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Striatal Plasticity and Basal Ganglia Circuit Function
... ganglia nuclei. Synaptic plasticity in the striatum is thus well-suited for regulating basal ganglia circuit activity. The most influential model of basal ganglia circuit function is based on the segregation of information processing into direct and indirect pathways (Figure 1), which act in opposin ...
... ganglia nuclei. Synaptic plasticity in the striatum is thus well-suited for regulating basal ganglia circuit activity. The most influential model of basal ganglia circuit function is based on the segregation of information processing into direct and indirect pathways (Figure 1), which act in opposin ...
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... that retrograde trans-synaptic degeneration of neurons of retinal ganglion cells and their axons in the optic nerve and the optic tract occurred only following prenatal (not post-natal) acquired damage to the visual pathway posterior to the lateral geniculate nucleus (Miller et al., 1995). Recent st ...
... that retrograde trans-synaptic degeneration of neurons of retinal ganglion cells and their axons in the optic nerve and the optic tract occurred only following prenatal (not post-natal) acquired damage to the visual pathway posterior to the lateral geniculate nucleus (Miller et al., 1995). Recent st ...
The neuroprotective effects of milk fat globule
... progression [6]. This suggests that MFG-E8 acts as a suppressor of the peripheral immune system and that MFG-E8 may be a therapeutic target for immune-mediated bowel diseases [7,8]. Microglia are resident immune cells in the central nervous system (CNS). In neurodegenerative diseases, such as AD and ...
... progression [6]. This suggests that MFG-E8 acts as a suppressor of the peripheral immune system and that MFG-E8 may be a therapeutic target for immune-mediated bowel diseases [7,8]. Microglia are resident immune cells in the central nervous system (CNS). In neurodegenerative diseases, such as AD and ...
The contribution of intrinsic membrane dynamics to fast network
... fast oscillations in the local field potential (40 –100 Hz gamma, 100 –200 Hz sharp-wave ripples) single cortical neurons typically fire irregularly at rates that are much lower than the oscillation frequency. Recent computational studies have provided a mathematical description of such fast oscilla ...
... fast oscillations in the local field potential (40 –100 Hz gamma, 100 –200 Hz sharp-wave ripples) single cortical neurons typically fire irregularly at rates that are much lower than the oscillation frequency. Recent computational studies have provided a mathematical description of such fast oscilla ...
Topographic cues of nanoscale height direct neuronal growth pattern
... Figure 4C a sibling branch of the same neuron as from Figure 4B crosses the ridge with no effect on its growth direction. We consider a neuronal process as in Figure 4B an ‘‘affected process’’ and a process such as in Figure 4C a ‘‘non-affected process’’ (see also schematic drawing in Fig. 5A). It i ...
... Figure 4C a sibling branch of the same neuron as from Figure 4B crosses the ridge with no effect on its growth direction. We consider a neuronal process as in Figure 4B an ‘‘affected process’’ and a process such as in Figure 4C a ‘‘non-affected process’’ (see also schematic drawing in Fig. 5A). It i ...
INTRODUCTION - Austin Community College
... Compare and contrast the composition of the matrix of bone tissue with that of the different kinds of cartilage tissue Distinguish between compact and cancellous bone Describe and distinguish between endochondral and intramembranous ossification and give examples of bones that form by each process D ...
... Compare and contrast the composition of the matrix of bone tissue with that of the different kinds of cartilage tissue Distinguish between compact and cancellous bone Describe and distinguish between endochondral and intramembranous ossification and give examples of bones that form by each process D ...
biology 2304/2101 human anatomy
... Compare and contrast the composition of the matrix of bone tissue with that of the different kinds of cartilage tissue Distinguish between compact and cancellous bone Describe and distinguish between endochondral and intramembranous ossification and give examples of bones that form by each process D ...
... Compare and contrast the composition of the matrix of bone tissue with that of the different kinds of cartilage tissue Distinguish between compact and cancellous bone Describe and distinguish between endochondral and intramembranous ossification and give examples of bones that form by each process D ...
Nerve Growth Factor: Cellular localization and regulation of synthesis
... In many parts of the central and peripheral nervous system it has been established that both neuronal and nonoeuronal target cells have an important influence on the development and maintenance of innervating neurons (cf. Cowan et al. , 1984; Thoenen and Edgar, 1985). For the peripheral sympathetic ...
... In many parts of the central and peripheral nervous system it has been established that both neuronal and nonoeuronal target cells have an important influence on the development and maintenance of innervating neurons (cf. Cowan et al. , 1984; Thoenen and Edgar, 1985). For the peripheral sympathetic ...
Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels
... voltage-gated sodium channels in many different pain states has been established in animal models and, empirically, in humans, where sodium channel blockers partially ameliorate pain. Animal studies have causally linked changes in sodium channel expression and modulation that alter channel gating pr ...
... voltage-gated sodium channels in many different pain states has been established in animal models and, empirically, in humans, where sodium channel blockers partially ameliorate pain. Animal studies have causally linked changes in sodium channel expression and modulation that alter channel gating pr ...
Inhibitory Gating of Basolateral Amygdala Inputs to the Prefrontal
... same animals (Fig. 1A), and found that CA and CS neurons are concentrated in the superficial layers (Fig. 1B). Importantly, there was minimal overlap between these neurons (4.6% colabeled cells of all labeled cells; n ⫽ 3 mice, 3 slices per mouse), with no overlap in the first 200 m from the pia wh ...
... same animals (Fig. 1A), and found that CA and CS neurons are concentrated in the superficial layers (Fig. 1B). Importantly, there was minimal overlap between these neurons (4.6% colabeled cells of all labeled cells; n ⫽ 3 mice, 3 slices per mouse), with no overlap in the first 200 m from the pia wh ...
1 4 Nerve Supply to the Head and Neck The nervous system is akin
... body's response to emergency situations; therefore, it dilates blood vessels in muscles, increasing blood supply to the muscles and thus permitting that organ to function more effectively. The sympathetic nervous system also dilates the pupil of the eye and causes the heart to beat more rapidly and ...
... body's response to emergency situations; therefore, it dilates blood vessels in muscles, increasing blood supply to the muscles and thus permitting that organ to function more effectively. The sympathetic nervous system also dilates the pupil of the eye and causes the heart to beat more rapidly and ...
Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels: Therapeutic Targets
... voltage-gated sodium channels in many different pain states has been established in animal models and, empirically, in humans, where sodium channel blockers partially ameliorate pain. Animal studies have causally linked changes in sodium channel expression and modulation that alter channel gating pr ...
... voltage-gated sodium channels in many different pain states has been established in animal models and, empirically, in humans, where sodium channel blockers partially ameliorate pain. Animal studies have causally linked changes in sodium channel expression and modulation that alter channel gating pr ...
Introduction to biophysics
... Figure 11: A) Ocular dominance stripes in LGN and layer IV primary visual cortex. B) Pattern of ocular dominance columns in human striate cortex. tivity. The result is that nearby neurons have similar functional roles. An example is ocular dominance given in fig. 11. The lateral geniculate nucleus ...
... Figure 11: A) Ocular dominance stripes in LGN and layer IV primary visual cortex. B) Pattern of ocular dominance columns in human striate cortex. tivity. The result is that nearby neurons have similar functional roles. An example is ocular dominance given in fig. 11. The lateral geniculate nucleus ...
Event-Driven Simulation Scheme for Spiking Neural Networks Using
... the event data structure, so performance will be optimal under conditions that limit load (low connectivity, low activity). However, large synaptic divergences (with many different propagation delays) are an important feature of most brain regions. Previous implementations of event-driven schemes ha ...
... the event data structure, so performance will be optimal under conditions that limit load (low connectivity, low activity). However, large synaptic divergences (with many different propagation delays) are an important feature of most brain regions. Previous implementations of event-driven schemes ha ...
Synaptic plasticity: taming the beast
... Hebb originally conjectured that synapses effective at evoking a response should grow stronger, but over time Hebbian plasticity has come to mean any long-lasting form of synaptic modification (strengthening or weakening) that is synapse specific and depends on correlations between pre- and postsyna ...
... Hebb originally conjectured that synapses effective at evoking a response should grow stronger, but over time Hebbian plasticity has come to mean any long-lasting form of synaptic modification (strengthening or weakening) that is synapse specific and depends on correlations between pre- and postsyna ...
Optogenetic drive of neocortical pyramidal neurons generates fMRI
... Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel. Fax: +972 4 829 5461. 1These authors contributed equally to this report. 2Current address: Department of Neuroscience and Brown Institute for Brain Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Opt ...
... Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel. Fax: +972 4 829 5461. 1These authors contributed equally to this report. 2Current address: Department of Neuroscience and Brown Institute for Brain Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Opt ...
Author`s personal copy
... range of functional capacities than mere ‘association’, including transforming sensory information into motor plans [19,20]. Closer scrutiny reveals that these principles may not hold in these areas. In this review, we explore the extent to which these organizational principles generalize (or fail t ...
... range of functional capacities than mere ‘association’, including transforming sensory information into motor plans [19,20]. Closer scrutiny reveals that these principles may not hold in these areas. In this review, we explore the extent to which these organizational principles generalize (or fail t ...
Receptive Fields of Second-order Neurons in the Olfactory Bulb of
... by which the olfactory system encodes and processes information from odorant stimuli have been proposed (Moulton and Beidler, 1967; Beets, 1970; Davies, 1971; Shepherd, 1972; Moulton, 1976). Several of these theories assume the existence of a spatially organized projection of receptor neurons onto t ...
... by which the olfactory system encodes and processes information from odorant stimuli have been proposed (Moulton and Beidler, 1967; Beets, 1970; Davies, 1971; Shepherd, 1972; Moulton, 1976). Several of these theories assume the existence of a spatially organized projection of receptor neurons onto t ...
Mechanisms for generating and compensating for the
... role of these eye movements. Like larger saccades, microsaccades are now known to be generated by brainstem structures involved not only in compiling motor commands for eye movements, but also in identifying and selecting salient target locations in the visual environment. In addition, these small e ...
... role of these eye movements. Like larger saccades, microsaccades are now known to be generated by brainstem structures involved not only in compiling motor commands for eye movements, but also in identifying and selecting salient target locations in the visual environment. In addition, these small e ...
The Suprachiasmatic Nucleus Gets Split: Why Does Cortisol
... express sided differences in vasopressin-expressing SCN neurons (10) because these neurons have been implicated in controlling glucocorticoid rhythms in rats. Release of vasopressin by SCN neurons in the PVN is an important element of the hypothalamic circuit controlling corticosteroid secretion (21 ...
... express sided differences in vasopressin-expressing SCN neurons (10) because these neurons have been implicated in controlling glucocorticoid rhythms in rats. Release of vasopressin by SCN neurons in the PVN is an important element of the hypothalamic circuit controlling corticosteroid secretion (21 ...
Quantification of the Effect of Different Levels of IOP in the Astroglia
... Corresponding author: José M. Ramírez, Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo. School of Medicine, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain; [email protected]. ...
... Corresponding author: José M. Ramírez, Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo. School of Medicine, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain; [email protected]. ...
Emotion, Cognition, and Mental State Representation in Amygdala
... emotional expression. We review recent neurobiological data concerning the amygdala and the PFC and discuss how these data fit into a proposed framework for understanding interactions between emotion and cognition. The concept of a mental state plays a central role in our theoretical framework. We de ...
... emotional expression. We review recent neurobiological data concerning the amygdala and the PFC and discuss how these data fit into a proposed framework for understanding interactions between emotion and cognition. The concept of a mental state plays a central role in our theoretical framework. We de ...
An Imperfect Dopaminergic Error Signal Can Drive Temporal
... to implement a complete TD(0) implementation with both prediction and control, and demonstrated that it is able to solve a non-trivial task with sparse rewards [34]. However, in that model each synapse performs its own approximation of the TD error rather than receiving it in the form of a neuromodu ...
... to implement a complete TD(0) implementation with both prediction and control, and demonstrated that it is able to solve a non-trivial task with sparse rewards [34]. However, in that model each synapse performs its own approximation of the TD error rather than receiving it in the form of a neuromodu ...
Esoteric Role of the Pineal Gland
... - His work has made significant contribution in identifying the effects of the endocrine glands on physiology and psychology - In his perspective the corporeal and intellectual health of an individual and his integral propensities could be assessed in terms of the level and pattern of hormonal secre ...
... - His work has made significant contribution in identifying the effects of the endocrine glands on physiology and psychology - In his perspective the corporeal and intellectual health of an individual and his integral propensities could be assessed in terms of the level and pattern of hormonal secre ...
Neuroanatomy
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Neuroanatomy is the study of the anatomy and stereotyped organization of nervous systems. In contrast to animals with radial symmetry, whose nervous system consists of a distributed network of cells, animals with bilateral symmetry have segregated, defined nervous systems, and thus we can make much more precise statements about their neuroanatomy. In vertebrates, the nervous system is segregated into the internal structure of the brain and spinal cord (together called the central nervous system, or CNS) and the routes of the nerves that connect to the rest of the body (known as the peripheral nervous system, or PNS). The delineation of distinct structures and regions of the nervous system has been critical in investigating how it works. For example, much of what neuroscientists have learned comes from observing how damage or ""lesions"" to specific brain areas affects behavior or other neural functions.For information about the composition of animal nervous systems, see nervous system. For information about the typical structure of the human nervous system, see human brain or peripheral nervous system. This article discusses information pertinent to the study of neuroanatomy.