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Neuronal Activity in Substantia Nigra Pars Reticulata during Target
... activated by stimulation within the SC (Hikosaka and Wurtz, 1983d). For this, electric current was passed through tungsten microelectrodes (Frederick Haer) with impedances between 0.1 and 0.7 M⍀ measured at 1 kHz. Single, biphasic pulses 150 sec in duration were used. Current intensities varied wit ...
... activated by stimulation within the SC (Hikosaka and Wurtz, 1983d). For this, electric current was passed through tungsten microelectrodes (Frederick Haer) with impedances between 0.1 and 0.7 M⍀ measured at 1 kHz. Single, biphasic pulses 150 sec in duration were used. Current intensities varied wit ...
High baseline activity in inferior temporal cortex
... baseline activity predicts the behavioral performance (Ress et al., 2000; Fox et al., 2007; Hesselmann et al., 2008; Scholvinck et al., 2012). The results of these electrophysiological and neuroimaging studies have changed the traditional view in which the baseline activity was considered noise. How ...
... baseline activity predicts the behavioral performance (Ress et al., 2000; Fox et al., 2007; Hesselmann et al., 2008; Scholvinck et al., 2012). The results of these electrophysiological and neuroimaging studies have changed the traditional view in which the baseline activity was considered noise. How ...
Visually induced and spontaneous behavior in the zebrafish
... trigger a motor response either by observing natural behavior, or, by training animals to perform a S/R association. Then, brain recording techniques are used to find neuronal correlates. Investigators identify circuits or neurons whose activity correlates with stimulus features, behavioral response ...
... trigger a motor response either by observing natural behavior, or, by training animals to perform a S/R association. Then, brain recording techniques are used to find neuronal correlates. Investigators identify circuits or neurons whose activity correlates with stimulus features, behavioral response ...
The Emerging Roles of Oxytocin in Rhythmic Prolactin Release
... 1. The prolactin rhythm is likely due to interactions between dopamine neurons and lactotrophs. 2. The prolactin rhythm can be induced by mating, or in OVX animals, by cervical stimulation, central or peripheral prolactin injection, or peripheral oxytocin injection. 3. Oxytocin at the lactotroph is ...
... 1. The prolactin rhythm is likely due to interactions between dopamine neurons and lactotrophs. 2. The prolactin rhythm can be induced by mating, or in OVX animals, by cervical stimulation, central or peripheral prolactin injection, or peripheral oxytocin injection. 3. Oxytocin at the lactotroph is ...
Temporal coding in the gustatory system
... communication in nearly all sensory modalities, including the chemical senses. For example, in the olfactory system, it has been shown that organized oscillations in firing patterns of neurons in the central nervous system of moths are not only correlated with olfactory discrimination (MacLeod et al. ...
... communication in nearly all sensory modalities, including the chemical senses. For example, in the olfactory system, it has been shown that organized oscillations in firing patterns of neurons in the central nervous system of moths are not only correlated with olfactory discrimination (MacLeod et al. ...
МІНІСТЕРСТВО ОХОРОНИ ЗДОРОВ`Я УКРАЇНИ
... where it can provide vital functions of the newborn. Most are differentiated structures provide breastfeeding baby, and, above all, the act of sucking. Changes in the digestive organs after birth due to a significant degree the composition and quantity of food, which is used in different age periods ...
... where it can provide vital functions of the newborn. Most are differentiated structures provide breastfeeding baby, and, above all, the act of sucking. Changes in the digestive organs after birth due to a significant degree the composition and quantity of food, which is used in different age periods ...
Serotonin Modulates Developmental Microglia
... a transient outward rectifying current above -30mV mediated by Kv1.3 potassium channels, similar to activated microglia, however, these postnatal microglia do not express other known activation markers like Mac2 or MHCII 12. Additionally, these microglial cells also express a panel of specific marke ...
... a transient outward rectifying current above -30mV mediated by Kv1.3 potassium channels, similar to activated microglia, however, these postnatal microglia do not express other known activation markers like Mac2 or MHCII 12. Additionally, these microglial cells also express a panel of specific marke ...
Do superior colliculus projection zones in the inferior pulvinar
... hydrochloride (1–2 mg/kg), supplemented as needed to maintain a surgical level of anaesthesia or replaced with 2% isoflurane as an inhalation anaesthetic. The head was fixed in a stereotaxic apparatus, and a portion of posterior parietal and visual cortex was exposed during aseptic surgery. In each ...
... hydrochloride (1–2 mg/kg), supplemented as needed to maintain a surgical level of anaesthesia or replaced with 2% isoflurane as an inhalation anaesthetic. The head was fixed in a stereotaxic apparatus, and a portion of posterior parietal and visual cortex was exposed during aseptic surgery. In each ...
Urinary Incontinence
... • Beta-receptors → in the bladder body → decreases tone in the bladder body The parasympathetic nervous system: • Controls bladder motor function — bladder contraction & bladder emptying • Originates in the sacral spinal cord, primarily in S2 to S4 ...
... • Beta-receptors → in the bladder body → decreases tone in the bladder body The parasympathetic nervous system: • Controls bladder motor function — bladder contraction & bladder emptying • Originates in the sacral spinal cord, primarily in S2 to S4 ...
The multifunctional lateral geniculate nucleus
... 1A shows a trace record from an LGN neuron and its retinal excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) in an awake cat, operating at 50% efficacy (i.e. the LGN ignored the retina half of the time). The bottom part of the figure aligns all EPSPs, indicating that all spikes emerged from that retinal EPSP ...
... 1A shows a trace record from an LGN neuron and its retinal excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) in an awake cat, operating at 50% efficacy (i.e. the LGN ignored the retina half of the time). The bottom part of the figure aligns all EPSPs, indicating that all spikes emerged from that retinal EPSP ...
Representation of Umami Taste in the Human Brain
... et al. 1990), in which the effects of feeding to satiety were often of interest to investigate the brain mechanisms underlying appetite. Glucose was used in those studies because it is rapidly absorbed and can act as a satiety signal without further metabolism (Rolls 1999). The experimental protocol ...
... et al. 1990), in which the effects of feeding to satiety were often of interest to investigate the brain mechanisms underlying appetite. Glucose was used in those studies because it is rapidly absorbed and can act as a satiety signal without further metabolism (Rolls 1999). The experimental protocol ...
Anatomy and Pathology of the Cerebellar Peduncle
... The cerebellum is connected to the brainstem by three cerebellar peduncles: 1) the inferior cerebellar peduncle (restiform body and juxtrarestiform body) 2) the middle cerebellar peduncle (brachium pontis), and 3) the superior cerebellar peduncle (brachium conjunctivum). The middle cerebellar pedunc ...
... The cerebellum is connected to the brainstem by three cerebellar peduncles: 1) the inferior cerebellar peduncle (restiform body and juxtrarestiform body) 2) the middle cerebellar peduncle (brachium pontis), and 3) the superior cerebellar peduncle (brachium conjunctivum). The middle cerebellar pedunc ...
TEMPORAL AND REGIONAL REGULATION OF a1, b2 AND b3
... combinations have been associated with specific neuronal populations. 23,41,44 The heterogeneity and subcellular compartmentalization of GABAA receptor subunits suggest that multiple, functionally distinct GABAA receptor subtypes may be assembled on individual neurons. 44 A change in expression of t ...
... combinations have been associated with specific neuronal populations. 23,41,44 The heterogeneity and subcellular compartmentalization of GABAA receptor subunits suggest that multiple, functionally distinct GABAA receptor subtypes may be assembled on individual neurons. 44 A change in expression of t ...
Primate amygdala neurons evaluate the progress of self
... Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary ...
... Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary ...
Articles in PresS. J Neurophysiol (March 20, 2003). 10.1152/jn
... In addition to a detailed analysis of the generic features of the membrane model in high and low dopamine conditions, we provide a simulation of responses to target presentation in the memory guided saccade task used by Kawagoe and colleagues (1998). This simulation demonstrates one specific instanc ...
... In addition to a detailed analysis of the generic features of the membrane model in high and low dopamine conditions, we provide a simulation of responses to target presentation in the memory guided saccade task used by Kawagoe and colleagues (1998). This simulation demonstrates one specific instanc ...
Getting to Know You: Reputation and Trust in a Two
... To probe neural substrates of social interactions, we scan the brains of multiple subjects engaged in a social interaction. Social decision-making critically depends on internally represented models of social partners. In principle, such covert knowledge might be inferred from behavioral observation ...
... To probe neural substrates of social interactions, we scan the brains of multiple subjects engaged in a social interaction. Social decision-making critically depends on internally represented models of social partners. In principle, such covert knowledge might be inferred from behavioral observation ...
Leptin: A metabolic signal affecting central regulation of
... The discovery of the obesity gene and its product, leptin, it is now possible to examine the relationship between body fat and the neuroendocrine axis. A minimum percentage of body fat may be linked to onset of puberty and weaning-to-estrus interval in the pig. Adipose tissue is no longer considered ...
... The discovery of the obesity gene and its product, leptin, it is now possible to examine the relationship between body fat and the neuroendocrine axis. A minimum percentage of body fat may be linked to onset of puberty and weaning-to-estrus interval in the pig. Adipose tissue is no longer considered ...
Long-term potentiation in the anterior cingulate cortex and chronic
... during and after surgery. However, while these drugs are effective for controlling pain which is short lasting (called acute pain), it is ineffective in controlling chronic pain. In addition, opioids have many unwanted side effects after prolonged use. Recent integrative neuroscience studies have fo ...
... during and after surgery. However, while these drugs are effective for controlling pain which is short lasting (called acute pain), it is ineffective in controlling chronic pain. In addition, opioids have many unwanted side effects after prolonged use. Recent integrative neuroscience studies have fo ...
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... understood type of rhythmicity in this system, in part because they can be enhanced by anesthetics such as barbiturates (8, 81). The thalamic origin of spindles was first suggested by Bishop (28), who observed the suppression of rhythmic activity in the cortex after sectioning connections with the t ...
... understood type of rhythmicity in this system, in part because they can be enhanced by anesthetics such as barbiturates (8, 81). The thalamic origin of spindles was first suggested by Bishop (28), who observed the suppression of rhythmic activity in the cortex after sectioning connections with the t ...
Chapter_014
... • Motor and sensory pathways regulating the body’s internal environment through involuntary control of organ systems ...
... • Motor and sensory pathways regulating the body’s internal environment through involuntary control of organ systems ...
Mechanisms of gustatory coding in Spodoptera littoralis
... receptor neurons are clearly chemotopic, comparatively little is known on how gustatory neurons project to the central nervous system and how signals are encoded and processed by central neurons. In different insect species, including Lepidoptera, responses of gustatory receptor neurons situated on ...
... receptor neurons are clearly chemotopic, comparatively little is known on how gustatory neurons project to the central nervous system and how signals are encoded and processed by central neurons. In different insect species, including Lepidoptera, responses of gustatory receptor neurons situated on ...
Structural Correlates of Efficient GABAergic Transmission in the
... postfixed in 1% OsO4, dehydrated, and embedded for electron microscopic analysis. vGLUT2 antibody (1:3000; catalog #135 102; Synaptic Systems, Goettingen, Germany) was raised against a recombinant glutathione S-transferase-fusion protein containing amino acid residues 510 – 582 of rat vGLUT2. The di ...
... postfixed in 1% OsO4, dehydrated, and embedded for electron microscopic analysis. vGLUT2 antibody (1:3000; catalog #135 102; Synaptic Systems, Goettingen, Germany) was raised against a recombinant glutathione S-transferase-fusion protein containing amino acid residues 510 – 582 of rat vGLUT2. The di ...
Multisensory Integration in the Ventral Intraparietal Area of the
... of interactions but rather their occurrence. Multisensory stimulation also affects the neuronal response latencies of bimodal stimuli. For a given neuron, these are on average intermediate between the two unimodal response latencies, again suggesting latent postsynaptic mechanisms. In summary, we sh ...
... of interactions but rather their occurrence. Multisensory stimulation also affects the neuronal response latencies of bimodal stimuli. For a given neuron, these are on average intermediate between the two unimodal response latencies, again suggesting latent postsynaptic mechanisms. In summary, we sh ...
Early Pharmacological Treatment of Autism: A
... N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor, the alpha-amino-3hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid (AMPA) receptor, and kainate receptor, have been studied most extensively. During early development NMDA receptors predominate, whereas in adults AMPA and kainate receptors are more active. NMDA recept ...
... N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor, the alpha-amino-3hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid (AMPA) receptor, and kainate receptor, have been studied most extensively. During early development NMDA receptors predominate, whereas in adults AMPA and kainate receptors are more active. NMDA recept ...
Optimal Recall from Bounded Metaplastic Synapses: Predicting
... from more realistic synapses that suffer from a bounded dynamical range. Second, at the level of retrieval, there are also several aspects of hippocampal circuit dynamics of which we lack a theoretical account. For example, experimental work has long shown that synaptic plasticity is accompanied by ...
... from more realistic synapses that suffer from a bounded dynamical range. Second, at the level of retrieval, there are also several aspects of hippocampal circuit dynamics of which we lack a theoretical account. For example, experimental work has long shown that synaptic plasticity is accompanied by ...
Neuroanatomy
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Neuroanatomy is the study of the anatomy and stereotyped organization of nervous systems. In contrast to animals with radial symmetry, whose nervous system consists of a distributed network of cells, animals with bilateral symmetry have segregated, defined nervous systems, and thus we can make much more precise statements about their neuroanatomy. In vertebrates, the nervous system is segregated into the internal structure of the brain and spinal cord (together called the central nervous system, or CNS) and the routes of the nerves that connect to the rest of the body (known as the peripheral nervous system, or PNS). The delineation of distinct structures and regions of the nervous system has been critical in investigating how it works. For example, much of what neuroscientists have learned comes from observing how damage or ""lesions"" to specific brain areas affects behavior or other neural functions.For information about the composition of animal nervous systems, see nervous system. For information about the typical structure of the human nervous system, see human brain or peripheral nervous system. This article discusses information pertinent to the study of neuroanatomy.