The time of course of BDNF levels in brain and plasma after cerebral
... BDNF staining in neurons and ependymal cells (at 4h and 24h), d) in the lesioned hemisphere, beside neurons and ependymal cells, microglial cells (at 24h), endothelial cells of cerebral arterioles (at 4h and 24h) and astrocytes (at 8d) exhibited a robust BDNF staining as well. Taken together, overal ...
... BDNF staining in neurons and ependymal cells (at 4h and 24h), d) in the lesioned hemisphere, beside neurons and ependymal cells, microglial cells (at 24h), endothelial cells of cerebral arterioles (at 4h and 24h) and astrocytes (at 8d) exhibited a robust BDNF staining as well. Taken together, overal ...
Olfaction and the Chemical Senses
... For that reason, visual object recognition operates not on specific combinations of individual pixels, but rather on complex constructs involving several layers of processing leading from pixels to lines on to phase-invariant lines and all the way to faces and other objects. Something similar is tru ...
... For that reason, visual object recognition operates not on specific combinations of individual pixels, but rather on complex constructs involving several layers of processing leading from pixels to lines on to phase-invariant lines and all the way to faces and other objects. Something similar is tru ...
In Vivo Evaluation of White Matter Integrity and Anterograde
... events in white matter degeneration. In addition, the early MRI studies assessing visual system injury28,29 mainly used the conventional anatomical T2-weighted imaging or diffusion weighted imaging techniques at low magnetic field strengths with relatively limited sensitivity and specificity to char ...
... events in white matter degeneration. In addition, the early MRI studies assessing visual system injury28,29 mainly used the conventional anatomical T2-weighted imaging or diffusion weighted imaging techniques at low magnetic field strengths with relatively limited sensitivity and specificity to char ...
Multi-item Memory in the Primate Prefrontal Cortex
... directions that this line of research could take. For example, does the delay period activity corresponding to one item change as more items are added to memory? If it does change, does it do so in a systematic way that can be predicted from the activity related to a single item? When several memori ...
... directions that this line of research could take. For example, does the delay period activity corresponding to one item change as more items are added to memory? If it does change, does it do so in a systematic way that can be predicted from the activity related to a single item? When several memori ...
A review of alpha activity in integrative brain function: Fundamental
... introduced by using brain oscillations has become one of the most important conceptual and analytic tools for the understanding of cognitive processes. He proposes that a major task for neuroscience is to devise ways to study and analyze the activity of distributed systems in waking brains, in parti ...
... introduced by using brain oscillations has become one of the most important conceptual and analytic tools for the understanding of cognitive processes. He proposes that a major task for neuroscience is to devise ways to study and analyze the activity of distributed systems in waking brains, in parti ...
Down - 서울대 : Biointelligence lab
... repeatedly or persistently takes part in firing it, some growth or metabolic change takes place in both cells such that A’s efficiency, as one of the cells firing B, is increased.” Brain mechanisms and how they can be related to behavior Cell assemblies The details of synaptic plasticity Exp ...
... repeatedly or persistently takes part in firing it, some growth or metabolic change takes place in both cells such that A’s efficiency, as one of the cells firing B, is increased.” Brain mechanisms and how they can be related to behavior Cell assemblies The details of synaptic plasticity Exp ...
Modulation of premotor circuits controlling locomotor activity by
... effortless to the point that many movements are almost executed unconsciously. Indeed, the generation of sophisticated motor behaviors relies on the complex interplay between supraspinal brain structures and circuits in the spinal cord. Understanding how the central nervous system generates a large ...
... effortless to the point that many movements are almost executed unconsciously. Indeed, the generation of sophisticated motor behaviors relies on the complex interplay between supraspinal brain structures and circuits in the spinal cord. Understanding how the central nervous system generates a large ...
Neurotransmitter Release
... of synaptic transmission is due to a team effort. When Ramón y Cajal followed in the footsteps of scientists like Kühne, Koelliker, and His, who had formulated the first concept of synapses, even though the actual term was coined much later, Cajal’s elegant prose and the fortunate opposition of Em ...
... of synaptic transmission is due to a team effort. When Ramón y Cajal followed in the footsteps of scientists like Kühne, Koelliker, and His, who had formulated the first concept of synapses, even though the actual term was coined much later, Cajal’s elegant prose and the fortunate opposition of Em ...
Somatic sensation pain
... 4. Brain opiate system endorphins and encephalins 1. activation of the analgesia system by nervous signals entering the periaqueductal grey and periventricular areas OR 2.inactivation of pain pathway by morphine like drugs can almost totally suppress many pain signals entering thru the periphe ...
... 4. Brain opiate system endorphins and encephalins 1. activation of the analgesia system by nervous signals entering the periaqueductal grey and periventricular areas OR 2.inactivation of pain pathway by morphine like drugs can almost totally suppress many pain signals entering thru the periphe ...
Physiological Plasticity of Single Neurons in Auditory Cortex of the
... Physiological Plasticity of Single Neurons in Auditory Cortex of the Cat During Acquisition of the Pupillary Conditioned Response: II. Secondary Field (All) David M. Diamond and Norman M. Weinberger Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory and Department of Psychobiology University of Cali ...
... Physiological Plasticity of Single Neurons in Auditory Cortex of the Cat During Acquisition of the Pupillary Conditioned Response: II. Secondary Field (All) David M. Diamond and Norman M. Weinberger Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory and Department of Psychobiology University of Cali ...
Deep sequencing of transcriptomes from the nervous systems of two
... neuron properties to behavior. However, lack of molecular sequence information and tools have slowed the adoption of these physiological systems as molecular model systems. In this study, we sequenced and performed de novo assembly for the nervous system transcriptomes of two decapod crustaceans: th ...
... neuron properties to behavior. However, lack of molecular sequence information and tools have slowed the adoption of these physiological systems as molecular model systems. In this study, we sequenced and performed de novo assembly for the nervous system transcriptomes of two decapod crustaceans: th ...
Galanin-like peptide: a key player in the homeostatic regulation of
... The hypothalamus has a critical role in the regulation of feeding behavior, energy metabolism and reproduction. Galanin-like peptide (GALP), a novel 60 amino-acid peptide with a nonamidated C-terminus, was first discovered in porcine hypothalamus. GALP is mainly produced in the hypothalamic arcuate ...
... The hypothalamus has a critical role in the regulation of feeding behavior, energy metabolism and reproduction. Galanin-like peptide (GALP), a novel 60 amino-acid peptide with a nonamidated C-terminus, was first discovered in porcine hypothalamus. GALP is mainly produced in the hypothalamic arcuate ...
What can mice tell us about how vision works?
... subtypes of mouse RGCs. The main conclusion of these studies is that mouse RGCs are highly diverse, encompassing at least 22 anatomically distinct subtypes [30] (Figure 1). In addition to having three subtypes of alpha Y-like RGCs and four to five subtypes of melanopsin ipRGCs, the mouse retina harb ...
... subtypes of mouse RGCs. The main conclusion of these studies is that mouse RGCs are highly diverse, encompassing at least 22 anatomically distinct subtypes [30] (Figure 1). In addition to having three subtypes of alpha Y-like RGCs and four to five subtypes of melanopsin ipRGCs, the mouse retina harb ...
Spinal sympathetic interneurons: Their identification and roles after
... from abnormally low, leading to bouts of hypotension, to abnormally high, leading to hypertensive crises (Mathias and Frankel, 1992). One characteristic upon which there appears to be little disagreement is that few, if any, spinal primary afferents synapse directly upon sympathetic preganglionic ne ...
... from abnormally low, leading to bouts of hypotension, to abnormally high, leading to hypertensive crises (Mathias and Frankel, 1992). One characteristic upon which there appears to be little disagreement is that few, if any, spinal primary afferents synapse directly upon sympathetic preganglionic ne ...
The Role of Spasticity in Functional Neurorehabilitation
... spasms observed during spasticity [2-4,11], since the activation of PICS transforms the response of motoneurons in prolonged firing activity responses, thus is permitted an increase in the motoneuronal excitability [2,13,19,22,23]. When the SCI is chronic, the motoneurons are highly sensitive to res ...
... spasms observed during spasticity [2-4,11], since the activation of PICS transforms the response of motoneurons in prolonged firing activity responses, thus is permitted an increase in the motoneuronal excitability [2,13,19,22,23]. When the SCI is chronic, the motoneurons are highly sensitive to res ...
L8-Physiology of Sleep and EEG 2013
... Neurons in the laterodorsal and pedunculopontine tegmental nuclei (LDT/PPT) may help generate the cortical activation and atonia of REM sleep. The LDT/PPT is the main source of ACh to the thalamus, and ACh depolarizes thalamic neurons to promote the transmission of information through the thalamus, ...
... Neurons in the laterodorsal and pedunculopontine tegmental nuclei (LDT/PPT) may help generate the cortical activation and atonia of REM sleep. The LDT/PPT is the main source of ACh to the thalamus, and ACh depolarizes thalamic neurons to promote the transmission of information through the thalamus, ...
Plasticity during stroke recovery: from synapse to behaviour
... active structural and functional remodelling after stroke and sow the seeds for recovery. location is everything in cortical physiology: much like the demand for a vacant lot in manhattan, if a single digit is removed in an adult animal (a form of deafferentation) the cortical territory devoted to t ...
... active structural and functional remodelling after stroke and sow the seeds for recovery. location is everything in cortical physiology: much like the demand for a vacant lot in manhattan, if a single digit is removed in an adult animal (a form of deafferentation) the cortical territory devoted to t ...
Nucleus Accumbensμ-Opioids Regulate Intake of a High
... Endogenous opioid peptides within the nucleus accumbens, a forebrain site critical for the regulation of reward-related behavior, are believed to play an important role in the control of appetite. In particular, this system is thought to mediate the hedonic aspects of food intake, governing the posi ...
... Endogenous opioid peptides within the nucleus accumbens, a forebrain site critical for the regulation of reward-related behavior, are believed to play an important role in the control of appetite. In particular, this system is thought to mediate the hedonic aspects of food intake, governing the posi ...
The medial parietal occipital areas in the macaque
... cortex (mPOC) have been, and still is, a matter of scientific debate. The mPOC is a convoluted region of the brain that presents a high level of individual variability, and the fact that many areas of mPOC are located within very deep sulci further limits the possibility to investigate their anatomo ...
... cortex (mPOC) have been, and still is, a matter of scientific debate. The mPOC is a convoluted region of the brain that presents a high level of individual variability, and the fact that many areas of mPOC are located within very deep sulci further limits the possibility to investigate their anatomo ...
PDF version - Richard Andersen
... task. The analysis presented here is based on 161 neurons re(typically 60 ms). For both areas LIP and 7a the distribution of corded from the lateral intraparietal area (LIP), a recently defined subdivision of the IPL; and 54 neurons recorded from the neigh- durations was approximately Gaussian. The ...
... task. The analysis presented here is based on 161 neurons re(typically 60 ms). For both areas LIP and 7a the distribution of corded from the lateral intraparietal area (LIP), a recently defined subdivision of the IPL; and 54 neurons recorded from the neigh- durations was approximately Gaussian. The ...
Implications of Polychronous Neuronal Groups for the Nature of Mental Representations
... exhibit STDP are strengthened whenever the post-synaptic neuron fires just after it receives evidence of a pre-synaptic spike. Conversely, whenever the post-synaptic neuron fires just before it receives evidence of a pre-synaptic spike, then the synapse is weakened (Dan, Poo, et al., 2004). Thus, as ...
... exhibit STDP are strengthened whenever the post-synaptic neuron fires just after it receives evidence of a pre-synaptic spike. Conversely, whenever the post-synaptic neuron fires just before it receives evidence of a pre-synaptic spike, then the synapse is weakened (Dan, Poo, et al., 2004). Thus, as ...
Normalization as a canonical neural computation
... A third kind of computation has been seen to operate in various neural systems: divisive normalization. Normalization computes a ratio between the response of an individual neuron and the summed activity of a pool of neurons. Normalization was proposed in the early 1990s to explain non-linear proper ...
... A third kind of computation has been seen to operate in various neural systems: divisive normalization. Normalization computes a ratio between the response of an individual neuron and the summed activity of a pool of neurons. Normalization was proposed in the early 1990s to explain non-linear proper ...
Stochastic neural network dynamics: synchronisation and control
... who called it “the rule of dynamic polarisation” [12, 13]. Dendrites are branches that usually extend from one extremity of the soma and are primarily devoted to receiving electrical signals from other neurons and transporting them to the soma. Dendritic trees show extreme diversity in their shape a ...
... who called it “the rule of dynamic polarisation” [12, 13]. Dendrites are branches that usually extend from one extremity of the soma and are primarily devoted to receiving electrical signals from other neurons and transporting them to the soma. Dendritic trees show extreme diversity in their shape a ...
Increased prefrontal activity and reduced motor cortex
... studies have shown that imagery can be used to improve strength related tasks (Ranganathan et al., 2004), but it is still a controversial issue with large individual differences. Although, one must also remember that there are differences between motor imagery and execution, and it has been shown th ...
... studies have shown that imagery can be used to improve strength related tasks (Ranganathan et al., 2004), but it is still a controversial issue with large individual differences. Although, one must also remember that there are differences between motor imagery and execution, and it has been shown th ...
Neuroanatomy
Neuroanatomy is the study of the anatomy and stereotyped organization of nervous systems. In contrast to animals with radial symmetry, whose nervous system consists of a distributed network of cells, animals with bilateral symmetry have segregated, defined nervous systems, and thus we can make much more precise statements about their neuroanatomy. In vertebrates, the nervous system is segregated into the internal structure of the brain and spinal cord (together called the central nervous system, or CNS) and the routes of the nerves that connect to the rest of the body (known as the peripheral nervous system, or PNS). The delineation of distinct structures and regions of the nervous system has been critical in investigating how it works. For example, much of what neuroscientists have learned comes from observing how damage or ""lesions"" to specific brain areas affects behavior or other neural functions.For information about the composition of animal nervous systems, see nervous system. For information about the typical structure of the human nervous system, see human brain or peripheral nervous system. This article discusses information pertinent to the study of neuroanatomy.