (visual [Bourgeois and Rakic, 1993, Huttenlocher et al., 1982], motor and associative [Huttenlocher, 1979]), cerebellum [J.Takacs and Hamori, 1994], projection bers between hemispheres [Innocenti, 1995] and the dentate gyrus [ ...
... is observed throughout widespread brain regions including cortical areas (visual [Bourgeois and Rakic, 1993, Huttenlocher et al., 1982], motor and associative [Huttenlocher, 1979]), cerebellum [J.Takacs and Hamori, 1994], projection bers between hemispheres [Innocenti, 1995] and the dentate gyrus [ ...
introduction to the Structure and Function of the Nervous System
... CSF flows to the back of the brain, down around which release chemicals known as neurotransthe spinal cord, and then back to the brain, mitters. Neurotransmitters, through chemical where it is reabsorbed into the blood through the means, transfer the impulse from one neuron arachnoid membrane. amoun ...
... CSF flows to the back of the brain, down around which release chemicals known as neurotransthe spinal cord, and then back to the brain, mitters. Neurotransmitters, through chemical where it is reabsorbed into the blood through the means, transfer the impulse from one neuron arachnoid membrane. amoun ...
14. Development and Plasticity
... Poisson spike trains and the postsynaptic spike train (averaged over all presynaptic spike trains) in simulation of an IF-neuron with 1000 input channels. The spike trains that lead to the results shown by stars were generated with each weight value fixed to value 0.015. The cross-correlations are c ...
... Poisson spike trains and the postsynaptic spike train (averaged over all presynaptic spike trains) in simulation of an IF-neuron with 1000 input channels. The spike trains that lead to the results shown by stars were generated with each weight value fixed to value 0.015. The cross-correlations are c ...
To maintain homeostasis, cells must work together in a co
... Changes in ion movement in turn are brought about by changes in membrane permeability in response to triggering events. Depending on the type of electrical signal, a triggering event might be (1) a change in the electrical field in the vicinity of an excitable membrane; (2) an interaction of a chemi ...
... Changes in ion movement in turn are brought about by changes in membrane permeability in response to triggering events. Depending on the type of electrical signal, a triggering event might be (1) a change in the electrical field in the vicinity of an excitable membrane; (2) an interaction of a chemi ...
Neuroanatomy
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Neuroanatomy is the study of the anatomy and stereotyped organization of nervous systems. In contrast to animals with radial symmetry, whose nervous system consists of a distributed network of cells, animals with bilateral symmetry have segregated, defined nervous systems, and thus we can make much more precise statements about their neuroanatomy. In vertebrates, the nervous system is segregated into the internal structure of the brain and spinal cord (together called the central nervous system, or CNS) and the routes of the nerves that connect to the rest of the body (known as the peripheral nervous system, or PNS). The delineation of distinct structures and regions of the nervous system has been critical in investigating how it works. For example, much of what neuroscientists have learned comes from observing how damage or ""lesions"" to specific brain areas affects behavior or other neural functions.For information about the composition of animal nervous systems, see nervous system. For information about the typical structure of the human nervous system, see human brain or peripheral nervous system. This article discusses information pertinent to the study of neuroanatomy.