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Memory Maintenance in Synapses with Calcium
... background activity leads to a further boost in memory time scale, since memory decay is no longer described by an exponential decay from an initial state, but by an escape from a potential well. We argue that both features are expected to be present in synapses in vivo. These results are obtained f ...
... background activity leads to a further boost in memory time scale, since memory decay is no longer described by an exponential decay from an initial state, but by an escape from a potential well. We argue that both features are expected to be present in synapses in vivo. These results are obtained f ...
The Control of Rate and Timing of Spikes in the Deep Cerebellar
... onto the DCN might support such temporally precise control apparent from the behavioral level. Although the question of precise temporal coding of neural activity via excitatory input has been discussed extensively (Shadlen and Newsome, 1994, 1998; Softky, 1995; König et al., 1996), the possibility ...
... onto the DCN might support such temporally precise control apparent from the behavioral level. Although the question of precise temporal coding of neural activity via excitatory input has been discussed extensively (Shadlen and Newsome, 1994, 1998; Softky, 1995; König et al., 1996), the possibility ...
The Spinal Cord, Spinal Nerves, and Somatic Reflexes
... The spinal cord is divided into cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral regions. It may seem odd that it has a sacral region when the cord itself ends well above the sacrum. These regions, however, are named for the level of the vertebral column from which the spinal nerves emerge, not for the verteb ...
... The spinal cord is divided into cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral regions. It may seem odd that it has a sacral region when the cord itself ends well above the sacrum. These regions, however, are named for the level of the vertebral column from which the spinal nerves emerge, not for the verteb ...
Neural Transcription Factors: from Embryos to Neural Stem Cells
... Fig. 1. A schematic representation of main signaling pathways involved in NTFs development during embryogenesis. Five major signaling pathways including SHH, BMP, WNT, Notch ligands and FGF2, together crosstalk is represented. SHH ligand relieves the constitutive repression of the seven-pass recepto ...
... Fig. 1. A schematic representation of main signaling pathways involved in NTFs development during embryogenesis. Five major signaling pathways including SHH, BMP, WNT, Notch ligands and FGF2, together crosstalk is represented. SHH ligand relieves the constitutive repression of the seven-pass recepto ...
Zn2 Slows Down CaV3.3 Gating Kinetics: Implications for
... Zn2⫹ slows down CaV3.3 gating kinetics: implications for thalamocortical activity. J Neurophysiol 98: 2274 –2284, 2007. First published August 15, 2007; doi:10.1152/jn.00889.2006. We employed whole cell patch-clamp recordings to establish the effect of Zn2⫹ on the gating the brain specific, T-type c ...
... Zn2⫹ slows down CaV3.3 gating kinetics: implications for thalamocortical activity. J Neurophysiol 98: 2274 –2284, 2007. First published August 15, 2007; doi:10.1152/jn.00889.2006. We employed whole cell patch-clamp recordings to establish the effect of Zn2⫹ on the gating the brain specific, T-type c ...
- White Rose Research Online
... ‘computational element’ within striatum. Hence, by building at such scales we can look for the natural size of the computational element. First though we had to build a model of the striatal network. Complete reconstructions of neural circuits are technically challenging, so quantitative data on the ...
... ‘computational element’ within striatum. Hence, by building at such scales we can look for the natural size of the computational element. First though we had to build a model of the striatal network. Complete reconstructions of neural circuits are technically challenging, so quantitative data on the ...
A compensatory subpopulation of motor neurons in a mouse model
... Methods) to obtain a cellular description of the pathological course of the disease. In wild-type animals, junctions are very stable, showing few alterations in presynaptic terminal branch morphology or postsynaptic receptor appearance over long periods (Balice-Gordon and Lichtman, 1990). Similarly, ...
... Methods) to obtain a cellular description of the pathological course of the disease. In wild-type animals, junctions are very stable, showing few alterations in presynaptic terminal branch morphology or postsynaptic receptor appearance over long periods (Balice-Gordon and Lichtman, 1990). Similarly, ...
Role of Active Movement in Place-Specific Firing of Hippocampal
... with the body suspended in a hammock with legs dangling freely. Hippocampal neurons showed spatially selective firing patterns, although they were broadly tuned (Gavrilov et al., 1998). This study did not compare active versus passive navigation, thus it is difficult to determine whether hippocampal n ...
... with the body suspended in a hammock with legs dangling freely. Hippocampal neurons showed spatially selective firing patterns, although they were broadly tuned (Gavrilov et al., 1998). This study did not compare active versus passive navigation, thus it is difficult to determine whether hippocampal n ...
Insect Bio-inspired Neural Network Provides New Evidence on How
... provided a broad range of behavioural results, including tasks bees found difficult or impossible to solve, and tasks with over 80% correct pattern selections. Sensory input for our models was generated based on the known neuronal responses of lobula (3rd optic ganglion) large-field orientation-sens ...
... provided a broad range of behavioural results, including tasks bees found difficult or impossible to solve, and tasks with over 80% correct pattern selections. Sensory input for our models was generated based on the known neuronal responses of lobula (3rd optic ganglion) large-field orientation-sens ...
The Distribution of Tyrosine Hydroxylase
... Comparison of these distribution patterns with those produced by an antiserum directed against dopamine-&hydroxylase (DBH), a specific marker of neocortical noradrenergic axons, revealed marked differences. DBH-immunoreactive fibers were observed in some cortical locations where few or no TH-labeled ...
... Comparison of these distribution patterns with those produced by an antiserum directed against dopamine-&hydroxylase (DBH), a specific marker of neocortical noradrenergic axons, revealed marked differences. DBH-immunoreactive fibers were observed in some cortical locations where few or no TH-labeled ...
Saccadic Eye Movements Modulate Visual Responses in the Lateral
... neurons. Some cells were not affected by eye movements, while others showed dramatic changes just after eye movements. We first asked whether this tendency was related to cell type. The LGN contains at least two processing streams: the parvocellular system, whose neurons have small receptive fields ...
... neurons. Some cells were not affected by eye movements, while others showed dramatic changes just after eye movements. We first asked whether this tendency was related to cell type. The LGN contains at least two processing streams: the parvocellular system, whose neurons have small receptive fields ...
APPSWE Microinjected Mouse Model
... elicit the AD-protective effect they confer on humans and mice.17,18,19,20 For example, IL-1β and TNFα were detected immunohistologically in microglial cells,10 IL-6 was abundant in astrocytes,21,10 and IL-6 mRNA levels were elevated in the hippocampus and cortex.22 Localization of other cytokines s ...
... elicit the AD-protective effect they confer on humans and mice.17,18,19,20 For example, IL-1β and TNFα were detected immunohistologically in microglial cells,10 IL-6 was abundant in astrocytes,21,10 and IL-6 mRNA levels were elevated in the hippocampus and cortex.22 Localization of other cytokines s ...
Biomimetic approaches to the control of underwater walking machines
... systems (Kennedy & Davis 1977; Pearson 1993). The basis of this model is that the locomotory movements of different limbs are controlled by segmental CPGs resident in the spinal cord or ganglionic chain (Sillar et al. 1986; Selverston 1999). The CPGs of different body segments are coordinated among ...
... systems (Kennedy & Davis 1977; Pearson 1993). The basis of this model is that the locomotory movements of different limbs are controlled by segmental CPGs resident in the spinal cord or ganglionic chain (Sillar et al. 1986; Selverston 1999). The CPGs of different body segments are coordinated among ...
Novelty exploration training tasks - Repositório da Universidade de
... monosynaptically project to the sympathetic preganglionic ones in the intermediolateral column of the spinal cord, conditioning peripheral sympathetic tone to the heart and vessels. Other areas of the central autonomic network that could also be involved in the generation of sympathetic activity are ...
... monosynaptically project to the sympathetic preganglionic ones in the intermediolateral column of the spinal cord, conditioning peripheral sympathetic tone to the heart and vessels. Other areas of the central autonomic network that could also be involved in the generation of sympathetic activity are ...
thyroid hormones in brain development and
... Therefore MCT8 mutations in humans cannot be compensated by T4 transport as in rodents. The thyroid hormone receptor subtypes TRα and TRβ are expressed throughout the brain from early development, and mediate overlapping actions on gene expression. However there are also TR-subtype specific actions. ...
... Therefore MCT8 mutations in humans cannot be compensated by T4 transport as in rodents. The thyroid hormone receptor subtypes TRα and TRβ are expressed throughout the brain from early development, and mediate overlapping actions on gene expression. However there are also TR-subtype specific actions. ...
ROLE OF EARLY ACOUSTIC EXPERIENCE IN DEVELOPMENT OF THE RAT by
... used Golgi-Cox staining to visualize morphological correlates of experience-dependent changes in neuron functioning. Long- and short-term plasticity mediate synaptic strengthening in sensory cortices in response to postnatal sensory experience. I assessed levels of long-term plasticity (using longte ...
... used Golgi-Cox staining to visualize morphological correlates of experience-dependent changes in neuron functioning. Long- and short-term plasticity mediate synaptic strengthening in sensory cortices in response to postnatal sensory experience. I assessed levels of long-term plasticity (using longte ...
Different Stimuli, Different Spatial Codes: A Visual Map and an
... not been reported in the primate brain. Instead, recent studies have suggested that sound location may be encoded via broadly responsive neurons whose firing rates vary roughly proportionately with sound azimuth. Within frontal space, maps and such rate codes involve different response patterns at t ...
... not been reported in the primate brain. Instead, recent studies have suggested that sound location may be encoded via broadly responsive neurons whose firing rates vary roughly proportionately with sound azimuth. Within frontal space, maps and such rate codes involve different response patterns at t ...
The Time Course and Amplitude of EPSPs Evoked at Synapses
... while evoking unitary EPSPs in the same CA1 cell. The CA3 neuron was activated by a depolarizing current pulse (Fig. 2E). Examples of individual responses in the CA 1 neuron are shown in Figure 2, FI-F4, and the average of 1780 individual records is shown in Figure 2G. The averaging procedure includ ...
... while evoking unitary EPSPs in the same CA1 cell. The CA3 neuron was activated by a depolarizing current pulse (Fig. 2E). Examples of individual responses in the CA 1 neuron are shown in Figure 2, FI-F4, and the average of 1780 individual records is shown in Figure 2G. The averaging procedure includ ...
Effect of Tactile Inputs on Thalamic Responses to Noxious
... (Al-Chaer et al. 1996a,b, 1997a, 1998); therefore it is conceivable that light tactile inputs and nociceptive visceral inputs may interact at any of several locations along the DC-ML pathway. The DC-ML pathway, through which light touch information is conveyed, thus appears to be an important system ...
... (Al-Chaer et al. 1996a,b, 1997a, 1998); therefore it is conceivable that light tactile inputs and nociceptive visceral inputs may interact at any of several locations along the DC-ML pathway. The DC-ML pathway, through which light touch information is conveyed, thus appears to be an important system ...
How Inhibition Shapes Cortical Activity
... activity and thus underscores how a better knowledge of inhibitory circuits is necessary for our understanding of cortical function. We discuss current views of how inhibition regulates the function of cortical neurons and point to a number of important open questions. Excitation and Inhibition Walk ...
... activity and thus underscores how a better knowledge of inhibitory circuits is necessary for our understanding of cortical function. We discuss current views of how inhibition regulates the function of cortical neurons and point to a number of important open questions. Excitation and Inhibition Walk ...
PDF - Oxford Academic - Oxford University Press
... The Role of Activity in Dendritic Growth Electrical activity of neurons shapes patterns of synaptic connectivity during early development of the nervous system (Katz and Shatz, 1996). Although most studies have focused on the role of activity in sculpting axonal arbors, there is increasing evidence ...
... The Role of Activity in Dendritic Growth Electrical activity of neurons shapes patterns of synaptic connectivity during early development of the nervous system (Katz and Shatz, 1996). Although most studies have focused on the role of activity in sculpting axonal arbors, there is increasing evidence ...
directional asymmetries of optokinetic nystagmus: developmental
... are called the vestibulo-ocular reflex when only vestibular inputs are involved and are called optokinetic eye movements when only visual inputs are involved. Between these extremes there is a broad range within the spectrum of normal head movements where both visual and vestibular signals are used. ...
... are called the vestibulo-ocular reflex when only vestibular inputs are involved and are called optokinetic eye movements when only visual inputs are involved. Between these extremes there is a broad range within the spectrum of normal head movements where both visual and vestibular signals are used. ...
University of Groningen The hearing brain in males and
... The transverse gyrus is often partially duplicated into a double or occasionally triple convexity (Leonard et al., 1998). If the transverse gyrus is duplicated, the PAC is located in the anterior-most gyrus. The cytoarchitecture of the PAC is described as koniocortex or granular cortex and designate ...
... The transverse gyrus is often partially duplicated into a double or occasionally triple convexity (Leonard et al., 1998). If the transverse gyrus is duplicated, the PAC is located in the anterior-most gyrus. The cytoarchitecture of the PAC is described as koniocortex or granular cortex and designate ...
Brainstem: Midbrain - nikolai.lazarov.pro
... Midbrain – general features location – between forebrain and hindbrain the smallest region of the brainstem – 6-7g the shortest brainstem segment ~ 2 cm long least differentiated brainstem division human midbrain is archipallian – shared general architecture with the most ancient of verteb ...
... Midbrain – general features location – between forebrain and hindbrain the smallest region of the brainstem – 6-7g the shortest brainstem segment ~ 2 cm long least differentiated brainstem division human midbrain is archipallian – shared general architecture with the most ancient of verteb ...
Escape behavior and neuronal responses to looming stimuli in the
... Looming images can provide animals with information about the speed and direction of approach of objects, when both these objects and the animals themselves move. The ability to detect and react to looming objects is present in most visual animals from insects to mammals, even though their visual sy ...
... Looming images can provide animals with information about the speed and direction of approach of objects, when both these objects and the animals themselves move. The ability to detect and react to looming objects is present in most visual animals from insects to mammals, even though their visual sy ...
Neuroanatomy
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Neuroanatomy is the study of the anatomy and stereotyped organization of nervous systems. In contrast to animals with radial symmetry, whose nervous system consists of a distributed network of cells, animals with bilateral symmetry have segregated, defined nervous systems, and thus we can make much more precise statements about their neuroanatomy. In vertebrates, the nervous system is segregated into the internal structure of the brain and spinal cord (together called the central nervous system, or CNS) and the routes of the nerves that connect to the rest of the body (known as the peripheral nervous system, or PNS). The delineation of distinct structures and regions of the nervous system has been critical in investigating how it works. For example, much of what neuroscientists have learned comes from observing how damage or ""lesions"" to specific brain areas affects behavior or other neural functions.For information about the composition of animal nervous systems, see nervous system. For information about the typical structure of the human nervous system, see human brain or peripheral nervous system. This article discusses information pertinent to the study of neuroanatomy.