Proprioceptive Information from the Pinna Provides
... Surg ical preparation. C ats were premedicated with xylazine (2 mg, i.m.) and atropine (0.1 mg, i.m.) and anesthetized with ketamine (initial dose of 40 mg / kg, i.m.; supplemental doses of 15 mg / kg, i.v.). Body temperature (measured rectally) was maintained at 38.5°C. The head was fixed in a nose ...
... Surg ical preparation. C ats were premedicated with xylazine (2 mg, i.m.) and atropine (0.1 mg, i.m.) and anesthetized with ketamine (initial dose of 40 mg / kg, i.m.; supplemental doses of 15 mg / kg, i.v.). Body temperature (measured rectally) was maintained at 38.5°C. The head was fixed in a nose ...
Neuronal activity (c-Fos) delineating interactions of the cerebral
... The cerebral cortex and basal ganglia (BG) form a neural circuit that is disrupted in disorders such as Parkinson’s disease. We found that neuronal activity (c-Fos) in the BG followed cortical activity, i.e., high in arousal state and low in sleep state. To determine if cortical activity is necessar ...
... The cerebral cortex and basal ganglia (BG) form a neural circuit that is disrupted in disorders such as Parkinson’s disease. We found that neuronal activity (c-Fos) in the BG followed cortical activity, i.e., high in arousal state and low in sleep state. To determine if cortical activity is necessar ...
Effects of insulin under normal and low glucose on retinal
... Results. Insulin failed to affect retinal signals at normal glucose levels. However, insulin enhanced the low glucose-induced decrease in rod-driven b-wave amplitude (P < 0.05 at 2 mM; P < 0.01 at 1 mM) without affecting the corresponding changes in the optic nerve response. The standing potential i ...
... Results. Insulin failed to affect retinal signals at normal glucose levels. However, insulin enhanced the low glucose-induced decrease in rod-driven b-wave amplitude (P < 0.05 at 2 mM; P < 0.01 at 1 mM) without affecting the corresponding changes in the optic nerve response. The standing potential i ...
Copy Right- Hongqi ZHANG-Department of Anatomy
... After that time,there are some difference between spinal cord & vertebral canal in growth speed,that is, the vertebral canal grow faster than that of spinal cord, ...
... After that time,there are some difference between spinal cord & vertebral canal in growth speed,that is, the vertebral canal grow faster than that of spinal cord, ...
The cortical visual area V6: brain location and visual topography
... dorsal zone had a set of connections different from that found for the ventral one (Colby et al., 1988). The term PO was then retained to indicate the ventral, visually more responsive region of the originally described area PO, leaving unnamed the visually less-responsive cortical region dorsal to ...
... dorsal zone had a set of connections different from that found for the ventral one (Colby et al., 1988). The term PO was then retained to indicate the ventral, visually more responsive region of the originally described area PO, leaving unnamed the visually less-responsive cortical region dorsal to ...
The Morphology of Physiologically Identified GABAergic Neurons in
... nucleus was demonstrated to undergo cellular degeneration following destruction of the telencephalon in one of the earliest studies of the thalamus (Nissl, 1913). Later it was shown that destruction of the cerebral cortex alone was sufficient to cause a cellular reaction in the nucleus (Chow, 1952; ...
... nucleus was demonstrated to undergo cellular degeneration following destruction of the telencephalon in one of the earliest studies of the thalamus (Nissl, 1913). Later it was shown that destruction of the cerebral cortex alone was sufficient to cause a cellular reaction in the nucleus (Chow, 1952; ...
Dexamethasone Rapidly Increases GABA Release in the Dorsal
... neural circuitry in the dorsal vagal complex, a principal autonomic regulatory center. Glucocorticoids can modulate synaptic neurotransmitter release elsewhere in the brain by inducing release of retrograde signalling molecules. We tested the hypothesis that the glucocorticoid agonist dexamethasone ...
... neural circuitry in the dorsal vagal complex, a principal autonomic regulatory center. Glucocorticoids can modulate synaptic neurotransmitter release elsewhere in the brain by inducing release of retrograde signalling molecules. We tested the hypothesis that the glucocorticoid agonist dexamethasone ...
Intracellular Features Predicted by Extracellular
... the extracellular spike, and these amplitude changes are dependent on the state of the network. In addition, intracellular recordings from dendrites with simultaneous extracellular recordings from the soma indicate that, on average, action potentials are initiated in the perisomatic region and propa ...
... the extracellular spike, and these amplitude changes are dependent on the state of the network. In addition, intracellular recordings from dendrites with simultaneous extracellular recordings from the soma indicate that, on average, action potentials are initiated in the perisomatic region and propa ...
Dendritic Computation - UCSD Cognitive Science
... in the dendritic pipette will evoke high-frequency and large-amplitude local voltage responses, but the response recorded by the somatic pipette will be attenuated and smoothed (low pass filtered). Top left: Nonlinear interaction between excitation and shunting inhibition on small dendritic branches ...
... in the dendritic pipette will evoke high-frequency and large-amplitude local voltage responses, but the response recorded by the somatic pipette will be attenuated and smoothed (low pass filtered). Top left: Nonlinear interaction between excitation and shunting inhibition on small dendritic branches ...
2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education Site Map Any use is subject to
... Which of the following cranial nerves does NOT help control eye movement? ...
... Which of the following cranial nerves does NOT help control eye movement? ...
The control of rostrocaudal pattern in the developing spinal cord
... the somites have been shown to restrict the rostrocaudal spread of clonally related cells (Stern et al., 1991). Moreover, different rostrocaudal domains of the embryonic spinal cord, as in the hindbrain, can be defined by the overlapping expression of Hox genes (Kessel and Gruss, 1991; Krumlauf, 199 ...
... the somites have been shown to restrict the rostrocaudal spread of clonally related cells (Stern et al., 1991). Moreover, different rostrocaudal domains of the embryonic spinal cord, as in the hindbrain, can be defined by the overlapping expression of Hox genes (Kessel and Gruss, 1991; Krumlauf, 199 ...
Neuromechanical coupling in the regulation of muscle tone and joint
... consistently throughout the literature, potentially because of poor reliability (Boiteau et al., 1995; Lorentzen et al., 2012). Therefore, some researchers have focused on understanding the brain’s relationship to resting muscle activity and stiffness. One tool for investigating this relationship, t ...
... consistently throughout the literature, potentially because of poor reliability (Boiteau et al., 1995; Lorentzen et al., 2012). Therefore, some researchers have focused on understanding the brain’s relationship to resting muscle activity and stiffness. One tool for investigating this relationship, t ...
Chemical Transmitters and Modulation of Sleep
... and sleep recovery and examining c-Fos expression as an indicator of cell activity, we found that across the BF and the adjacent preoptic area, more cells including cholinergie neurons were active during waking than during sleep and thus contribute to generating a waking state. On the other hand, th ...
... and sleep recovery and examining c-Fos expression as an indicator of cell activity, we found that across the BF and the adjacent preoptic area, more cells including cholinergie neurons were active during waking than during sleep and thus contribute to generating a waking state. On the other hand, th ...
Selectivity and Tolerance - Penn Arts and Sciences
... original image and then generates a scrambled image by repeatedly forcing a new image (initially filled with Gaussian white noise) to match these parameters. The parameters are all obtained by averaging local measurements across all spatial positions within the original image and are thus altogether ...
... original image and then generates a scrambled image by repeatedly forcing a new image (initially filled with Gaussian white noise) to match these parameters. The parameters are all obtained by averaging local measurements across all spatial positions within the original image and are thus altogether ...
Selectivity and Tolerance - Center for Neural Science
... original image and then generates a scrambled image by repeatedly forcing a new image (initially filled with Gaussian white noise) to match these parameters. The parameters are all obtained by averaging local measurements across all spatial positions within the original image and are thus altogether ...
... original image and then generates a scrambled image by repeatedly forcing a new image (initially filled with Gaussian white noise) to match these parameters. The parameters are all obtained by averaging local measurements across all spatial positions within the original image and are thus altogether ...
Involvement of Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha in Hippocampal
... Jackson Black C-57 mice and TNF-KO on JB C-57 background mice were used in the study. The TNF-KO mice (Pasparakis et al., 1996) were generously provided by Professor George Kollias, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece. Absence of the TNFα gene was confirmed by ploymerase chain reaction (PCR) ...
... Jackson Black C-57 mice and TNF-KO on JB C-57 background mice were used in the study. The TNF-KO mice (Pasparakis et al., 1996) were generously provided by Professor George Kollias, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece. Absence of the TNFα gene was confirmed by ploymerase chain reaction (PCR) ...
On phenomenal character and Petri dishes
... The view that phenomenal character is intrinsic to some small part of the individual’s brain is, of course, motivated by the massive functional differentiation that neuroscience has found in the brain. For instance, the sense of smell seems to be subserved by the olfactory bulb, the piriform cortex, ...
... The view that phenomenal character is intrinsic to some small part of the individual’s brain is, of course, motivated by the massive functional differentiation that neuroscience has found in the brain. For instance, the sense of smell seems to be subserved by the olfactory bulb, the piriform cortex, ...
Section and Senior Editor - HAL
... increased paradoxical sleep(PS), they presented a number of marked differences: 1) The PSincrease in HDC-/-mice was seen during lightness, whereas that in Ox-/-mice occurred during darkness; 2) Contrary to HDC-/-, Ox-/-mice had no W deficiency around lights-off, nor an abnormal EEG and responded to ...
... increased paradoxical sleep(PS), they presented a number of marked differences: 1) The PSincrease in HDC-/-mice was seen during lightness, whereas that in Ox-/-mice occurred during darkness; 2) Contrary to HDC-/-, Ox-/-mice had no W deficiency around lights-off, nor an abnormal EEG and responded to ...
Molecular mechanisms of floor plate formation and neural patterning
... Midkine-a (Mdka) in zebrafish. In higher vertebrates, mdk and the related factor pleiotrophin (ptn) are widely expressed during embryogenesis and are implicated in a variety of processes. The in-vivo function of both factors, however, is unclear, as knock-out mice show no embryonic phenotype. We hav ...
... Midkine-a (Mdka) in zebrafish. In higher vertebrates, mdk and the related factor pleiotrophin (ptn) are widely expressed during embryogenesis and are implicated in a variety of processes. The in-vivo function of both factors, however, is unclear, as knock-out mice show no embryonic phenotype. We hav ...
Propofol Inhibits Neuronal Firing Activities in the Caudal
... CVLM are mainly GABAergic, in contrast to the glutamatergic neurons in the RVLM.(14) However, in our study, propofol displayed similar actions on neuronal firings in these 2 areas. In other words, propofol not only inhibited neuronal firings in the pressor area, the RVLM, but also inhibited neuronal ...
... CVLM are mainly GABAergic, in contrast to the glutamatergic neurons in the RVLM.(14) However, in our study, propofol displayed similar actions on neuronal firings in these 2 areas. In other words, propofol not only inhibited neuronal firings in the pressor area, the RVLM, but also inhibited neuronal ...
Conductance-Based Model of the Voltage
... displays the individual ionic currents (bottom) during spontaneous activity of the model. Rhythmic spontaneous activities of the model are driven largely by INa. The fast upstroke of the action potential in the model is driven by INa (Fig. 1C) (Do and Bean 2003). After activation of INa, IK activate ...
... displays the individual ionic currents (bottom) during spontaneous activity of the model. Rhythmic spontaneous activities of the model are driven largely by INa. The fast upstroke of the action potential in the model is driven by INa (Fig. 1C) (Do and Bean 2003). After activation of INa, IK activate ...
Region Specific Micromodularity in the Uppermost Layers in Primate
... 4°C in PBS-TG containing anti-MAP2 monoclonal mouse antibody (1:2000; Chemicon, Temecula, CA) or anti-GABAaα1 polyclonal rabbit antibody (1:5000; Chemicon, Temecular, CA). After rinsing, the sections were placed in PBS-TG containing Alexa Fluor 488 conjugated anti-mouse IgG polyclonal goat antibody ...
... 4°C in PBS-TG containing anti-MAP2 monoclonal mouse antibody (1:2000; Chemicon, Temecula, CA) or anti-GABAaα1 polyclonal rabbit antibody (1:5000; Chemicon, Temecular, CA). After rinsing, the sections were placed in PBS-TG containing Alexa Fluor 488 conjugated anti-mouse IgG polyclonal goat antibody ...
Role of Ratings of Perceived Exertion during Self
... received by the thalamus and regulated within the brain [1, 2, 5, 9]. This information, in addition to several other factors such as knowledge of the task duration/distance remaining, memory of past similar experiences, motivation and mood [5, 10], is believed to be important in the regulation of pa ...
... received by the thalamus and regulated within the brain [1, 2, 5, 9]. This information, in addition to several other factors such as knowledge of the task duration/distance remaining, memory of past similar experiences, motivation and mood [5, 10], is believed to be important in the regulation of pa ...
PDF - Journal of Neuroscience
... min. The position of the pipette tip was adjusted every 10 min so that the distance between the tip and the growth cone remained constant. The growth cones were analyzed for turning behavior by drawing a central axis line through the center of the growth cone and the axonal shaft. The growth cones t ...
... min. The position of the pipette tip was adjusted every 10 min so that the distance between the tip and the growth cone remained constant. The growth cones were analyzed for turning behavior by drawing a central axis line through the center of the growth cone and the axonal shaft. The growth cones t ...
Pain in Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) and Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)
... stimuli. They release glutamate and other neuropeptides that activate dorsal horn neurons •Chemical nociceptors neurons are excited by chemical or thermal stimulation •Thermal nociceptor neurons are also excited by chemical or thermal stimulation •Polymodal nociceptors are exited by both noxious and ...
... stimuli. They release glutamate and other neuropeptides that activate dorsal horn neurons •Chemical nociceptors neurons are excited by chemical or thermal stimulation •Thermal nociceptor neurons are also excited by chemical or thermal stimulation •Polymodal nociceptors are exited by both noxious and ...
Neuroanatomy
Neuroanatomy is the study of the anatomy and stereotyped organization of nervous systems. In contrast to animals with radial symmetry, whose nervous system consists of a distributed network of cells, animals with bilateral symmetry have segregated, defined nervous systems, and thus we can make much more precise statements about their neuroanatomy. In vertebrates, the nervous system is segregated into the internal structure of the brain and spinal cord (together called the central nervous system, or CNS) and the routes of the nerves that connect to the rest of the body (known as the peripheral nervous system, or PNS). The delineation of distinct structures and regions of the nervous system has been critical in investigating how it works. For example, much of what neuroscientists have learned comes from observing how damage or ""lesions"" to specific brain areas affects behavior or other neural functions.For information about the composition of animal nervous systems, see nervous system. For information about the typical structure of the human nervous system, see human brain or peripheral nervous system. This article discusses information pertinent to the study of neuroanatomy.