Dopamine Receptor–Mediated Mechanisms Involved in the
... increase of regional blood flow in the putamen and globus pallidus in the process of learning sequential finger movements. Matsumoto et al. (1994) showed that there is a selective impairment of learning arm movement sequences after destruction of the nigrostriatal DA system by local infusion of dopa ...
... increase of regional blood flow in the putamen and globus pallidus in the process of learning sequential finger movements. Matsumoto et al. (1994) showed that there is a selective impairment of learning arm movement sequences after destruction of the nigrostriatal DA system by local infusion of dopa ...
Background Paper 3 - Yale School of Medicine
... response task in monkeys. As in the NHP studies described above, dysregulation of cAMP has been implicated in age-related cognitive decline mediated by mPFC52,53. In addition, rat pyramidal neurons in layer 3 of PL display age-related spine loss that is evident by middle age, and as with rhesus monk ...
... response task in monkeys. As in the NHP studies described above, dysregulation of cAMP has been implicated in age-related cognitive decline mediated by mPFC52,53. In addition, rat pyramidal neurons in layer 3 of PL display age-related spine loss that is evident by middle age, and as with rhesus monk ...
Plasticity-related genes in brain development and amygdala
... meaning neurons require signal transduction mechanisms to relay external developmental guidance and learning cues to the cytosol and nucleus. Classic examples of signal transduction molecules that promote both developmental and learning-related plasticity include brain-derived neurotrophic factor (B ...
... meaning neurons require signal transduction mechanisms to relay external developmental guidance and learning cues to the cytosol and nucleus. Classic examples of signal transduction molecules that promote both developmental and learning-related plasticity include brain-derived neurotrophic factor (B ...
Projections of the median raphe nucleus in the rat
... the autoradiographic technique. Although our report described projections to these regions, it also was incomplete in that certain areas of the brain were omitted, significantly, the brainstem and neocortex. In essence then, although several reports have examined MR projections, none have described ...
... the autoradiographic technique. Although our report described projections to these regions, it also was incomplete in that certain areas of the brain were omitted, significantly, the brainstem and neocortex. In essence then, although several reports have examined MR projections, none have described ...
Autistic spectrum disorders: A review of clinical features, theories
... At the microstructural level, disruption of brain development is caused by abnormal regulation of cell division and apoptosis, as well as increased neuronal inflammation (Polsek et al., 2011). Recently, it has been shown that patterns of both hypo- and hyperconnectivity could be observed in the brain ...
... At the microstructural level, disruption of brain development is caused by abnormal regulation of cell division and apoptosis, as well as increased neuronal inflammation (Polsek et al., 2011). Recently, it has been shown that patterns of both hypo- and hyperconnectivity could be observed in the brain ...
in Primate STT Cells Differentially Modulate Brief
... actually couple to inhibition of neurotransmitter-induced cAMP increases in native systems. If so, agonists at these receptors may be useful in downregulating the enhanced responses of nociceptive neurons in those instances of central sensitization that involve the cAMP-PKA pathway. The functional r ...
... actually couple to inhibition of neurotransmitter-induced cAMP increases in native systems. If so, agonists at these receptors may be useful in downregulating the enhanced responses of nociceptive neurons in those instances of central sensitization that involve the cAMP-PKA pathway. The functional r ...
MR Imaging–Detectable Metabolic Alterations in Attention Deficit
... Different spectroscopic localizing techniques have been developed in the past—from the single-voxel 1H-MR spectroscopy techniques11 to the 2D or 3D MR spectroscopy imaging (MR spectroscopy), also called chemical shift imaging.12 The former, stimulated echo acquisition mode and point-resolved spectro ...
... Different spectroscopic localizing techniques have been developed in the past—from the single-voxel 1H-MR spectroscopy techniques11 to the 2D or 3D MR spectroscopy imaging (MR spectroscopy), also called chemical shift imaging.12 The former, stimulated echo acquisition mode and point-resolved spectro ...
Basal Forebrain Cholinergic System Is Involved in Rapid Nerve
... Techniques to detect cholinergic neurons and fibers Cholinergic neurons in the nervous system produce the neurotransmitter acetylcholine by the enzyme choline acetyl transferase (ChAT). ACh is then transported into synaptic vesicles by the vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT). After acetylcho ...
... Techniques to detect cholinergic neurons and fibers Cholinergic neurons in the nervous system produce the neurotransmitter acetylcholine by the enzyme choline acetyl transferase (ChAT). ACh is then transported into synaptic vesicles by the vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT). After acetylcho ...
Serotonin synthesis, release and reuptake in terminals: a
... addition, 5-HT has been linked to motor system function[2], sleep-wake cycles[3], circadian rhythms[4], respiratory stability[5], embryonic development[6], and reward processing[7]. Not surprisingly, the 5-HT neurons in the nuclei originally classified by Dalhstrom and Fuxe[8] project to a large var ...
... addition, 5-HT has been linked to motor system function[2], sleep-wake cycles[3], circadian rhythms[4], respiratory stability[5], embryonic development[6], and reward processing[7]. Not surprisingly, the 5-HT neurons in the nuclei originally classified by Dalhstrom and Fuxe[8] project to a large var ...
Time course of the development of motor behaviors in the zebrafish
... during touch responses, the specimen was illuminated by a strobe light set to 250 Hz (Strobotac 1531-A; General Radio Co.), permitting the recording of four superimposed images (separated by 4 ms) and therefore a time resolution about four times faster than conventional video. Tail movements were me ...
... during touch responses, the specimen was illuminated by a strobe light set to 250 Hz (Strobotac 1531-A; General Radio Co.), permitting the recording of four superimposed images (separated by 4 ms) and therefore a time resolution about four times faster than conventional video. Tail movements were me ...
Dendritic Spine Density Varies Between Unisensory
... and draws the axonal element closer to the parent dendrite. Eventually, a fully mature synapse is formed on the spine head. In the second theory, filopodia also seek out synaptic partners, which form synapses on them not necessarily at the tip (Fiala et al 1998). The filopodium retracts completely, ...
... and draws the axonal element closer to the parent dendrite. Eventually, a fully mature synapse is formed on the spine head. In the second theory, filopodia also seek out synaptic partners, which form synapses on them not necessarily at the tip (Fiala et al 1998). The filopodium retracts completely, ...
Possible Mechanism Underlying
... Unfortunately, very little is known about the effects of acupuncture in a situation where drugs of abuse are used on a chronic basis and how chronic use of drug effects both neurochemical and behavioral changes. However, it has been generally accepted that acupuncture treatment can contribute to the ...
... Unfortunately, very little is known about the effects of acupuncture in a situation where drugs of abuse are used on a chronic basis and how chronic use of drug effects both neurochemical and behavioral changes. However, it has been generally accepted that acupuncture treatment can contribute to the ...
chapter 12. schizophrenia 12.4 schizophrenia
... several neurotransmitter systems appear to play a role, particularly in the expression of positive as well as negative psychotic symptoms. Evidence for alterations in the dopamine system is the most compelling. Other neurotransmitters have also been implicated, including glutamate, serotonin, and γa ...
... several neurotransmitter systems appear to play a role, particularly in the expression of positive as well as negative psychotic symptoms. Evidence for alterations in the dopamine system is the most compelling. Other neurotransmitters have also been implicated, including glutamate, serotonin, and γa ...
Basal Ganglia - Adaptive Behaviour Research Group
... Houk et al., 1995). This organisation suggests that striatal spiny neurons may act as 'context-specific filters', each one configured to match a specific pattern of activity distributed across multiple loci in one or more brain areas (Mink, 1996). Recent studies have provided evidence for local inhi ...
... Houk et al., 1995). This organisation suggests that striatal spiny neurons may act as 'context-specific filters', each one configured to match a specific pattern of activity distributed across multiple loci in one or more brain areas (Mink, 1996). Recent studies have provided evidence for local inhi ...
- The Human Brain
... A specific function hardly can be assigned to any individual nucleus of the basal ganglia complex . Indeed, information about functional properties should be gained from anatomical studies (fibre connections), experiments (abla tion, stimulation), biochemical evaluation and clinico-pathological obse ...
... A specific function hardly can be assigned to any individual nucleus of the basal ganglia complex . Indeed, information about functional properties should be gained from anatomical studies (fibre connections), experiments (abla tion, stimulation), biochemical evaluation and clinico-pathological obse ...
A Cortical Substrate for Memory
... FOF in anesthetized, head-fixed rats produced both eye and whisker motions and suggested it was an eye-head orientation cortex, homologous to the FEF. More recently, based on the whisker motions evoked by electrical stimulation of the FOF, the area has been studied as a whisker motor cortex (Brecht ...
... FOF in anesthetized, head-fixed rats produced both eye and whisker motions and suggested it was an eye-head orientation cortex, homologous to the FEF. More recently, based on the whisker motions evoked by electrical stimulation of the FOF, the area has been studied as a whisker motor cortex (Brecht ...
Time course of post-traumatic mitochondrial oxidative damage and
... 4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenylhydrazone (FCCP), and succinate were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St Louis, MO, USA). BCA protein assay kit was purchased from Pierce (Rockford, IL, USA). ...
... 4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenylhydrazone (FCCP), and succinate were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St Louis, MO, USA). BCA protein assay kit was purchased from Pierce (Rockford, IL, USA). ...
Repetition suppression - Philosophical Transactions of the Royal
... remains one of the biggest challenges of contemporary neuroscience. While invasive recording in animal models can provide insight into neural processes that are conserved across species, our understanding of cognition more broadly relies upon investigation of the human brain itself. There is therefo ...
... remains one of the biggest challenges of contemporary neuroscience. While invasive recording in animal models can provide insight into neural processes that are conserved across species, our understanding of cognition more broadly relies upon investigation of the human brain itself. There is therefo ...
Refinement of feedforward projections, neuronal density, and
... review the basic organization of the visual cortex, as this was the first area used to describe the circuit. Very broadly, neurons in the cortex can be divided into excitatory and inhibitory classes, with the former representing the majority of neurons in V1 (Binzegger et al., 2004). While the major ...
... review the basic organization of the visual cortex, as this was the first area used to describe the circuit. Very broadly, neurons in the cortex can be divided into excitatory and inhibitory classes, with the former representing the majority of neurons in V1 (Binzegger et al., 2004). While the major ...
Neural circuits underlying the generation of theta oscillations
... Limbic system Neuronal networks ...
... Limbic system Neuronal networks ...
18 "1: 1_ Sprouting (Abnormiall1 Actrvlty)
... anodal, cathodal, or inactive). One or more electrodes are ...
... anodal, cathodal, or inactive). One or more electrodes are ...
Layer 4 in Primary Visual Cortex
... and GABAergic inhibitory neurons, with the population of excitatory neurons (more than 80%) > 4 times higher than that of inhibitory cells (less than 20%, Gabbott and Somogyi, 1986; Fitzpatrick et al., 1987; Hendry et al., 1987; Meinecke and Peters, 1987; Demeulemeester et al., 1988). Morphologicall ...
... and GABAergic inhibitory neurons, with the population of excitatory neurons (more than 80%) > 4 times higher than that of inhibitory cells (less than 20%, Gabbott and Somogyi, 1986; Fitzpatrick et al., 1987; Hendry et al., 1987; Meinecke and Peters, 1987; Demeulemeester et al., 1988). Morphologicall ...
A role for subplate neurons in the patterning of
... Subplate neurons can be deleted by injections of kainic acid into the subplate at E43. The vast majority of later-generated neurons of the cortical plate remain intact (Chun and Shatz, 1988b), presumably because at these early ages they are sufficiently immature to be insensitive to kainate neurotox ...
... Subplate neurons can be deleted by injections of kainic acid into the subplate at E43. The vast majority of later-generated neurons of the cortical plate remain intact (Chun and Shatz, 1988b), presumably because at these early ages they are sufficiently immature to be insensitive to kainate neurotox ...
Olfactory Learning in Drosophila: Learning from Models
... LI (see the right side of the lower part of Fig. 1). Flies show a conditioned approach towards the trained odor in the test. We interpret this as a change of the hedonic value of the US. The associative strength is less strong than for delay conditioning and the ISI range for learning is smaller. Th ...
... LI (see the right side of the lower part of Fig. 1). Flies show a conditioned approach towards the trained odor in the test. We interpret this as a change of the hedonic value of the US. The associative strength is less strong than for delay conditioning and the ISI range for learning is smaller. Th ...
Vagal Ischemia Induced Lung Immune Component Infarct Following
... and amplitude of spontaneous breaths (24), which is similar to irreversible axonal injury of the vagal nerve in late stage SAH (4,5). The Hering-Breuer reflex may also be abolished during acutely developed cerebral ischemia that could be restored by recovery of ischemic cerebral processes (7). Bilat ...
... and amplitude of spontaneous breaths (24), which is similar to irreversible axonal injury of the vagal nerve in late stage SAH (4,5). The Hering-Breuer reflex may also be abolished during acutely developed cerebral ischemia that could be restored by recovery of ischemic cerebral processes (7). Bilat ...
Neuroanatomy
Neuroanatomy is the study of the anatomy and stereotyped organization of nervous systems. In contrast to animals with radial symmetry, whose nervous system consists of a distributed network of cells, animals with bilateral symmetry have segregated, defined nervous systems, and thus we can make much more precise statements about their neuroanatomy. In vertebrates, the nervous system is segregated into the internal structure of the brain and spinal cord (together called the central nervous system, or CNS) and the routes of the nerves that connect to the rest of the body (known as the peripheral nervous system, or PNS). The delineation of distinct structures and regions of the nervous system has been critical in investigating how it works. For example, much of what neuroscientists have learned comes from observing how damage or ""lesions"" to specific brain areas affects behavior or other neural functions.For information about the composition of animal nervous systems, see nervous system. For information about the typical structure of the human nervous system, see human brain or peripheral nervous system. This article discusses information pertinent to the study of neuroanatomy.