Toward Nanometer-Scale Sensing System
... The development of highly sensitive, selective, reliable, and compact sensing systems to detect toxic chemical and biological agents is of great importance to national security. This paper examines the best such naturally occurring sensing system, the sense of smell or “olfaction,” as well as artifi ...
... The development of highly sensitive, selective, reliable, and compact sensing systems to detect toxic chemical and biological agents is of great importance to national security. This paper examines the best such naturally occurring sensing system, the sense of smell or “olfaction,” as well as artifi ...
EEG & Sleep
... of the brain cerebral cortex, deep parts of cerebrum, and brain stem. • Discharges transmitted into the spinal cord sometimes cause generalized tonic seizures of the entire body, followed by alternating tonic and spasmodic muscle ...
... of the brain cerebral cortex, deep parts of cerebrum, and brain stem. • Discharges transmitted into the spinal cord sometimes cause generalized tonic seizures of the entire body, followed by alternating tonic and spasmodic muscle ...
Searle on Emergence
... Drawing on this assumption, it is not surprising that a similar “mechanism“ is present in the case of neurons and consciousness. Searle is well aware that we don’t know the exact conditions of emergence of consciousness; he presents the mechanism of emergence as an attempt to bridge the gap in our k ...
... Drawing on this assumption, it is not surprising that a similar “mechanism“ is present in the case of neurons and consciousness. Searle is well aware that we don’t know the exact conditions of emergence of consciousness; he presents the mechanism of emergence as an attempt to bridge the gap in our k ...
Wager, T. D., Kang, J., Johnson, T. D., Nichols, T. E., Satpute, A. B.
... fear and disgust, but are neither sufficient nor necessary for their experience. Conversely, emotions in both categories engage a much wider array of systems assumed to have cognitive, perceptual, and sensory functions [12], and damage to these systems can profoundly affect emotionality [26,27]. Thi ...
... fear and disgust, but are neither sufficient nor necessary for their experience. Conversely, emotions in both categories engage a much wider array of systems assumed to have cognitive, perceptual, and sensory functions [12], and damage to these systems can profoundly affect emotionality [26,27]. Thi ...
Table of Contents
... that arise either outside or inside the body are correlated within the nervous system, and the efferent impulses are coordinated so that the effector organs work harmoniously together for the well-being of the individual. In addition, the nervous systemof higher species has the ability to store sens ...
... that arise either outside or inside the body are correlated within the nervous system, and the efferent impulses are coordinated so that the effector organs work harmoniously together for the well-being of the individual. In addition, the nervous systemof higher species has the ability to store sens ...
Dopamine in Schizophrenia
... the DA hypothesis. A series of studies using D2 radioreceptor imaging have found larger displacement of the ligand from striatal D2 receptors following amphetamine challenge in untreated and neuroleptic-naïve schizophrenics compared to healthy controls, pointing to a greater stimulation of these rec ...
... the DA hypothesis. A series of studies using D2 radioreceptor imaging have found larger displacement of the ligand from striatal D2 receptors following amphetamine challenge in untreated and neuroleptic-naïve schizophrenics compared to healthy controls, pointing to a greater stimulation of these rec ...
Purves chs. 15, 19 - Weizmann Institute of Science
... 15.2) are the next most lateral group, whereas those that innervate the proximal muscles of the arm (or leg) are located laterally to these. The motor neuron pools that innervate the distal parts of the extremities, the fingers or toes, lie farthest from the midline. This spatial organization provid ...
... 15.2) are the next most lateral group, whereas those that innervate the proximal muscles of the arm (or leg) are located laterally to these. The motor neuron pools that innervate the distal parts of the extremities, the fingers or toes, lie farthest from the midline. This spatial organization provid ...
Diffusion Tensor Imaging - Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory
... standard space and aligned either to each other or to a standard image. After aligning the individual images, a three-dimensional map is created which then contains the mean of all individuals. This map can be used to calculate the mean skeleton representing the center elements of the main white mat ...
... standard space and aligned either to each other or to a standard image. After aligning the individual images, a three-dimensional map is created which then contains the mean of all individuals. This map can be used to calculate the mean skeleton representing the center elements of the main white mat ...
Functional Heterogeneity in the Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis
... of fear versus anxiety, respectively. In 2009, Walker, Miles, and Davis proposed a model of amygdala-BNST interactions to explain these functional differences. This model became extremely influential and now guides a new wave of studies on the role of BNST in humans. Here, we consider evidence for a ...
... of fear versus anxiety, respectively. In 2009, Walker, Miles, and Davis proposed a model of amygdala-BNST interactions to explain these functional differences. This model became extremely influential and now guides a new wave of studies on the role of BNST in humans. Here, we consider evidence for a ...
- Journal of Vestibular Research
... "intrinsic mechanism hypothesis," a new hypothesis of vestibular compensation, the behavioral recovery that follows unilateral deafferentation of the vestibular labyrinth (UVD). The most salient characteristic of vestibular compensation is the decrease in the severity of the static ocular motor and ...
... "intrinsic mechanism hypothesis," a new hypothesis of vestibular compensation, the behavioral recovery that follows unilateral deafferentation of the vestibular labyrinth (UVD). The most salient characteristic of vestibular compensation is the decrease in the severity of the static ocular motor and ...
Aerobic Glycolysis in the Frontal Cortex Correlates with Memory
... Aerobic glycolysis and lactate production in the brain plays a key role in memory, yet the role of this metabolism in the cognitive decline associated with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) remains poorly understood. Here we examined the relationship between cerebral lactate levels and memory performance in ...
... Aerobic glycolysis and lactate production in the brain plays a key role in memory, yet the role of this metabolism in the cognitive decline associated with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) remains poorly understood. Here we examined the relationship between cerebral lactate levels and memory performance in ...
From Thought to Action
... modulated via an intervening network of many neurons. Colloquially, the modulation of membrane potentials is referred to as "information processing" when examined within a neuron or network, and "communication" when described as occuring between neurons or networks. These word choices have inspired ...
... modulated via an intervening network of many neurons. Colloquially, the modulation of membrane potentials is referred to as "information processing" when examined within a neuron or network, and "communication" when described as occuring between neurons or networks. These word choices have inspired ...
Highly Specific Olfactory Receptor Neurons for Types of Amino
... identify and discriminate extracellularly recorded action potentials were peak amplitude, valley amplitude, spike height, spike width, spike time, and time between spikes. Spike events, EOG signals, and experimental parameters (i.e., beginning of a recording period, onset of stimulation, and end of ...
... identify and discriminate extracellularly recorded action potentials were peak amplitude, valley amplitude, spike height, spike width, spike time, and time between spikes. Spike events, EOG signals, and experimental parameters (i.e., beginning of a recording period, onset of stimulation, and end of ...
Print
... synthetic efforts, it became possible to explore directly the existence of cannabinoid receptors by using standard radioligand binding techniques. In 1988, Howlett and her co-workers (84, 167) described the presence of high-affinity binding sites for cannabinoid agents in brain membranes and showed ...
... synthetic efforts, it became possible to explore directly the existence of cannabinoid receptors by using standard radioligand binding techniques. In 1988, Howlett and her co-workers (84, 167) described the presence of high-affinity binding sites for cannabinoid agents in brain membranes and showed ...
Highly Specific Olfactory Receptor Neurons for Types of Amino
... identify and discriminate extracellularly recorded action potentials were peak amplitude, valley amplitude, spike height, spike width, spike time, and time between spikes. Spike events, EOG signals, and experimental parameters (i.e., beginning of a recording period, onset of stimulation, and end of ...
... identify and discriminate extracellularly recorded action potentials were peak amplitude, valley amplitude, spike height, spike width, spike time, and time between spikes. Spike events, EOG signals, and experimental parameters (i.e., beginning of a recording period, onset of stimulation, and end of ...
Experimental Brain Research 221(1)
... midposterior intraparietal cortex and angular gyrus, compared to saccade and grasp. Second, we review the evidence for hemispheric lateralization (both for hand and visual hemifield) in these reach representations. Third, we review evidence for computational reach specificity in these regions and fi ...
... midposterior intraparietal cortex and angular gyrus, compared to saccade and grasp. Second, we review the evidence for hemispheric lateralization (both for hand and visual hemifield) in these reach representations. Third, we review evidence for computational reach specificity in these regions and fi ...
Motor Control - Reza Shadmehr
... outputs to a variety of structures. Their largest projections terminate in the thalamus (Fig. 1), but other efferents reach the reticulospinal system, red nucleus, superior colliculus, and spinal cord. Cerebellar outputs to many of its targets are accompanied by return projections through a variety ...
... outputs to a variety of structures. Their largest projections terminate in the thalamus (Fig. 1), but other efferents reach the reticulospinal system, red nucleus, superior colliculus, and spinal cord. Cerebellar outputs to many of its targets are accompanied by return projections through a variety ...
The Role of Neurotrophins in Neurotransmitter Release
... EPSCs, another robust indicator of presynaptic properties, such as neurotransmitter release probability (Pr) and the number of release sites (Lessmann and Heumann 1998; Berninger and others 1999; Schinder and others 2000). Synapses that initially have a low Pr, show marked potentiation in response t ...
... EPSCs, another robust indicator of presynaptic properties, such as neurotransmitter release probability (Pr) and the number of release sites (Lessmann and Heumann 1998; Berninger and others 1999; Schinder and others 2000). Synapses that initially have a low Pr, show marked potentiation in response t ...
Review Getting Formal with Dopamine and Reward
... are preceded by phasic stimuli that have been conditioned to predict such rewards (Romo and Schultz, 1990; Ljungberg et al., 1992; Mirenowicz and Schultz, 1994). The loss of response is not due to a developing general insensitivity to rewards, as activations following rewards delivered outside of ta ...
... are preceded by phasic stimuli that have been conditioned to predict such rewards (Romo and Schultz, 1990; Ljungberg et al., 1992; Mirenowicz and Schultz, 1994). The loss of response is not due to a developing general insensitivity to rewards, as activations following rewards delivered outside of ta ...
Growth and Targeting of Subplate Axons and Establishment of Major
... the cerebral peduncle. The internal capsule serves as an axonal pathway not only for cortical efferents, but also for cortical afferents. For example, axons arising from the thalamus, the major source of cortical afferents, traverse the internal capsule to reach cortex. It has been recently shown th ...
... the cerebral peduncle. The internal capsule serves as an axonal pathway not only for cortical efferents, but also for cortical afferents. For example, axons arising from the thalamus, the major source of cortical afferents, traverse the internal capsule to reach cortex. It has been recently shown th ...
Reticular Formation
... Consists of neurons within the central core of the brainstem Multi-neuronal, polysynaptic pathway Receives input from almost all sensory system (except the dorsal column pathway) Has efferent connections, either direct or indirect, with all levels of the CNS ...
... Consists of neurons within the central core of the brainstem Multi-neuronal, polysynaptic pathway Receives input from almost all sensory system (except the dorsal column pathway) Has efferent connections, either direct or indirect, with all levels of the CNS ...
indirect projections from the suprachiasmatic nucleus to major
... 2001). In addition to the above regions, the density of anterograde labeling was evaluated in regions of the mesencephalic reticular formation (P 6.72 and P 7.04), involved in arousal, and the pontine reticular formation (P 8.8 and P 9.3), involved in REM sleep generation (Steriade and McCarley, 199 ...
... 2001). In addition to the above regions, the density of anterograde labeling was evaluated in regions of the mesencephalic reticular formation (P 6.72 and P 7.04), involved in arousal, and the pontine reticular formation (P 8.8 and P 9.3), involved in REM sleep generation (Steriade and McCarley, 199 ...
Stress, serotonin, and hippocampal neurogenesis
... 5-HT adaptations occurring presynaptically or at the level of the raphe nuclei after exposure to CUS. Similarly, although hippocampal neurogenesis is known to be negatively regulated by stress and positively regulated by antidepressant treatment, the role of neurogenesis in mediating affective behav ...
... 5-HT adaptations occurring presynaptically or at the level of the raphe nuclei after exposure to CUS. Similarly, although hippocampal neurogenesis is known to be negatively regulated by stress and positively regulated by antidepressant treatment, the role of neurogenesis in mediating affective behav ...
F-Spondin Is Required for Accurate Pathfinding of Commissural
... can act either as short-range cues in the form of membrane-attached and extracellular matrix-bound proteins or as long-range cues in the form of diffusible molecules. It is the relative balance between attractive and repulsive forces that regulates the directionality of axonal outgrowth during devel ...
... can act either as short-range cues in the form of membrane-attached and extracellular matrix-bound proteins or as long-range cues in the form of diffusible molecules. It is the relative balance between attractive and repulsive forces that regulates the directionality of axonal outgrowth during devel ...
Neuroimaging and ADHD: fMRI, PET, DTI Findings, and
... 2005). A variety of brain regions have been implicated in the pathophysiology of ADHD including fronto-striatal, fronto-parietal, fronto-cerebellar, fronto-striato-parieto-cerebellar, and fronto-temporal circuitry (Nigg & Casey, 2005; Rubia et al., 2009a, 2009b; Schneider et al., 2010; Silk, Vance, ...
... 2005). A variety of brain regions have been implicated in the pathophysiology of ADHD including fronto-striatal, fronto-parietal, fronto-cerebellar, fronto-striato-parieto-cerebellar, and fronto-temporal circuitry (Nigg & Casey, 2005; Rubia et al., 2009a, 2009b; Schneider et al., 2010; Silk, Vance, ...
Neuroanatomy
Neuroanatomy is the study of the anatomy and stereotyped organization of nervous systems. In contrast to animals with radial symmetry, whose nervous system consists of a distributed network of cells, animals with bilateral symmetry have segregated, defined nervous systems, and thus we can make much more precise statements about their neuroanatomy. In vertebrates, the nervous system is segregated into the internal structure of the brain and spinal cord (together called the central nervous system, or CNS) and the routes of the nerves that connect to the rest of the body (known as the peripheral nervous system, or PNS). The delineation of distinct structures and regions of the nervous system has been critical in investigating how it works. For example, much of what neuroscientists have learned comes from observing how damage or ""lesions"" to specific brain areas affects behavior or other neural functions.For information about the composition of animal nervous systems, see nervous system. For information about the typical structure of the human nervous system, see human brain or peripheral nervous system. This article discusses information pertinent to the study of neuroanatomy.