A neural implementation of Bayesian inference based on predictive
... To perform simulations with a hierarchical model, equations 1, 2 and 3 were evaluated for each processing stage in turn (starting from the lowest stage in the hierarchy), and this process was repeated to iteratively update the neural activations in each processing stage at each time-step. If the inp ...
... To perform simulations with a hierarchical model, equations 1, 2 and 3 were evaluated for each processing stage in turn (starting from the lowest stage in the hierarchy), and this process was repeated to iteratively update the neural activations in each processing stage at each time-step. If the inp ...
Organelle motility and metabolism in axons vs dendrites of cultured
... Regional differences in cytoskeletal organization are likely accompanied by organelle transport differences. The majority of long-distance organelle transport is thought to be achieved by the active movement of microtubule-associated motor proteins, such as kinesins and cytoplasmic dyneins, along mi ...
... Regional differences in cytoskeletal organization are likely accompanied by organelle transport differences. The majority of long-distance organelle transport is thought to be achieved by the active movement of microtubule-associated motor proteins, such as kinesins and cytoplasmic dyneins, along mi ...
Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials Trigger a Plateau Potential in Rat
... has been described in a subset of STN neurons (Beurrier et al. 1999; Nakanishi et al. 1987; Otsuka et al. 1998, 1999; Overton and Greenfield 1995; Song et al. 1998). Because of its slow decay kinetics, the plateau potential would lead to a longlasting, high-frequency discharge in the absence of syna ...
... has been described in a subset of STN neurons (Beurrier et al. 1999; Nakanishi et al. 1987; Otsuka et al. 1998, 1999; Overton and Greenfield 1995; Song et al. 1998). Because of its slow decay kinetics, the plateau potential would lead to a longlasting, high-frequency discharge in the absence of syna ...
- Wiley Online Library
... identified as Phox2b-immunoreactive (Phox2b-ir), non-catecholaminergic (TH-negative) neurons in a transverse section of medulla oblongata (bregma −11.6 mm; adult Sprague–Dawley rat; scale bar: 100 µm). The C1 (adrenergic/glutamatergic) neurons also express Phox2b (reproduced from Guyenet, 2008). C, ...
... identified as Phox2b-immunoreactive (Phox2b-ir), non-catecholaminergic (TH-negative) neurons in a transverse section of medulla oblongata (bregma −11.6 mm; adult Sprague–Dawley rat; scale bar: 100 µm). The C1 (adrenergic/glutamatergic) neurons also express Phox2b (reproduced from Guyenet, 2008). C, ...
Document
... adaptation of the organism in order to survive. A plant that is dependent on sunlight as the energy source for photosynthesis should store enough energy during the day to drive vital processes during the night. A nocturnal rodent that forages for food has to make sure that it is safely back in its b ...
... adaptation of the organism in order to survive. A plant that is dependent on sunlight as the energy source for photosynthesis should store enough energy during the day to drive vital processes during the night. A nocturnal rodent that forages for food has to make sure that it is safely back in its b ...
Kandel ch. 43 + Two review papers
... Because they are so common, disorders of the basal ganglia have always been important in clinical neurology. Parkinson disease was the first disease of the nervous system to be identified as a molecular disease caused by a specific defect in transmitter metabolism. Therefore, in addition to providin ...
... Because they are so common, disorders of the basal ganglia have always been important in clinical neurology. Parkinson disease was the first disease of the nervous system to be identified as a molecular disease caused by a specific defect in transmitter metabolism. Therefore, in addition to providin ...
521 THE CHOLINERGIC LIMBIC SYSTEM: PROJECTIONS TO
... period of four days, AChE accumulated rostral to the lesion in fibres of the medial supracallosal stria and the dorsal fornix. Loss of staining occurred caudal to the lesion in the supracallosal stria and dorsal fornix, and in the dorsal hippocampal formation (area CAX and dentate gyrus). In another ...
... period of four days, AChE accumulated rostral to the lesion in fibres of the medial supracallosal stria and the dorsal fornix. Loss of staining occurred caudal to the lesion in the supracallosal stria and dorsal fornix, and in the dorsal hippocampal formation (area CAX and dentate gyrus). In another ...
Inhibitory interneurons in a cortical column form hot zones of
... hemispheres of four animals (P25–P36, both sexes) were analyzed. All the slices contained the center of D2 (n = 5) and either C2 (n = 3) or E2 (n = 2). Markers were manually placed in somata of neurons and INs [details, especially the correction for doublecounting between slices, are discussed in th ...
... hemispheres of four animals (P25–P36, both sexes) were analyzed. All the slices contained the center of D2 (n = 5) and either C2 (n = 3) or E2 (n = 2). Markers were manually placed in somata of neurons and INs [details, especially the correction for doublecounting between slices, are discussed in th ...
Image-based Screening Identifies Novel Roles for I B Kinase and
... FIGURE 1. In vitro axotomy model. A, DRGs were dissected from E12.5 mouse embryos and dissociated in trypsin (5 ⫻ 105 neurons/ml). Cell suspensions were delivered as single 0.5-l droplets to the dry laminin/PDL-coated surface of each well in a 96-well microtiter plate with a liquid handling machine ...
... FIGURE 1. In vitro axotomy model. A, DRGs were dissected from E12.5 mouse embryos and dissociated in trypsin (5 ⫻ 105 neurons/ml). Cell suspensions were delivered as single 0.5-l droplets to the dry laminin/PDL-coated surface of each well in a 96-well microtiter plate with a liquid handling machine ...
Neurons in the macaque orbitofrontal cortex code relative
... and Murray, 2004). These observations suggest that the OFC is processing not only reward information but also aversive information. In this study, we focused on how the OFC codes aversive information as well as reward information at the individual neuron level. One hypothesis is that reward informat ...
... and Murray, 2004). These observations suggest that the OFC is processing not only reward information but also aversive information. In this study, we focused on how the OFC codes aversive information as well as reward information at the individual neuron level. One hypothesis is that reward informat ...
PDF
... somatotopy may be the most useful in restoring lost functions after sensory system damage. For example, highly somatotopic reactivations may occur when a loss of peripheral nerve afferents from any given region of skin is incomplete, as the subsequent potentiation of remaining weak or subthreshold i ...
... somatotopy may be the most useful in restoring lost functions after sensory system damage. For example, highly somatotopic reactivations may occur when a loss of peripheral nerve afferents from any given region of skin is incomplete, as the subsequent potentiation of remaining weak or subthreshold i ...
A Comprehensive Protocol for Manual Segmentation of the Medial
... adopted by the present tracing guidelines allows for clear localization of all MTL subregions. By integrating information from a variety of sources, including extant tracing protocols separately targeting various MTL structures, histological reports, and brain atlases, and with the complement of ill ...
... adopted by the present tracing guidelines allows for clear localization of all MTL subregions. By integrating information from a variety of sources, including extant tracing protocols separately targeting various MTL structures, histological reports, and brain atlases, and with the complement of ill ...
Arc mRNA induction in striatal efferent neurons associated with response learning
... differentially involved in such learning is unknown. Activity-regulated, cytoskeleton-associated (Arc) protein is an effector immediate– early gene implicated in synaptic plasticity. We examined arc mRNA expression in striatopallidal vs. striatonigral efferent neurons in dorsomedial and dorsolateral ...
... differentially involved in such learning is unknown. Activity-regulated, cytoskeleton-associated (Arc) protein is an effector immediate– early gene implicated in synaptic plasticity. We examined arc mRNA expression in striatopallidal vs. striatonigral efferent neurons in dorsomedial and dorsolateral ...
Branching out: mechanisms of dendritic arborization
... larval peripheral nervous system (PNS) acquire their distinct dendrite morphology 24,25, and discuss mechanisms that are likely to be of relevance to dendrite morphogenesis of neurons in vertebrates as well as invertebrates. ...
... larval peripheral nervous system (PNS) acquire their distinct dendrite morphology 24,25, and discuss mechanisms that are likely to be of relevance to dendrite morphogenesis of neurons in vertebrates as well as invertebrates. ...
Intracellular and extracellular signatures of action potentials
... malfunction of firing of action potentials might lead to various neurological diseases. Although it has been studied for years, many questions remain unanswered. The present work is dedicated to the study of action potential generation, its impact on extracellular field and local network establishme ...
... malfunction of firing of action potentials might lead to various neurological diseases. Although it has been studied for years, many questions remain unanswered. The present work is dedicated to the study of action potential generation, its impact on extracellular field and local network establishme ...
The role of repulsive guidance molecules in the
... During the development of the nervous system, outgrowing axons often have to travel long distances to reach their target neurons. In this process, outgrowing neurites tipped with motile growth cones rely on guidance cues present in their local environment. These cues are detected by specific recepto ...
... During the development of the nervous system, outgrowing axons often have to travel long distances to reach their target neurons. In this process, outgrowing neurites tipped with motile growth cones rely on guidance cues present in their local environment. These cues are detected by specific recepto ...
Functional territories in primate substantia nigra pars reticulata
... monkey was free to look at these objects (or something else) by making saccade between them, but no reward was given. After a blank period (0.5 s), another four objects were presented. Occasionally, a white small dot, instead, was presented at one of four positions. If the monkey made a saccade to i ...
... monkey was free to look at these objects (or something else) by making saccade between them, but no reward was given. After a blank period (0.5 s), another four objects were presented. Occasionally, a white small dot, instead, was presented at one of four positions. If the monkey made a saccade to i ...
PRIMARY VISUAL CORTEX NEURONS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO
... drifting in the neuron’s preferred direction as invisible bar ends presented outside the CRF could not provide unambiguous global directional cues. Consequently, with this masking, the responses of the two neurons in Fig. 2 were statistically indistinguishable among the different global directions o ...
... drifting in the neuron’s preferred direction as invisible bar ends presented outside the CRF could not provide unambiguous global directional cues. Consequently, with this masking, the responses of the two neurons in Fig. 2 were statistically indistinguishable among the different global directions o ...
Excitatory and Inhibitory Vestibular Pathways to the Extraocular
... Structure/function work using intracellular horseradish peroxidase (HRP) as a marker corroborated the electrophysiology and further suggested that second-order vestibular neuron projections may differ little between closely related vertebrates, because only minor differences in species-specific arbo ...
... Structure/function work using intracellular horseradish peroxidase (HRP) as a marker corroborated the electrophysiology and further suggested that second-order vestibular neuron projections may differ little between closely related vertebrates, because only minor differences in species-specific arbo ...
theta oscillation in the hippocampus
... synaptic potentials that entrain the discharge of neuronal populations within the D100–200 ms range. The cellular-synaptic generation of theta activity in the hippocampus was investigated by intracellular recordings from the somata and dendrites of CA1 pyramidal cells in urethaneanesthetized rats. T ...
... synaptic potentials that entrain the discharge of neuronal populations within the D100–200 ms range. The cellular-synaptic generation of theta activity in the hippocampus was investigated by intracellular recordings from the somata and dendrites of CA1 pyramidal cells in urethaneanesthetized rats. T ...
Neuroscience 2013 Laboratory Guide V13.1
... blue books through the Dean's office. On occasions, additional materials will be issued to your group in the laboratory and these items need to be left in the laboratory after the end of the laboratory session. These materials include specimen pans, certain knives, and other materials needed for the ...
... blue books through the Dean's office. On occasions, additional materials will be issued to your group in the laboratory and these items need to be left in the laboratory after the end of the laboratory session. These materials include specimen pans, certain knives, and other materials needed for the ...
Immunocytochemical Distribution of the
... Most of the physiological and behavioral effects of cannabinoids appear to be mediated by the CB1 receptor (Zimmer and others 1999), which is highly expressed and widely distributed in the brain (Herkenham and others 1991; Matsuda and others 1993; Glass and others 1997). In particular, high levels o ...
... Most of the physiological and behavioral effects of cannabinoids appear to be mediated by the CB1 receptor (Zimmer and others 1999), which is highly expressed and widely distributed in the brain (Herkenham and others 1991; Matsuda and others 1993; Glass and others 1997). In particular, high levels o ...
Nicotine excites hypothalamic arcuate anorexigenic
... Hypocretin/orexin cells in the perifornical/lateral hypothalamic area (de Lecea et al. 1998) have also been reported to modulate food intake (Sakurai et al. 1998). Hypocretin neurons enhance the wake state and cognitive arousal (Hagan et al. 1999). As smoking enhances cognitive arousal, it is possib ...
... Hypocretin/orexin cells in the perifornical/lateral hypothalamic area (de Lecea et al. 1998) have also been reported to modulate food intake (Sakurai et al. 1998). Hypocretin neurons enhance the wake state and cognitive arousal (Hagan et al. 1999). As smoking enhances cognitive arousal, it is possib ...
Oriented Axon Projections in Primary Visual Cortex of the Monkey
... Program in Neuroscience and Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 ...
... Program in Neuroscience and Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 ...
Neuroanatomy
Neuroanatomy is the study of the anatomy and stereotyped organization of nervous systems. In contrast to animals with radial symmetry, whose nervous system consists of a distributed network of cells, animals with bilateral symmetry have segregated, defined nervous systems, and thus we can make much more precise statements about their neuroanatomy. In vertebrates, the nervous system is segregated into the internal structure of the brain and spinal cord (together called the central nervous system, or CNS) and the routes of the nerves that connect to the rest of the body (known as the peripheral nervous system, or PNS). The delineation of distinct structures and regions of the nervous system has been critical in investigating how it works. For example, much of what neuroscientists have learned comes from observing how damage or ""lesions"" to specific brain areas affects behavior or other neural functions.For information about the composition of animal nervous systems, see nervous system. For information about the typical structure of the human nervous system, see human brain or peripheral nervous system. This article discusses information pertinent to the study of neuroanatomy.