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The amygdala - University of Puget Sound
... was meant to denote an almondlike shape structure in the medial temporal lobe. Like most brain regions, the amygdala is not a single mass but is composed of distinct subareas or nuclei (Figure 1). The almond shaped area that gives the amygdala its name was really only one of these nuclei, the basal ...
... was meant to denote an almondlike shape structure in the medial temporal lobe. Like most brain regions, the amygdala is not a single mass but is composed of distinct subareas or nuclei (Figure 1). The almond shaped area that gives the amygdala its name was really only one of these nuclei, the basal ...
Neural Correlates of Perceived Brightness in the Retina, Lateral
... Effects of luminance modulation outside the RF We reported previously that a significant percentage of neurons in striate cortex respond to luminance modulation outside the RF (Rossi et al., 1996). Here we will briefly review the key elements of the cortical results and provide additional analysis a ...
... Effects of luminance modulation outside the RF We reported previously that a significant percentage of neurons in striate cortex respond to luminance modulation outside the RF (Rossi et al., 1996). Here we will briefly review the key elements of the cortical results and provide additional analysis a ...
Regulation of neurons in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus by
... Neurons in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV) play a critical role in the regulation of autonomic functions. Previous studies indicated that central activation of sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) has beneficial effects on homeostasis, most likely via modulation of the autonomic output. Sirtuins are NAD+ - ...
... Neurons in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV) play a critical role in the regulation of autonomic functions. Previous studies indicated that central activation of sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) has beneficial effects on homeostasis, most likely via modulation of the autonomic output. Sirtuins are NAD+ - ...
Timing in reward and decision processes
... larger later rewards. Temporal discounting has been demonstrated in humans and animals in many psychological and behavioural economics studies [1,3– 5,11,12], although the debate is still raging between hyperbolic, exponential and combined models. Related to value discounting, behavioural conditioni ...
... larger later rewards. Temporal discounting has been demonstrated in humans and animals in many psychological and behavioural economics studies [1,3– 5,11,12], although the debate is still raging between hyperbolic, exponential and combined models. Related to value discounting, behavioural conditioni ...
Topographical Relationship of the Facial and Vestibulocochlear
... spin-echo (FSE) T2-weighted MR imaging has been suggested as optimal for evaluation of the IAC and its ...
... spin-echo (FSE) T2-weighted MR imaging has been suggested as optimal for evaluation of the IAC and its ...
Anatomical Distribution of Serotonin- Containing
... 1 to 2 m. They usually had long and relatively straight courses (Fig. 2C,D). A large contingent of such axons was observed in the brainstem, in both transverse and sagittal sections, in what corresponds, as is known from studies in the rat (Parent et al., 1981; Steinbusch, 1984), to the ascending s ...
... 1 to 2 m. They usually had long and relatively straight courses (Fig. 2C,D). A large contingent of such axons was observed in the brainstem, in both transverse and sagittal sections, in what corresponds, as is known from studies in the rat (Parent et al., 1981; Steinbusch, 1984), to the ascending s ...
3-Morpholinylsydnonimine Inhibits Glutamatergic Transmission in
... through NO-sensitive soluble guanosine cyclase (sGC)-cGMP signaling pathway. In contrast, higher dose of NO donors cause an inhibition of synaptic transmission. The mechanisms by which high doses of NO donors inhibit glutamatergic transmission have not been fully elucidated. There is some evidence t ...
... through NO-sensitive soluble guanosine cyclase (sGC)-cGMP signaling pathway. In contrast, higher dose of NO donors cause an inhibition of synaptic transmission. The mechanisms by which high doses of NO donors inhibit glutamatergic transmission have not been fully elucidated. There is some evidence t ...
The ventral striatum - Brain imaging of Parkinson`s disease
... these concepts and expanding the range of domains of reward and motivation processed by ventral striatum from variables such as food [5] and sex [6,7] to financial [8] and social [9] domains. However, while results such as these may provide additional insight into the types of variables treated by t ...
... these concepts and expanding the range of domains of reward and motivation processed by ventral striatum from variables such as food [5] and sex [6,7] to financial [8] and social [9] domains. However, while results such as these may provide additional insight into the types of variables treated by t ...
Propagation of cortical synfire activity: survival probability in single
... cortical neural network, presents a natural explanation for the observed precise spatio-temporal ®ring patterns. According to this model, the cortical network can locally be described as a sequence of groups of neurons, connected in a feed-forward way by so-called divergent/convergent connections, s ...
... cortical neural network, presents a natural explanation for the observed precise spatio-temporal ®ring patterns. According to this model, the cortical network can locally be described as a sequence of groups of neurons, connected in a feed-forward way by so-called divergent/convergent connections, s ...
On-line Optical Operant Conditioning of Cortical Activity
... positive reinforcement form of operant conditioning. It has been shown that animals can also learn to modify neuronal activity that is directly rewarded by using electrophysiological recordings. Electrophysiological approaches exhibit excellent temporal resolution, but do not permit recordings from ...
... positive reinforcement form of operant conditioning. It has been shown that animals can also learn to modify neuronal activity that is directly rewarded by using electrophysiological recordings. Electrophysiological approaches exhibit excellent temporal resolution, but do not permit recordings from ...
PDF
... Nrp2 but not Nrp1 is essential for segmental neural crest migration As a starting point for our analysis, we wanted to characterize neural crest migration in the absence of Nrp1/Sema3A signaling, with or without Nrp2 function. Because Nrp1/Nrp2 double mutants die from vascular defects at E8.5, prior ...
... Nrp2 but not Nrp1 is essential for segmental neural crest migration As a starting point for our analysis, we wanted to characterize neural crest migration in the absence of Nrp1/Sema3A signaling, with or without Nrp2 function. Because Nrp1/Nrp2 double mutants die from vascular defects at E8.5, prior ...
Circadian Organization in Hemimetabolous Insects
... rhythm, the bilaterally paired clocks form a functional unit. They interact to produce a stable time structure within individual insects by exchanging photic and temporal information through neural pathways, in which serotonin and pigment-dispersing factor (PDF) are involved as chemical messengers. ...
... rhythm, the bilaterally paired clocks form a functional unit. They interact to produce a stable time structure within individual insects by exchanging photic and temporal information through neural pathways, in which serotonin and pigment-dispersing factor (PDF) are involved as chemical messengers. ...
Layer III Neurons Control Synchronized Waves in the Immature
... Data analysis. For wide-field imaging, videos were taken at 10 –20 Hz and spatially filtered with a 3 ⫻ 3-pixel Gaussian kernel. The images were further smoothed through a 100 ms window hamming filter. Wide-field images were analyzed using custom-made Matlab routines with the image processing toolbo ...
... Data analysis. For wide-field imaging, videos were taken at 10 –20 Hz and spatially filtered with a 3 ⫻ 3-pixel Gaussian kernel. The images were further smoothed through a 100 ms window hamming filter. Wide-field images were analyzed using custom-made Matlab routines with the image processing toolbo ...
i BASAL GANGLIA PATHWAYS: BEYOND THE CLOSED
... Neuroscience Institute at the University of Pittsburgh. I would like to thank them for creating a great scientific environment for my graduate training. I am especially grateful to Richard Dum for his patience in teaching me the surgical and data analysis skills needed for this work and for his invo ...
... Neuroscience Institute at the University of Pittsburgh. I would like to thank them for creating a great scientific environment for my graduate training. I am especially grateful to Richard Dum for his patience in teaching me the surgical and data analysis skills needed for this work and for his invo ...
Maxillary palp glomeruli and ipsilateral projections in the antennal
... antibody. Golgi-impregnations show that the sensory projections from antennal/labial nerve innervate these glomeruli. The Golgi technique that impregnates neurons was found to stain 35 of the 43 known glomeruli in the present study (listed in table 1). A powerful technique utilizing expression of DO ...
... antibody. Golgi-impregnations show that the sensory projections from antennal/labial nerve innervate these glomeruli. The Golgi technique that impregnates neurons was found to stain 35 of the 43 known glomeruli in the present study (listed in table 1). A powerful technique utilizing expression of DO ...
SOM
... • Neural networks for unsupervised learning attempt to discover special patterns from available data without using external help (i.e. RISK FUNCTION). – There is no information about the desired class (or output ) d of an example x. So only x is given. – Self Organising Maps (SOM) are neural network ...
... • Neural networks for unsupervised learning attempt to discover special patterns from available data without using external help (i.e. RISK FUNCTION). – There is no information about the desired class (or output ) d of an example x. So only x is given. – Self Organising Maps (SOM) are neural network ...
Imaging Auditory Representations of Song and Syllables in
... types, including one PN (HVCRA) that innervates the song motor nucleus RA, another PN (HVCX) that innervates a striatopallidal region (Area X), and interneurons (HVCI) (see Fig. 1A). Because these three cell types are spatially intermingled and HVCI dominate multiunit recordings (compare Yu and Marg ...
... types, including one PN (HVCRA) that innervates the song motor nucleus RA, another PN (HVCX) that innervates a striatopallidal region (Area X), and interneurons (HVCI) (see Fig. 1A). Because these three cell types are spatially intermingled and HVCI dominate multiunit recordings (compare Yu and Marg ...
The role of sodium channels in neuropathic pain
... and an increase in spontaneous membrane potential oscillations [31]. Conductances are modified by changes in sodium channel gene expression, alterations in sodium channel trafficking, or phosphorylation of sodium channel proteins. For example, TTX-S and TTX-R currents recorded in DRGs from rats with ...
... and an increase in spontaneous membrane potential oscillations [31]. Conductances are modified by changes in sodium channel gene expression, alterations in sodium channel trafficking, or phosphorylation of sodium channel proteins. For example, TTX-S and TTX-R currents recorded in DRGs from rats with ...
Pathways for emotions and memory prefrontal cortices in the rhesus monkey
... had moderate to robust connections with the anterior nuclei. In contrast, most dorsolateral prefrontal cortices had comparatively weaker connections with the anterior nuclei. Moreover, axons from prefrontal cortices terminated on both sides of the anterior nuclei, particularly in the AM nucleus, tho ...
... had moderate to robust connections with the anterior nuclei. In contrast, most dorsolateral prefrontal cortices had comparatively weaker connections with the anterior nuclei. Moreover, axons from prefrontal cortices terminated on both sides of the anterior nuclei, particularly in the AM nucleus, tho ...
PDF - Oxford Academic - Oxford University Press
... this inhibition are still largely unknown. Notably, whether such an inhibition of nociception occurs at the cortical level has not been investigated at all. Many previous studies have considered the dorsal horn of the spinal cord as an important site for this phenomenon where large myelinated fiber i ...
... this inhibition are still largely unknown. Notably, whether such an inhibition of nociception occurs at the cortical level has not been investigated at all. Many previous studies have considered the dorsal horn of the spinal cord as an important site for this phenomenon where large myelinated fiber i ...
Functional neuroanatomy of the primate isocortical motor system
... according to Brodmann or the functional subdivision into primary motor, supplementary motor, and lateral premotor cortex has changed in recent years. Instead, this cortical region is now regarded as a complex mosaic of different areas. This review article gives an overview of the structure and funct ...
... according to Brodmann or the functional subdivision into primary motor, supplementary motor, and lateral premotor cortex has changed in recent years. Instead, this cortical region is now regarded as a complex mosaic of different areas. This review article gives an overview of the structure and funct ...
1 - Libreria Universo
... the prostate within the pelvic fascia that fuses with the prostatic capsule [10]. The cavernous nerves then exit the pelvis as two groups of fibers [10]. The first group travels to the urethral sphincter to modify urinary function. The second group travels to the penis. This group branches further a ...
... the prostate within the pelvic fascia that fuses with the prostatic capsule [10]. The cavernous nerves then exit the pelvis as two groups of fibers [10]. The first group travels to the urethral sphincter to modify urinary function. The second group travels to the penis. This group branches further a ...
Olfactory tract transection in neonatal rats: Evidence for Mitral cell
... regeneration as the possible mechanism leading to the functional recovery following nerve transection has been reported2. Munirathinam et al3. have demonstrated the axonal regeneration following olfactory tract transection. However, the study did not provide any evidence for the functional restorati ...
... regeneration as the possible mechanism leading to the functional recovery following nerve transection has been reported2. Munirathinam et al3. have demonstrated the axonal regeneration following olfactory tract transection. However, the study did not provide any evidence for the functional restorati ...
How do you feel -- now? The anterior insula and
... however, if the AIC/IFG and the ACC are regarded as complementary limbic sensory and motor regions, respectively (see Box 1), then this response profile would also be consistent with the interpretation that target awareness is engendered in the AIC/IFG and control of directed effort in the ACC. In ...
... however, if the AIC/IFG and the ACC are regarded as complementary limbic sensory and motor regions, respectively (see Box 1), then this response profile would also be consistent with the interpretation that target awareness is engendered in the AIC/IFG and control of directed effort in the ACC. In ...
Subcortical loops through the basal ganglia
... computational properties of looped architectures in the general context of selection mechanisms. Specifically, we propose that cortical and subcortical looped connections with the basal ganglia provide an elegant solution to the problem of conflict between multiple distributed parallelprocessing sen ...
... computational properties of looped architectures in the general context of selection mechanisms. Specifically, we propose that cortical and subcortical looped connections with the basal ganglia provide an elegant solution to the problem of conflict between multiple distributed parallelprocessing sen ...
Neuroanatomy
![](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Sobo_1909_624.png?width=300)
Neuroanatomy is the study of the anatomy and stereotyped organization of nervous systems. In contrast to animals with radial symmetry, whose nervous system consists of a distributed network of cells, animals with bilateral symmetry have segregated, defined nervous systems, and thus we can make much more precise statements about their neuroanatomy. In vertebrates, the nervous system is segregated into the internal structure of the brain and spinal cord (together called the central nervous system, or CNS) and the routes of the nerves that connect to the rest of the body (known as the peripheral nervous system, or PNS). The delineation of distinct structures and regions of the nervous system has been critical in investigating how it works. For example, much of what neuroscientists have learned comes from observing how damage or ""lesions"" to specific brain areas affects behavior or other neural functions.For information about the composition of animal nervous systems, see nervous system. For information about the typical structure of the human nervous system, see human brain or peripheral nervous system. This article discusses information pertinent to the study of neuroanatomy.