Title Modulation of Conditioned Fear, Fear
... amygdala (BLA) is involved in pain, fear and fear-conditioned analgesia (FCA). In this study, we investigated the effects of intra-BLA administration of the GABA A receptor agonist, muscimol, on the expression of conditioned-fear, formalin-evoked nociception and fearconditioned analgesia in rats, an ...
... amygdala (BLA) is involved in pain, fear and fear-conditioned analgesia (FCA). In this study, we investigated the effects of intra-BLA administration of the GABA A receptor agonist, muscimol, on the expression of conditioned-fear, formalin-evoked nociception and fearconditioned analgesia in rats, an ...
Favorable Recording Criteria for Spike Sorting
... all, thus making the correlation zero, we calculate that equi-amplitude spikes comprise the optimal amplitude distribution. This result makes sense since we would like non-overlapping spikes to be as large as possible to detect them easily. On the other hand, when perfect correlation occurs (θ = π/ ...
... all, thus making the correlation zero, we calculate that equi-amplitude spikes comprise the optimal amplitude distribution. This result makes sense since we would like non-overlapping spikes to be as large as possible to detect them easily. On the other hand, when perfect correlation occurs (θ = π/ ...
NIH Public Access - Medicinal Genomics
... It seems logical that mutations in voltage-gated sodium channels would cause epilepsy, because these channels are in part responsible for controlling electrical excitability. Membrane depolarization activates the channel, causing a voltage-dependent conformational change that increases the permeabil ...
... It seems logical that mutations in voltage-gated sodium channels would cause epilepsy, because these channels are in part responsible for controlling electrical excitability. Membrane depolarization activates the channel, causing a voltage-dependent conformational change that increases the permeabil ...
Internal Anatomy of the Central Nervous System
... A discussion of the events related to the crossing of sensory fibers is important for an orientation to the course of the dorsal column fibers and their level of crossing (Fig. 3-8). The fasciculi of gracilis and cuneatus are the first-order sensory fibers; their sensory neurons are in the spinal do ...
... A discussion of the events related to the crossing of sensory fibers is important for an orientation to the course of the dorsal column fibers and their level of crossing (Fig. 3-8). The fasciculi of gracilis and cuneatus are the first-order sensory fibers; their sensory neurons are in the spinal do ...
connections of the hypothalamus and preoptic area with nuclei of
... 26, 27, 33-36, 38, 39). The distribution of amygdalopetal pathways which arise from the hypothalamus and preoptic area has been partly established in some experimental animals (4-6, 19, 20, 26, 27, 33-36, 38, 39). However, few data are available concerning the exact distribution of hypothalamic neur ...
... 26, 27, 33-36, 38, 39). The distribution of amygdalopetal pathways which arise from the hypothalamus and preoptic area has been partly established in some experimental animals (4-6, 19, 20, 26, 27, 33-36, 38, 39). However, few data are available concerning the exact distribution of hypothalamic neur ...
Age-dependent effect of cholinergic lesion on dendritic morphology
... and transcardially perfused with 0.9% saline. Brains were removed and the rostral portion of each brain (from the olfactory bulb to approximately the level of the medial septum) dissected and processed using Glaser and Van der Loos’ modified Golgi stain [14], which allows visualization of whole neur ...
... and transcardially perfused with 0.9% saline. Brains were removed and the rostral portion of each brain (from the olfactory bulb to approximately the level of the medial septum) dissected and processed using Glaser and Van der Loos’ modified Golgi stain [14], which allows visualization of whole neur ...
The cerebrocerebellar system: anatomic substrates of the cerebellar
... The contribution of the cerebellum to the modulation of cognition and emotion is facilitated by the connections between the cerebellum and brain structures known to be associated with a wide array of non-motor behaviors. The cerebellum has interconnections with brainstem and thalamic reticular syste ...
... The contribution of the cerebellum to the modulation of cognition and emotion is facilitated by the connections between the cerebellum and brain structures known to be associated with a wide array of non-motor behaviors. The cerebellum has interconnections with brainstem and thalamic reticular syste ...
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... from the cerebral cortex with movement-produced somatosensory feedback from the spinal cord and information about balance from the vestibular receptors in the inner ear. Errors are corrected by affecting the planning, timing, and coordination of muscular contractions during movement. The basal gangl ...
... from the cerebral cortex with movement-produced somatosensory feedback from the spinal cord and information about balance from the vestibular receptors in the inner ear. Errors are corrected by affecting the planning, timing, and coordination of muscular contractions during movement. The basal gangl ...
Hilar mossy cells of the dentate gyrus: a historical
... clear that other hilar neurons than mossy cells have a commissural projection. One study was physiological: in the anesthetized rat, electrical stimulation of the commissure could inhibit the granule cell population spike evoked by a prior stimulus to the perforant path (Douglas et al., 1983). These ...
... clear that other hilar neurons than mossy cells have a commissural projection. One study was physiological: in the anesthetized rat, electrical stimulation of the commissure could inhibit the granule cell population spike evoked by a prior stimulus to the perforant path (Douglas et al., 1983). These ...
Organization of Inhibitory Frequency Receptive Fields in Cat Primary
... was retracted and lateral cortex exposed by craniotomy. The dura overlying the middle ectosylvian gyrus was removed, the cortex was covered with silicone oil, and a video image of the vasculature was taken to record the electrode penetration sites. If brain pulsation interfered with single-unit reco ...
... was retracted and lateral cortex exposed by craniotomy. The dura overlying the middle ectosylvian gyrus was removed, the cortex was covered with silicone oil, and a video image of the vasculature was taken to record the electrode penetration sites. If brain pulsation interfered with single-unit reco ...
Glossary of Olfactory Terms
... an olfactory disorder in which a normal, pleasant odor is perceived as foul or putrefactive. For example, in one form of cacosmia, a subject smells rotting meat when no such odor is present. ...
... an olfactory disorder in which a normal, pleasant odor is perceived as foul or putrefactive. For example, in one form of cacosmia, a subject smells rotting meat when no such odor is present. ...
Vestibular System: The Many Facets of a
... well suited for linking systems and cellular levels of analyses. A unique feature of the vestibular system is that many second-order sensory neurons in the brain stem are also premotor neurons; the same neurons that receive afferent inputs send direct projections to motoneurons. An advantage of this ...
... well suited for linking systems and cellular levels of analyses. A unique feature of the vestibular system is that many second-order sensory neurons in the brain stem are also premotor neurons; the same neurons that receive afferent inputs send direct projections to motoneurons. An advantage of this ...
Plasticity of Sensory and Motor Maps in Adult Mammals
... monkeysafter different experimental manipulations. A. The location of area 3b on a dorsolateral view of an owl monkeybrain. Because of the lack of a central fissure, most of the representation of the body is in the cortex exposed on the surface of the anterior parietal cortex. The foot and body are ...
... monkeysafter different experimental manipulations. A. The location of area 3b on a dorsolateral view of an owl monkeybrain. Because of the lack of a central fissure, most of the representation of the body is in the cortex exposed on the surface of the anterior parietal cortex. The foot and body are ...
Neurokinin B Signaling in the Female Rat: a Novel
... Acute systemic stress disrupts reproductive function by inhibiting pulsatile gonadotropin secretion. The underlying mechanism involves stress-induced suppression of the GnRH pulse generator, the functional unit of which is considered to be the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus kisspeptin/neurokinin B/dyn ...
... Acute systemic stress disrupts reproductive function by inhibiting pulsatile gonadotropin secretion. The underlying mechanism involves stress-induced suppression of the GnRH pulse generator, the functional unit of which is considered to be the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus kisspeptin/neurokinin B/dyn ...
Distinct roles of transcription factors EGL-46 and DAF
... morphology and synaptic contacts (Sulston et al., 1980). Ablation of either HOA or HOB results in a Lov phenotype, indicating that HOA and HOB have non-redundant functions (Liu and Sternberg, 1995). The C. elegans homologues of human autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease genes PKD1 (lov-1) an ...
... morphology and synaptic contacts (Sulston et al., 1980). Ablation of either HOA or HOB results in a Lov phenotype, indicating that HOA and HOB have non-redundant functions (Liu and Sternberg, 1995). The C. elegans homologues of human autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease genes PKD1 (lov-1) an ...
highlighted topics - American Journal of Physiology
... for further references). In nocturnal and diurnal rodents, the firing rate is high during the subjective day and low during the subjective night. Recording electrical activity has been an extremely useful assay of SCN rhythmicity, especially for in vitro studies, but it is important to note that Na⫹ ...
... for further references). In nocturnal and diurnal rodents, the firing rate is high during the subjective day and low during the subjective night. Recording electrical activity has been an extremely useful assay of SCN rhythmicity, especially for in vitro studies, but it is important to note that Na⫹ ...
Behavioral Response and Transmitter Release During Atonia
... remaining 5 cases in the medial medulla elicited contralateral inhibition with no change in ipsilateral muscle tone. In contrast to their responses in waking, when stimulation with the same parameters was applied during SWS, bilateral inhibition without after-facilitation occurred in all cases (Fig. ...
... remaining 5 cases in the medial medulla elicited contralateral inhibition with no change in ipsilateral muscle tone. In contrast to their responses in waking, when stimulation with the same parameters was applied during SWS, bilateral inhibition without after-facilitation occurred in all cases (Fig. ...
D2 receptor overexpression in the striatum leads to a deficit in
... type of DA receptors are involved in the change in sensitivity of DA to synaptic transmission in layer V pyramidal neurons in striatal D2R-OE mice, we tested the effects of the D1/D5 agonist SKF-81297 on the evoked IPSC and EPSC trains in both transgenic and control mice. SKF-81297 is a highly D1-se ...
... type of DA receptors are involved in the change in sensitivity of DA to synaptic transmission in layer V pyramidal neurons in striatal D2R-OE mice, we tested the effects of the D1/D5 agonist SKF-81297 on the evoked IPSC and EPSC trains in both transgenic and control mice. SKF-81297 is a highly D1-se ...
α-Synuclein and dopamine at the crossroads of Parkinson`s disease
... recovery from paired-pulse depression (PPD) that has been reported in striatal slices in one study [44], although another study found no such change in PPD [53]. Mice lacking either α- or γ-synuclein alone do not show changes in the levels of electrically evoked dopamine release in the striatum [53] ...
... recovery from paired-pulse depression (PPD) that has been reported in striatal slices in one study [44], although another study found no such change in PPD [53]. Mice lacking either α- or γ-synuclein alone do not show changes in the levels of electrically evoked dopamine release in the striatum [53] ...
Alzheimer-like neurodegeneration in aged antinerve growth factor
... erve growth factor (1) (NGF) is widely distributed in basal forebrain cholinergic neurons (BFCNs) (2, 3) and in regions of the central nervous system innervated by the magnocellular BFCNs (4). NGF promotes the differentiation of BFCNs (5), ameliorates lesion-induced abnormalities in these cells (6), ...
... erve growth factor (1) (NGF) is widely distributed in basal forebrain cholinergic neurons (BFCNs) (2, 3) and in regions of the central nervous system innervated by the magnocellular BFCNs (4). NGF promotes the differentiation of BFCNs (5), ameliorates lesion-induced abnormalities in these cells (6), ...
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... A family of small homodimeric proteins termed neurotrophins plays a key role in the development of the vertebrate nervous system. Some of the most extensive information on the function of these proteins has come from work on sensory neurons and their progenitors. At an early developmental stage, the ...
... A family of small homodimeric proteins termed neurotrophins plays a key role in the development of the vertebrate nervous system. Some of the most extensive information on the function of these proteins has come from work on sensory neurons and their progenitors. At an early developmental stage, the ...
Degeneration and Regeneration in Crustacean
... FIG. 2. Electron micrographs of the two motor Typical motor nerve terminal on the opener musaxons which innervate the opener muscle. A, cle from an animal in which the distal stump of Branches of nonlesioned (control) axons taken the severed excitatory axon showed normal nerve from the midpropodite. ...
... FIG. 2. Electron micrographs of the two motor Typical motor nerve terminal on the opener musaxons which innervate the opener muscle. A, cle from an animal in which the distal stump of Branches of nonlesioned (control) axons taken the severed excitatory axon showed normal nerve from the midpropodite. ...
Dipole Localization - Home
... because of the complex interplay of chemical and electrical processes that take place in our brains. The human brain is made up of billions of nerve cells, called neurons that share information with one another through a large array of biological and chemical signals. Neurons communicate with each o ...
... because of the complex interplay of chemical and electrical processes that take place in our brains. The human brain is made up of billions of nerve cells, called neurons that share information with one another through a large array of biological and chemical signals. Neurons communicate with each o ...
Dense Core Vesicle Release: Controlling the Where as
... a very rapid endocytosis and destruction of DCV transmembrane proteins from the plasma membrane after DCV fusion. The question then became, why was DCV release increased in the CaMKII mutants? As very few DCVs were exiting the soma, the release must have been happening within the soma. The DCVs are ...
... a very rapid endocytosis and destruction of DCV transmembrane proteins from the plasma membrane after DCV fusion. The question then became, why was DCV release increased in the CaMKII mutants? As very few DCVs were exiting the soma, the release must have been happening within the soma. The DCVs are ...
Neuroanatomy
Neuroanatomy is the study of the anatomy and stereotyped organization of nervous systems. In contrast to animals with radial symmetry, whose nervous system consists of a distributed network of cells, animals with bilateral symmetry have segregated, defined nervous systems, and thus we can make much more precise statements about their neuroanatomy. In vertebrates, the nervous system is segregated into the internal structure of the brain and spinal cord (together called the central nervous system, or CNS) and the routes of the nerves that connect to the rest of the body (known as the peripheral nervous system, or PNS). The delineation of distinct structures and regions of the nervous system has been critical in investigating how it works. For example, much of what neuroscientists have learned comes from observing how damage or ""lesions"" to specific brain areas affects behavior or other neural functions.For information about the composition of animal nervous systems, see nervous system. For information about the typical structure of the human nervous system, see human brain or peripheral nervous system. This article discusses information pertinent to the study of neuroanatomy.