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Synchronisation hubs in the visual cortex may arise from strong
... receptive field. Gratings drifted orthogonally relative to their orientations in 12 different directions (0, 30, 60, …, 330°). The spatial frequency, size, and moving speed of the gratings were 2.4°/cycle, 12°, and 2°/s, respectively. The choice of these values was driven by the typical response prop ...
... receptive field. Gratings drifted orthogonally relative to their orientations in 12 different directions (0, 30, 60, …, 330°). The spatial frequency, size, and moving speed of the gratings were 2.4°/cycle, 12°, and 2°/s, respectively. The choice of these values was driven by the typical response prop ...
Predictions not commands: active inference in the motor system
... classical ‘knee-jerk’ reflex. The active inference view differs from the conventional (computational) views of motor control in conceptual and anatomical terms. Conceptually, under active inference, predictions about proprioceptive input are passed down the hierarchy; not motor commands. Anatomicall ...
... classical ‘knee-jerk’ reflex. The active inference view differs from the conventional (computational) views of motor control in conceptual and anatomical terms. Conceptually, under active inference, predictions about proprioceptive input are passed down the hierarchy; not motor commands. Anatomicall ...
The Control of Voluntary Eye Movements: New Perspectives
... and cognitive processing capabilities of the primate central nervous system. The importance of these higher order processes, and the complexity of the underlying mechanisms, pose both challenges and opportunities for using voluntary eye movements as a model for understanding the neural circuits invo ...
... and cognitive processing capabilities of the primate central nervous system. The importance of these higher order processes, and the complexity of the underlying mechanisms, pose both challenges and opportunities for using voluntary eye movements as a model for understanding the neural circuits invo ...
Patterns of sensory intermodality relationships in the cerebral cortex
... sections were delineated according to the Nissl, AchE, distances from coronal sections, relying on previous parcelmyelin stains, and their relation to the pattern of callosal lation schemes (Donoghue and Wise, '82; Zilles, '85). As in the coronal sections, the lateral border of the connections. The ...
... sections were delineated according to the Nissl, AchE, distances from coronal sections, relying on previous parcelmyelin stains, and their relation to the pattern of callosal lation schemes (Donoghue and Wise, '82; Zilles, '85). As in the coronal sections, the lateral border of the connections. The ...
Spontaneous activity and functional connectivity in the developing
... of functional connectivity in its input and output pathways. Characterization of spontaneous activity within these pathways provides insight into their functional status in early development. In the present study we recorded extracellular activity from the interpositus nucleus (IP) and its primary d ...
... of functional connectivity in its input and output pathways. Characterization of spontaneous activity within these pathways provides insight into their functional status in early development. In the present study we recorded extracellular activity from the interpositus nucleus (IP) and its primary d ...
Action Potential Backpropagation and Somato
... sensory inputs in an attentionally relevant manner during wakefulness and exhibit complex network-driven and intrinsic oscillatory activity during sleep. Despite these complex intrinsic and network functions, little is known about the dendritic distribution of ion channels in TC neurons or the role ...
... sensory inputs in an attentionally relevant manner during wakefulness and exhibit complex network-driven and intrinsic oscillatory activity during sleep. Despite these complex intrinsic and network functions, little is known about the dendritic distribution of ion channels in TC neurons or the role ...
Ionotropic Glutamate Receptors in Aplysia californica and Molecular
... 1.1 Ionotropic glutamate receptors in the nervous system The mechanisms underlying learning and memory are vastly complex and involve a multitude of molecular changes that may result in learned behaviors. Mammalian systems may be difficult to work use to understand learned behaviors due to highly co ...
... 1.1 Ionotropic glutamate receptors in the nervous system The mechanisms underlying learning and memory are vastly complex and involve a multitude of molecular changes that may result in learned behaviors. Mammalian systems may be difficult to work use to understand learned behaviors due to highly co ...
... Although it is well established that apoptotic mechanisms play a central role in neuronal death after different types of CNS damage, little is known about the activation of apoptotic pathways in glial cells which have been postulated to be important for the termination of the glial response. It is r ...
In vitro studies of limb regeneration in adult Diemictylus
... Although an attempt was made to implant a ganglion (at 10 or 19 days postamputation) in an eccentric location, cell and tissue movements in the regeneration area tended to displace the ganglion. Therefore, the influence of an implanted ganglion will be described relative to its definitive location w ...
... Although an attempt was made to implant a ganglion (at 10 or 19 days postamputation) in an eccentric location, cell and tissue movements in the regeneration area tended to displace the ganglion. Therefore, the influence of an implanted ganglion will be described relative to its definitive location w ...
American Journal of Public Health Research
... processes such as prior memories and it has great influence on enhancing, suppressing or even independently generating a stress response but it is highly susceptible to damage by chronic stress (McEwen, 2012). Another organ of interest in the regulation of cognitive processes is the prefrontal corte ...
... processes such as prior memories and it has great influence on enhancing, suppressing or even independently generating a stress response but it is highly susceptible to damage by chronic stress (McEwen, 2012). Another organ of interest in the regulation of cognitive processes is the prefrontal corte ...
Increased D-amino acid oxidase
... genotyped two SNPs in each gene. The SNPs were selected based on three pragmatic criteria: a) the SNP is amongst those most strongly associated with schizophrenia in each gene, b) the SNP has a high minor allele frequency, and c) the SNP tags a haplotype block.S8,S10 In DAO, we chose rs2070587 (G/T) ...
... genotyped two SNPs in each gene. The SNPs were selected based on three pragmatic criteria: a) the SNP is amongst those most strongly associated with schizophrenia in each gene, b) the SNP has a high minor allele frequency, and c) the SNP tags a haplotype block.S8,S10 In DAO, we chose rs2070587 (G/T) ...
Early Functional Impairment of Sensory-Motor Connectivity in a Mouse Model of Spinal Muscular Atrophy
... a robust monosynaptic reflex in WT mice. In contrast, the reflex was significantly reduced in SMA spinal cords (Figure 1C), even at high stimulation intensities (103T; data not shown). On average, there was an approximately 85% reduction in the peak amplitude of the monosynaptic response from SMA L1 ...
... a robust monosynaptic reflex in WT mice. In contrast, the reflex was significantly reduced in SMA spinal cords (Figure 1C), even at high stimulation intensities (103T; data not shown). On average, there was an approximately 85% reduction in the peak amplitude of the monosynaptic response from SMA L1 ...
Investigating circadian rhythmicity in pain sensitivity using
... the dorsal horn. The dorsal horn serves as a processing center for incoming pain signals, while the midbrain and cortex, as a whole referred to as descending or topdown inhibition [22], serve as a modulator of the pain circuit in the dorsal horn. As a result, there is a tradition of modeling pain pr ...
... the dorsal horn. The dorsal horn serves as a processing center for incoming pain signals, while the midbrain and cortex, as a whole referred to as descending or topdown inhibition [22], serve as a modulator of the pain circuit in the dorsal horn. As a result, there is a tradition of modeling pain pr ...
Rewardcircuit - URMC - University of Rochester
... However, cortical labeling in humans and monkeys can differ. Particularly relevant for this chapter is area 11 in the monkey, which is part of the OFC and does not reach the midline, whereas in the human PFC, area 11 does. In contrast, area 14 of the OFC lies on the ventral surface at the midline in ...
... However, cortical labeling in humans and monkeys can differ. Particularly relevant for this chapter is area 11 in the monkey, which is part of the OFC and does not reach the midline, whereas in the human PFC, area 11 does. In contrast, area 14 of the OFC lies on the ventral surface at the midline in ...
The physiological role of orexin/hypocretin neurons in the regulation
... to the orexin field such as the medial septum possibly because of transport to second-order neurons or ectopic expression of the transgene. In addition, the TTC::GFP technique also appears to be less sensitive than conventional retrograde tracers, as it failed to label neurons in the lateral septum o ...
... to the orexin field such as the medial septum possibly because of transport to second-order neurons or ectopic expression of the transgene. In addition, the TTC::GFP technique also appears to be less sensitive than conventional retrograde tracers, as it failed to label neurons in the lateral septum o ...
Optical brain imaging in vivo: techniques and applications from
... applications as a research tool for both clinical and animal studies of basic brain function and diseases. Still, so little is known about the way that the normal brain functions, in part due to the difficulties of measuring such a complex organ without disturbing or damaging its in-vivo function. O ...
... applications as a research tool for both clinical and animal studies of basic brain function and diseases. Still, so little is known about the way that the normal brain functions, in part due to the difficulties of measuring such a complex organ without disturbing or damaging its in-vivo function. O ...
Lecture 2: The Spinal Cord
... 1. Three parts: midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata (from superior to inferior) 2. Position: spinal cord---diencephalon--cerebellum ...
... 1. Three parts: midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata (from superior to inferior) 2. Position: spinal cord---diencephalon--cerebellum ...
Antioxidant Enzymes in Brain Cortex of Rats
... CAT (PAJOVIC et al. 2006). Elevation of SOD activity, observed in this study, may indicate that this type of stress shifted brain cell-redox state towards a pro-oxidant direction. Immobilization was already shown to be a strong stressor that activates the sympathoneural and adrenomedular system thus ...
... CAT (PAJOVIC et al. 2006). Elevation of SOD activity, observed in this study, may indicate that this type of stress shifted brain cell-redox state towards a pro-oxidant direction. Immobilization was already shown to be a strong stressor that activates the sympathoneural and adrenomedular system thus ...
Receptive fields and suppressive fields in the
... antagonistic surround of the receptive field or if it constituted an unexplained suppressive phenomenon. Nonetheless, these results led to fruitful studies of intrageniculate inhibition (e.g. Singer et al., 1972), and to the description of previously unknown suppressive effects (Levick et al., 1972) ...
... antagonistic surround of the receptive field or if it constituted an unexplained suppressive phenomenon. Nonetheless, these results led to fruitful studies of intrageniculate inhibition (e.g. Singer et al., 1972), and to the description of previously unknown suppressive effects (Levick et al., 1972) ...
The neurochemistry of the GnRH pulse generator
... Abstract. We review the crucial role of the two neurotransmitters norepinephrine (NE) and GABA in eliciting GnRH pulses. NE acts via an al-receptor mechanism and also GABA acts at the a-subtype of the GABA receptor. The function of NE appears to be induction of phasic activation of GnRH neurons and ...
... Abstract. We review the crucial role of the two neurotransmitters norepinephrine (NE) and GABA in eliciting GnRH pulses. NE acts via an al-receptor mechanism and also GABA acts at the a-subtype of the GABA receptor. The function of NE appears to be induction of phasic activation of GnRH neurons and ...
Neural realisation of the SP theory
... In broad terms, the SP theory is conceived as an abstract system or model that works like this. It receives ‘New’ data from its environment and adds these data to a body of stored knowledge called ‘Old’. At the same time, it tries to compress the information as much as possible by searching for full ...
... In broad terms, the SP theory is conceived as an abstract system or model that works like this. It receives ‘New’ data from its environment and adds these data to a body of stored knowledge called ‘Old’. At the same time, it tries to compress the information as much as possible by searching for full ...
Document
... (TSE) may result from neuronal loss, early behavioural impairments are probably related to primary neuronal dysfunction. This has been exemplified in a recent study by Mallucci et al. [73,74] who have shown that behavioural and synaptic impairments, as well as spongiosis, recover when neuronal PrPC ...
... (TSE) may result from neuronal loss, early behavioural impairments are probably related to primary neuronal dysfunction. This has been exemplified in a recent study by Mallucci et al. [73,74] who have shown that behavioural and synaptic impairments, as well as spongiosis, recover when neuronal PrPC ...
M1 Corticospinal Mirror Neurons and Their Role in
... Mirror neurons are particularly fascinating in that they are activated not only by one’s own actions but also by the actions of others. Mirror neurons in macaque area F5 were originally shown to respond during both the monkey’s own grasping action and during observation of grasp carried out by a hum ...
... Mirror neurons are particularly fascinating in that they are activated not only by one’s own actions but also by the actions of others. Mirror neurons in macaque area F5 were originally shown to respond during both the monkey’s own grasping action and during observation of grasp carried out by a hum ...
Neuroanatomy
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Neuroanatomy is the study of the anatomy and stereotyped organization of nervous systems. In contrast to animals with radial symmetry, whose nervous system consists of a distributed network of cells, animals with bilateral symmetry have segregated, defined nervous systems, and thus we can make much more precise statements about their neuroanatomy. In vertebrates, the nervous system is segregated into the internal structure of the brain and spinal cord (together called the central nervous system, or CNS) and the routes of the nerves that connect to the rest of the body (known as the peripheral nervous system, or PNS). The delineation of distinct structures and regions of the nervous system has been critical in investigating how it works. For example, much of what neuroscientists have learned comes from observing how damage or ""lesions"" to specific brain areas affects behavior or other neural functions.For information about the composition of animal nervous systems, see nervous system. For information about the typical structure of the human nervous system, see human brain or peripheral nervous system. This article discusses information pertinent to the study of neuroanatomy.