![(2012) Prediction of economic choice by primate amygdala neurons](http://s1.studyres.com/store/data/016742961_1-acffe469d164f9f049cdf027e2c504bc-300x300.png)
(2012) Prediction of economic choice by primate amygdala neurons
... rewards over successive save trials and based their choices on this information. Analysis of licking durations confirmed that monkeys distinguished save–spend trials in both free choice and imperative tasks even before cue appearance (Fig. S3). Furthermore, performance levels were similar for both ta ...
... rewards over successive save trials and based their choices on this information. Analysis of licking durations confirmed that monkeys distinguished save–spend trials in both free choice and imperative tasks even before cue appearance (Fig. S3). Furthermore, performance levels were similar for both ta ...
The Brain, Consciousness, and the Afterlife
... does anybody else, including the philosophers of mind.” [118] According to the Nobel Prize winner and founder of quantum theory Max Planck, “I regard consciousness as fundamental. I regard matter as derivative from consciousness. We cannot get behind consciousness. Everything that we talk about, ev ...
... does anybody else, including the philosophers of mind.” [118] According to the Nobel Prize winner and founder of quantum theory Max Planck, “I regard consciousness as fundamental. I regard matter as derivative from consciousness. We cannot get behind consciousness. Everything that we talk about, ev ...
fMR-adaptation reveals separate processing regions for the
... participants attended to the surface properties of the same objects, activation was present in more medial and anterior regions in the collateral sulcus (CoS) and the inferior occipital gyrus (IOG). We went on to demonstrate that attending explicitly to texture activated regions in the IOG and the C ...
... participants attended to the surface properties of the same objects, activation was present in more medial and anterior regions in the collateral sulcus (CoS) and the inferior occipital gyrus (IOG). We went on to demonstrate that attending explicitly to texture activated regions in the IOG and the C ...
The Roles of Dopamine - ETH E
... inhibitory synaptic transmission. While the nature of neuromodulation of inhibitory transmission is still debated, it appears that in both the cortex and the striatum, D1 receptor activation selectively enhances NMDA but not AMPA synaptic transmission. Because of their voltage dependence, NMDA curre ...
... inhibitory synaptic transmission. While the nature of neuromodulation of inhibitory transmission is still debated, it appears that in both the cortex and the striatum, D1 receptor activation selectively enhances NMDA but not AMPA synaptic transmission. Because of their voltage dependence, NMDA curre ...
Nap, a Novel Member of the Pentraxin Family, Promotes Neurite
... 1990; Silva and Giese, 1994). To identify cellular mechanisms that may contribute to long-term plasticity in the vertebrate brain, we and others have used differential cloning techniques to identify genes that are rapidly induced by depolarizing stimuli (Nedivi et al., 1993; Qian et al., 1993; Yamag ...
... 1990; Silva and Giese, 1994). To identify cellular mechanisms that may contribute to long-term plasticity in the vertebrate brain, we and others have used differential cloning techniques to identify genes that are rapidly induced by depolarizing stimuli (Nedivi et al., 1993; Qian et al., 1993; Yamag ...
Chapter 15: Special Senses
... • Visceral Pain arises from receptors in visceral organs – localized damage (cutting) intestines causes no pain – diffuse visceral stimulation can be severe • distension of a bile duct from a gallstone • distension of the ureter from a kidney stone ...
... • Visceral Pain arises from receptors in visceral organs – localized damage (cutting) intestines causes no pain – diffuse visceral stimulation can be severe • distension of a bile duct from a gallstone • distension of the ureter from a kidney stone ...
Expression of pituitary adenylate cyclase activating
... pituitary cells [23,24]. PACAP is a member of the VIPglucagon-GRF-secretin superfamily of structurally related peptides and is costored with VIP in parasympathetic nerves in reproductive organs [8], but is also costored with SP/CGRP in a subpopulation of sensory fibers [25] and is considered a senso ...
... pituitary cells [23,24]. PACAP is a member of the VIPglucagon-GRF-secretin superfamily of structurally related peptides and is costored with VIP in parasympathetic nerves in reproductive organs [8], but is also costored with SP/CGRP in a subpopulation of sensory fibers [25] and is considered a senso ...
A Lipid Gate for the Peripheral Control of Pain
... CB2, and possibly other receptors downstream of inhibition of and the injury marker ATF3 in DRG neurons (Khasabova et al., endocannabinoid degradation alleviates pain via a peripheral 2012). Its brain-impermeant counterpart, URB937, and the mechanism. Are both CB1 and CB2 required for this response ...
... CB2, and possibly other receptors downstream of inhibition of and the injury marker ATF3 in DRG neurons (Khasabova et al., endocannabinoid degradation alleviates pain via a peripheral 2012). Its brain-impermeant counterpart, URB937, and the mechanism. Are both CB1 and CB2 required for this response ...
Autonomous and nonautonomous functions for Hox/Pbx in
... axons from cells located in r2 and r3 project unfasiculated to the lateral edge of the hindbrain where they terminate. These axon defects are often accompanied by a thickening of the motor nerve exiting r4 (Fig. 1F). lzr/pbx4⫺/⫺ embryos display axon pathfinding defects of the presumptive trigeminal ...
... axons from cells located in r2 and r3 project unfasiculated to the lateral edge of the hindbrain where they terminate. These axon defects are often accompanied by a thickening of the motor nerve exiting r4 (Fig. 1F). lzr/pbx4⫺/⫺ embryos display axon pathfinding defects of the presumptive trigeminal ...
gaba-mediated inhibition correlates with orientation selectivity in
... for the two directions of motion at each orientation. OB is quite robust to noise in the data and provides a bounded range from 0 to 1, with 0 indicating complete insensitivity to orientation and one corresponding to response at only one orientation. Cells with an OB of less than 0.2 (including none ...
... for the two directions of motion at each orientation. OB is quite robust to noise in the data and provides a bounded range from 0 to 1, with 0 indicating complete insensitivity to orientation and one corresponding to response at only one orientation. Cells with an OB of less than 0.2 (including none ...
From format to function: Embodiment and the functional roles of
... short, all argue that at least some conceptual representations are modal in virtue of their reliance on perceptual systems in the brain. Most modal theories are therefore explicitly reductionist, in the sense that they make claims about the biological substrate of cognition. It is a claimed overlap ...
... short, all argue that at least some conceptual representations are modal in virtue of their reliance on perceptual systems in the brain. Most modal theories are therefore explicitly reductionist, in the sense that they make claims about the biological substrate of cognition. It is a claimed overlap ...
CHAPTER 49
... eyes to allow for image forming. • Human eye detects light, transmits information about intensity, color, and shape to brain. • Cornea (transparent) at front of eye bends, focuses light rays - pass through opening (pupil) whose diameter controlled by muscular iris (colored part of eye). ...
... eyes to allow for image forming. • Human eye detects light, transmits information about intensity, color, and shape to brain. • Cornea (transparent) at front of eye bends, focuses light rays - pass through opening (pupil) whose diameter controlled by muscular iris (colored part of eye). ...
Towards the utilization of EEG as a brain imaging tool
... Such misinterpretations were mainly due to the ignorance of important physical principles that underlie the measurement of electric potentials at the scalp surface. Most important is the fact that a given electrode on the scalp does not record solely the neuronal activity directly underlying it. Rat ...
... Such misinterpretations were mainly due to the ignorance of important physical principles that underlie the measurement of electric potentials at the scalp surface. Most important is the fact that a given electrode on the scalp does not record solely the neuronal activity directly underlying it. Rat ...
Learning-related postburst afterhyperpolarization reduction in CA1
... in neurons from both trained and control rats was reduced by &50% with 0.2 "M Indo, as previously described by Wheal and colleagues (21) (see Fig. 4). Notably, 1 "M Iso reduced the slow AHP in neurons from control rats by 40% (see Fig. 3). The similar slow AHP reduction by both compounds in neurons ...
... in neurons from both trained and control rats was reduced by &50% with 0.2 "M Indo, as previously described by Wheal and colleagues (21) (see Fig. 4). Notably, 1 "M Iso reduced the slow AHP in neurons from control rats by 40% (see Fig. 3). The similar slow AHP reduction by both compounds in neurons ...
Processes Changes in Acetylcholine Extracellular Levels
... and tactile stimuli increased ACh release in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus and elicited different behaviors including signs of fear, in response to noise and stimulation, exploratory behavior after a visual stimulus, and sniffing and consummatory behavior after olfactory stimulation. All stimu ...
... and tactile stimuli increased ACh release in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus and elicited different behaviors including signs of fear, in response to noise and stimulation, exploratory behavior after a visual stimulus, and sniffing and consummatory behavior after olfactory stimulation. All stimu ...
Genetically identified spinal interneurons integrating tactile afferents
... the spinal cord (Seki and Fetz 2012). However, there is also evidence suggesting that modulation of spinal INs integrating tactile information for motor control may contribute to gating of cutaneous reflexes (Burke et al. 2001; Quevedo et al. 2005a). It is not clear whether the bidirectional interac ...
... the spinal cord (Seki and Fetz 2012). However, there is also evidence suggesting that modulation of spinal INs integrating tactile information for motor control may contribute to gating of cutaneous reflexes (Burke et al. 2001; Quevedo et al. 2005a). It is not clear whether the bidirectional interac ...
Visual Response Properties in the Dorsal Lateral Geniculate
... dLGN are most interesting in that they are no worse than normal; any visual processing deficits found in studies of the 2⫺/⫺ visual cortex must therefore arise solely from abnormalities in cortical processing. Key words: nicotinic acetylcholine receptor; dLGN; mouse; physiology; development; thalam ...
... dLGN are most interesting in that they are no worse than normal; any visual processing deficits found in studies of the 2⫺/⫺ visual cortex must therefore arise solely from abnormalities in cortical processing. Key words: nicotinic acetylcholine receptor; dLGN; mouse; physiology; development; thalam ...
Where is a Nose with Respect to a Foot? The Left
... from a generalized impairment of spatial abilities. Moreover, they are able to identify the body parts that they cannot locate, suggesting that their deficit lies neither at the level of visual processing of isolated body parts, nor at the level of the semantic knowledge of the body. Recent accounts ...
... from a generalized impairment of spatial abilities. Moreover, they are able to identify the body parts that they cannot locate, suggesting that their deficit lies neither at the level of visual processing of isolated body parts, nor at the level of the semantic knowledge of the body. Recent accounts ...
NUCLEI-SPECIFIC RESPONSE TO PAIN IN THE BED NUCLEUS OF THE By
... Thank you for putting up with me. Thank you for being you. I love you all dearly. To Monique: None of this if not for you. To Sarah: Thank you for answering every one of my stupid questions. Your help and friendship is appreciated tremendously. To the Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology and the ...
... Thank you for putting up with me. Thank you for being you. I love you all dearly. To Monique: None of this if not for you. To Sarah: Thank you for answering every one of my stupid questions. Your help and friendship is appreciated tremendously. To the Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology and the ...
A new view of the motor cortex
... pathway of interest from cortex to muscles with a relay in the spinal cord, while avoiding the complication of signals spreading through other connectivity. In retrospect, given the rich, network-like connectivity within the motor system, this hope of picking out a single descending pathway by activ ...
... pathway of interest from cortex to muscles with a relay in the spinal cord, while avoiding the complication of signals spreading through other connectivity. In retrospect, given the rich, network-like connectivity within the motor system, this hope of picking out a single descending pathway by activ ...
Study Objectives
... 4. Identify the two subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system. Distinguish these subdivisions based on anatomy, neurochemistry and function. 5. List the five main subdivisions of the human brain. Identify one or two structures found in each subdivision. 6. Name the four cerebral lobes and identif ...
... 4. Identify the two subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system. Distinguish these subdivisions based on anatomy, neurochemistry and function. 5. List the five main subdivisions of the human brain. Identify one or two structures found in each subdivision. 6. Name the four cerebral lobes and identif ...
Orientation Preference Patterns in Mammalian Visual Cortex: A Wire
... represented at every location, thus allowing local connections to satisfy fully the requirements of the constant connection function. Note that the constant connection function does not imply that it does not matter which orientation is connected to which. Each neuron in Figure 2B must connect to an ...
... represented at every location, thus allowing local connections to satisfy fully the requirements of the constant connection function. Note that the constant connection function does not imply that it does not matter which orientation is connected to which. Each neuron in Figure 2B must connect to an ...
A Dendritic Disinhibitory Circuit Mechanism for Pathway
... cally disinhibiting the branches targeted by this pathway (Fig. 1c), i.e. by a disinhibition pattern ...
... cally disinhibiting the branches targeted by this pathway (Fig. 1c), i.e. by a disinhibition pattern ...
Neuroanatomy
![](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Sobo_1909_624.png?width=300)
Neuroanatomy is the study of the anatomy and stereotyped organization of nervous systems. In contrast to animals with radial symmetry, whose nervous system consists of a distributed network of cells, animals with bilateral symmetry have segregated, defined nervous systems, and thus we can make much more precise statements about their neuroanatomy. In vertebrates, the nervous system is segregated into the internal structure of the brain and spinal cord (together called the central nervous system, or CNS) and the routes of the nerves that connect to the rest of the body (known as the peripheral nervous system, or PNS). The delineation of distinct structures and regions of the nervous system has been critical in investigating how it works. For example, much of what neuroscientists have learned comes from observing how damage or ""lesions"" to specific brain areas affects behavior or other neural functions.For information about the composition of animal nervous systems, see nervous system. For information about the typical structure of the human nervous system, see human brain or peripheral nervous system. This article discusses information pertinent to the study of neuroanatomy.