Download biology 2304/2101 human anatomy

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BIOLOGY 2304/2101 HUMAN ANATOMY
COMMON COURSE OBJECTIVES
Goals:
The objectives were written in consideration of these goals:

to define a core body of knowledge for Human Anatomy that will be covered
completely in all sections of the course

if the department decides to give an assessment final for all sections of Human
Anatomy, only the core body of knowledge will be used for constructing the final

to allow instructors some flexibility in the addition of material beyond the core
objectives

to meet the needs of a variety of students, including students who intend to transfer
to another institution or continue into the ACC Allied Health Sciences programs

to meet the needs of ACC students who plan to take BIOL 2305/2102 Human
Physiology

to facilitate the development of critical thinking skills in ACC students taking BIOL
2304/2101 by providing a varied and comprehensive laboratory experience,
including organ dissection, whole animal dissection, and the study of histology

to provide a description of course content for new faculty

to accommodate differences in student learning styles
Assumptions:

students who take Biology 2304/2101 (Human Anatomy) must have successfully
demonstrated proficiency of high school cellular and molecular biology through
an assessment test

any assumptions listed at the beginning of a topic are based on the knowledge and
skills sections of high school biology as defined by the TEKS (Texas Essential
Knowledge and Skills)

topics covered in high school biology course will not be covered in the course and
students will be expected to be thoroughly familiar with these topics

the order in which the material is covered is not proscribed by the order in which
they are listed in the common course objectives
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
the order in which the material is covered in the objectives is not linked to one
particular textbook and may be located in different chapters, depending upon the
text chosen by the instructor

the objectives are detailed to provide guidance to instructors teaching this course for
the first time
 the BIOL 2304/2101 Common Course Objectives will be provided to the ACC Health
Sciences Division and will define their expectations of the knowledge and skills of
students entering their programs

the overall purpose of this course is to develop student competency in:
(1) identifying and naming gross and microscopic anatomical structures, and
(2) describing anatomical location, gross structure, and histological structure of
tissues and organs of the human body

All campuses will adopt whole animal dissection in lab, specifically to illustrate the
individual variations between organisms and to demonstrate certain concepts
that cannot be adequately seen on models (such as mesenteries and fascia
between adjacent muscles). The departmental policy

Dissection is a skill required in subsequent classes and programs. In order to
adequately prepare our students, students will do the dissections. At their
discretion, instructors may provide additional dissections as demonstrations.
The official Biology Department policy concerning student use of organisms in
the classroom and laboratory can be found at:
http://www.austincc.edu/biology/organismspolicy.html

The following is a list of structures that students should identify on a dissected
animal. The items on this list also appear along with the related lab topics below
and are included here for easy reference.
List of structures that students will locate through the dissection of a whole
animal (cat, fetal pig, rat):
thoracic cavity
abdominopelvic cavity
parietal pericardium
visceral pericardium
parietal pleura
visceral pleura
parietal peritoneum
visceral peritoneum
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heart
aorta: arch, abdominal
common carotid artery
renal artery
anterior and posterior vena cava
renal vein
thymus
spleen
larynx
trachea
lungs
diaphragm
esophagus
stomach
small intestine
large intestine
greater omentum
pancreas
mesentery
liver
gall bladder if present in species dissected
kidney
ureter
urinary bladder
testes
spermatic cord
epididymis
penis
ovaries
oviducts
uterus

Since the particular inventory of prepared microscope slides and models may differ
from campus to campus, instructors should provide additional guidance
concerning which models to use and which slides to use for identifying
histological structures (example: whole mount vs. cross section of simple
squamous epithelium)
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Introduction to Anatomy
assumptions concerning students’ existing knowledge:
o students are familiar with the levels of organization in multicellular organisms and
can relate the parts to each other and to the whole
Lecture Objectives:
1.
Define anatomy and describe its major sub-divisions.
2.
Describe and differentiate among the various approaches used to study human
anatomy.
3.
Review the levels of structural organization in the human body
4.
Define body systems and list the major organs that are included in each system
5.
Describe and demonstrate how anatomists use directional terms, imaginary lines,
and anatomical planes in the process of establishing references for describing
anatomical relationships
6.
Define “body cavity”, then name the principal cavities of the human body, along
with their subdivisions
7.
Identify the structures that form the boundaries between each of these cavities
8.
Name the major organs that are located in each cavity
Laboratory Objectives:
1.
Demonstrate the ability to use directional terms, imaginary lines, and anatomical
planes for the purpose of describing anatomical (organ-to-organ) relationships:
directional terms:
superior, inferior
anterior; posterior
ventral; dorsal
medial; lateral
proximal; distal
superficial; deep
anatomical planes:
sagittal
midsagittal, median
frontal, coronal
transverse, horizontal
2.
Use anatomical models to locate the anatomical planes that serve as reference
points in the study of body structure.
3.
Use anatomical models (and/or preserved specimens) to identify the various
cavities of the body, along with their subdivisions and the major organs that are
located in each cavity
dorsal: cranial, spinal
ventral: thoracic, abdominopelvic
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Use anatomical models to identify the locations of the abdominopelvic regions
and anatomical quadrants of the body
abdominopelvice quadrants:
right upper quadrant
left upper quadrant
right lower quadrant
left lower quadrant
abdominopelvic regions:
right hypochondriac
epigastric
left hypochondriac
right lumbar
umbilical
left lumbar
right iliac
hypogastric
left iliac
5.
Demonstrate the ability to use body surface anatomy terms on anatomical
models.
oral
orbital
occipital
cervical
thoracic
axillary
brachial
antecubital
antebrachial
abdominal
lumbar
pubic
inguinal
gluteal
femoral
patellar
popliteal
sural
calcaneal
digital
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Tissues, Glands, and Membranes
assumptions concerning students’ existing knowledge:
o students are familiar with the parts of a typical animal cell
o students are familiar with the function of cellular parts, including plasma
membrane, cytosol, and organelles
o students are familiar with cellular processes, including homeostasis, permeability,
energy production, transportation of molecules, disposal of wastes, synthesis of
new molecules, metabolic processes and energy transfers
o students are familiar with the parts of a microscope
o students are able to competently use a microscope
Lecture Objectives:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Define “tissue”
Identify the different major tissue types found in the human body and describe
the general functions and characteristics of each type
Describe the specific structural characteristics of each type of epithelial and
connective tissues. For epithelium, also describe the naming criteria (cell shape
and number of layers.)
Describe the structural characteristics of exocrine glands
Define “membranes”
Identify the different types of membranes found in the human body
Describe the structural characteristics of each of these membranes
Give at least one example of a place in the body where each major membrane
type is found
Laboratory Objectives:
1.
Use microscope slides to identify the different types of epithelial and connective
tissues
epithelial tissue
simple squamous
simple cuboidal
simple columnar
pseudostratified ciliated
stratified squamous (keratinized and nonkeratinized)
transitional
glandular
connective tissue
areolar: fibroblasts, fibers
adipose: adipocytes
reticular: reticular fibers
dense irregular
dense regular
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elastic
hyaline cartilage: matrix, chondrocytes, lacunae
elastic cartilage: chondrocytes, lacunae, fibers
fibrocartilage: chondrocytes, lacunae, fibers
compact bone
blood
2.
Use anatomical models to identify the locations of different membrane types
cutaneous
mucous
serous
synovial
3.
Use anatomical models to identify the location of specific membranes
parietal and visceral pleurae
parietal and visceral pericardium
parietal and visceral peritoneum
Recommended Dissection:
1.
Identify these structures through dissection of a whole animal (cat, fetal pig, rat):
thoracic cavity
abdominopelvic cavity
parietal pericardium
visceral pericardium
parietal pleura
visceral pleura
parietal peritoneum
visceral peritoneum
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The Integumentary System
Lecture Objectives:
1.
2.
3.
Name and identify the major structural components of this system
List the functions of this system
Discuss the anatomical features of each component of this system:
 name and describe the cellular components and histological structure
of each layer of the skin
 identify the tissues found in each layer
 discuss the structure of each of the skin derivatives
 describe the process of normal replacement of surface cells through
mitosis in the basal layer
4.
Explain how the concept of the “cutaneous membrane” fits into this structural
scheme
Discuss the unique features of the structural components of this system”
pigmentation
distribution of sweat glands, sudoriferous glands, sebaceous glands
modified sweat glands: ceruminous, mammary
5.
Laboratory Objectives:
1.
Use microscope slides and anatomical models to identify the layers of the skin:
epidermis
stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum
lucidum, stratum corneum
dermis
papillary layer
dermal papillae
reticular layer
2.
Use microscope slides and anatomical models to identify the derivatives of the
skin:
sebaceous glands
sudoriferous glands: apocrine and eccrine
hair: root and shaft, bulb, matrix, papilla
hair follicle: connective tissue root sheath, epithelial root sheath
arrector pili
3.
Use microscope slides and anatomical models to identify related structures
associated with the integumentary system:
blood vessels
sensory receptors: Meisner’s corpuscle, Pacinian corpuscle, hair root
plexus, free nerve endings
hypodermis
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The Skeletal System
Lecture Objectives:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
List the general functions of the skeletal system
Name and describe the organs of the skeletal system
Describe the major kinds of cartilage tissue and give examples of where each
can be found
Describe the growth of cartilage
Describe and give examples of the different shapes of bones
Describe the gross structure of a long bone
Describe the microscopic structure and chemical composition of bone tissue,
including cell types
Compare and contrast the composition of the matrix of bone tissue with that of
the different kinds of cartilage tissue
Distinguish between compact and cancellous bone
Describe and distinguish between endochondral and intramembranous
ossification and give examples of bones that form by each process
Describe the process of bone growth in thickness and in length
Describe how the skeleton develops and changes with age
Name and give examples of the general surface features found on bones
Name and describe specific bone markings and identify the general functions of
each
List the bones of the axial skeleton
List the bones of the appendicular skeleton
Describe major differences in both structure and function between the pectoral
and pelvic girdles and their appendages
Describe the structural features that distinguish the male from the female pelvis
Describe and give examples of the major structural types of skeletal articulations
Describe and give examples of the major functional types of skeletal articulations
Identify the factors that determine the range of movement at synovial joints
Identify the types of movement that actually occur at synovial joint sites
Recommended Integration:
1.
Describe the relationship of synovial membranes and bursae to skeletal
articulations
Laboratory Objectives:
1.
Identify the histological features of hyaline cartilage, fibrocartilage, compact bone
and cancellous bone tissues.
2.
Compare a long and a flat bone and locate:
compact bone tissue, cancellous bone tissue, nutrient foramen
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3.
Identify the parts of a long bone:
diaphysis, epiphyses (proximal and distal), epiphyseal line, medullary
cavity, articular surface
4.
Locate and identify the tissue types and microscopic structures in slides of bone
and cartilage tissues
compact bone tissue
osteons, central or Haversian canals, perforating or Volkmann’s
canals, lamellae, lacunae, osteocytes, canaliculi
cancellous or spongy bone tissue
trabeculae, osteocytes, lacunae, marrow
5.
Identify the major bone markings:
crest
trochanter
tubercle
epicondyle
spine
head
condyle
ramus
meatus
sinus
fossa
foramen
tuberosity
line
6.
Be able to locate and identify the following bones and bone markings on
articulated skeletons and disarticulated bones. Also, know how many of each
bone are in the body.
frontal: sinus, orbits, supraorbital margin
parietal
temporal: zygomatic process, mastoid process, styloid process, petrous
portion, mandibular fossa, carotid canal, jugular foramen, external
auditory meatus, internal acoustic meatus
occipital bone: foramen magnum, occipital condyles
sutures: sagittal, coronal, squamous, lambdoidal
sphenoid bone: sella turcica, greater wing, lesser wing, sinus, optic
foramen, orbital fissues
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ethmoid bone: crista galli, cribriform plate, olfactory foramina,
perpendicular plate, superior and middle nasal conchae, sinus
maxilla: alveoli in alveolar margin, palatine process, inferior orbital fissure,
sinus
mandible: body, ramus, condylar process, mandibular foraman, coronoid
process, alveoli in alveolar margin, mental foramen, mandibular
notch
palatine: horizontal process
zygomatic: temporal process, zygomatic arch
lacrimal: lacrimal canal
nasal
inferior nasal conchae
vomer
hyoid bone
vertebrae
body, vertebral arch, vertebral foramen, transverse process,
spinous process, superior articular process, inferior articular
process
cervical vertebrae
transverse foramen
atlas
axis: dens
thoracic vertebrae
rib facets
lumbar vertebrae
sacrum
coccyx
intervertebral foramina
intervertebral discs
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sternum: manubrium, body, xiphoid process, jugular notch, clavicular
notches, sternal angle
ribs: costal cartilages, head, neck, body or shaft, tubercle, costal groove
clavicle: sternal extremity, acromial extremity
scapula: spine, acromion, coracoid process, glenoid cavity, medial
border, lateral border, supraspinous fossa, infraspinous fossa,
subscapular fossa
humerus: head, anatomical neck, surgical neck, greater tubercle, lesser
tubercle, body, deltoid tuberosity, capitulum, radial fossa, trochlea,
coronoid process, olecranon fossa, medial epicondyle, lateral
epicondyle
radius: head, radial tuberosity, styloid process, ulnar notch
ulna: olecranon process, coronoid process, trochlear notch, radial notch,
head, styloid process
carpals
metacarpals
phalanges
os coxa/coxal bone:
ilium, iliac crest, anterior superior iliac spine, anterior inferior iliac
spine, posterior superior iliac spine, posterior inferior iliac spine,
greater sciatic notch, iliac fossa, auricular surface, ischium, ischial
spine, lesser sciatic notch, ischial tuberosity, ramus of ischium,
obturator foramen, pubis, superior ramus of pubis, inferior ramus of
pubis, pubic symphysis, acetabulum
femur: head, neck, greater trochanter, lesser trochanter, medial condyle,
lateral condyle, medial epicondyle, lateral epicondyle, linea aspera
patella: base, apex, articular facets
tibia: medial condyle, lateral condyle, tibial tuberosity, medial malleolus
fibula: head, lateral malleolus
tarsals: talus, calcaneus
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metatarsals
phalanges
7.
Locate and identify the fontanels on a model of the fetal skull
frontal (anterior)
occipital (posterior)
sphenoidal (anteriorlateral)
mastoid (posteriorlateral)
8.
Locate and identify the major types of articulations on the articulated skeleton
suture
syndesmosis
gomphosis
synchondrosis
symphysis
synovial
9.
Identify the major structural features on models of selected diarthrotic joints
knee joint
articular capsule
synovial membrane
bursae: suprapatellar, prepatellar, infrapatellar
medial and lateral menisci
anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments
tibial and fibular collateral ligaments
patellar ligament
articular cartilages
tendon of quadriceps femoris
Recommended Dissection:
1.
Fresh beef joints
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The Muscular System
Lecture Objectives:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
Describe the major functions of the muscular system
Describe the major molecular components of muscle cells, particularly the
contractile proteins
Describe the cytological structure of skeletal muscle cells and its relationship to
muscle cell contraction
Describe the structure of a skeletal muscle at the organ level
List and describe the connective tissue components of skeletal muscle
Name and describe the functional unit of the muscular system. Define a
sarcomere and identify its major components
Define and describe the neuromuscular junction and distinguish between it and
the motor end plate
Distinguish among the three major kinds of skeletal muscle fibers
List and give examples of each of the major criteria for naming skeletal muscles
Discuss the relationship among prime mover, synergist, and antagonist muscles,
using specific examples
Compare and contrast the three types of muscle tissue in terms of their
microscopic structure, their general locations, and their functional characteristics
Recommended Integration:
1.
2.
Describe the relationship of the fibrous connective tissue of the muscular system
with the periosteum of bone in the skeletal system
Describe the relationship between the kind of articulation and the kind of skeletal
muscle movements that occur at each
Laboratory Objectives:
1.
Identify on microscope slides and anatomical models each of the specific muscle
tissue types and the microstructure of each
skeletal muscle tissue: muscle fibers, nuclei, striations
cardiac muscle tissue: muscle fibers, nuclei, intercalated discs
smooth muscle tissue: muscle fibers
2.
Identify on microscope slides and anatomical models the components of the
neuromuscular junction
3.
Name and locate the major muscles of the human body on anatomical models
and illustrations and describe a major action of each.
frontalis
occipitalis
orbicularis oculi
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orbicularis oris
zygomaticus major
masseter
temporalis
sternocleidomastoid
erector spinae
pectoralis major
serratus anterior
trapezius
rhomboids
deltoid
latissimus dorsi
biceps brachii
brachialis
brachioradialis
triceps brachii
diaphragm
external intercostals
internal intercostals
rectus abdominis
external oblique
internal oblique
transversus abdominis
gluteus maximus
gluteus medius
gluteus minimus
psoas major
iliacus
sartorius
tensor fasciae latae
adductor longus
adductor magnus
pectineus
gracilis
rectus femoris
vastus lateralis
vastus medialis
vastus intermedius
biceps femoris
semitendinosus
semimembranosus
tibialis anterior
peroneus longus
gastrocnemius
soleus
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4.
Identify these structures on models and illustrations:
tendons
galea aponeurotica
linea alba
iliotibial tract
calcaneal tendon
5.
Identify these structures on the muscle cell model:
endomysium
sarcolemma
nuclei
sarcoplasm
myofibril
sarcomeres
motor end plate
motor neuron
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Recommended Dissection:
1.
Dissect and identify the major superficial skeletal muscles of a mammal
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The Nervous System and Special Senses
Lecture Objectives:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
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12.
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28.
Describe the general functions of the nervous system
Describe the overall organization of the nervous system
Identify the types of cells found in the nervous system and describe their general
functions and characteristics
Describe a typical neuron and describe the general functions of each component
Describe the structural and functional classifications of neurons
Identify the types of supporting cells/glia found in the central nervous system
(CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). Describe the structure and general
functions of each cell type
Describe the structure, formation and general function of myelin sheaths in the
CNS and PNS
Define synapse and identify the different types of synapses
Describe a chemical synapse
Define reflex and describe the structure of a reflex arc
Describe white matter and gray matter and their distribution in the CNS and PNS
Describe the organization and general function of the CNS
Describe the anatomy and general functions of each area of the brain and
describe their anatomical relationships
Describe the ventricle system of the brain
Describe the meninges and associated spaces of the brain and spinal cord
Describe cerebrospinal fluid, including its general function, location, formation,
circulation, and reabsorption
Describe the structure and basic function of the blood-brain barrier
Describe the location and structure of the spinal cord, including the arrangement
of white and gray matter within the cord
Describe the location, origin and termination of the major ascending and
descending spinal tracts
Describe the overall organization and general functions of the PNS
Describe the structure of a nerve
Identify the cranial nerves and describe the location and general function of each
Describe the origin of a spinal nerve and its branches (rami)
Identify the spinal nerves and the segments of the spinal cord with which they are
associated
Identify the spinal nerve plexuses, the spinal nerves that contribute to the
formation of each plexus, and the major nerves that originate in each plexus
Compare and contrast the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and the somatic
motor division of the PNS in terms of effector organs and the organization of
efferent pathways
Compare and contrast the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS
in terms of structure and general function
Describe the general function of a sensory receptor
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29.
30.
31.
32.
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Describe the classification of sensory receptors based on structure, location of
stimulus, and the type of stimulus detected
Discuss the differences between the general and special senses
Describe the sensory receptors/neurons involved in the somatic and visceral
senses
For all of the special senses, describe the location and structure of receptor cells,
accessory structures, and afferent pathways
Recommended Integration:
1.
2.
3.
Review the anatomy of the skull and vertebral column as related to the nervous
system
Review the neuromuscular junction
Review cutaneous receptors as related to the integumentary system
Laboratory Objectives:
1.
Identify nervous tissue cells (neurons and supporting cells) on microscope slides
neurons: cell bodies, processes (axons & dendrites)
2.
Identify the parts of the neuron on anatomical models
cell body, nucleus, chromatophilic bodies, dendrites, axon, telodendria,
axon terminals or synaptic knobs, Schwann cells, myelin, neurilemma,
nodes of Ranvier, axon hillock, synapses, endoneurium
3.
Identify the parts of a nerve on anatomical models and microscope slides
epineurium, fasciculi, perineurium, nerve fibers
4.
Identify the parts of the brain on anatomical models and preserved brains
cerebrum: right and left cerebral hemispheres, transverse fissure,
longitudinal fissure, lateral sulcus, central sulcus, parieto-occipital
sulcus, precentral gyrus, postcentral gyrus, frontal lobe, parietal
lobe, temporal lobe, occipital lobe, insula, cortex, basal nuclei,
corpus callosum, septum pellucidum, fornix, internal capsule
diencephalon: pineal body, thalamus, massa intermedia, hypothalamus,
infundibulum, pituitary gland, mammillary bodies
brainstem: midbrain, corpora quadrigemina, superior colliculi, inferior
colliculi, cerebral peduncles, pons, middle cerebellar peduncles,
medulla oblongata, pyramids
cerebellum: right and left cerebellar hemispheres, vermis, cortex, arbor
vitae
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5.
Identify the cerebrum, cerebellum and their characteristic cells on microscope
slides
cerebrum: pyramidal cells
cerebellum: Purkinje cells
6.
Identify the parts of the ventricle system of the brain on anatomical models
lateral ventricles
third ventricle
fourth ventricle
median and lateral aperatures
cerebral aqueduct
interventricular foramen
choroid plexuses
7.
Identify the meninges and associated spaces of the brain and spinal cord on
anatomical models
dura mater: periosteal layer, meningeal layer
arachnoid: subarachnoid space
pia mater
tentorium cerebelli
falx cerebri
8.
Identify the parts of the spinal cord on models and microscope slides
slides
gray horns: anterior, lateral, posterior
white columns: anterior, lateral, posterior
central canal
spinal cord models
gray horns: anterior, lateral, posterior
white columns: anterior, lateral, posterior
central canal
gray and white commissures
anterior median fissure
posterior median sulcus
meninges: dura mater, arachnoid, pia mater
subarachnoid space
epidural space
9.
Identify the origins of a spinal nerve on spinal cord models and microscope slides
dorsal root and dorsal root ganglion
ventral root
spinal nerve
rami: dorsal ramus, ventral ramus, gray ramus communicantes
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10.
Identify the cranial nerves
olfactory bulbs, olfactory tracts
optic nerves, optic chiasma, optic tracts
roots of nerves III-XII
11.
Identify the spinal nerves and nerve plexuses
12.
Identify the parts of the sympathetic efferent pathway on models
sympathetic ganglia: paravertebral and prevertebral
13.
Identify the structures associated with olfaction on models and on microscope
slides
olfactory epithelium slide: olfactory cells, cilia
14.
Identify the structures associated with gustation on microscope slides and
models
tongue slide: papillae, taste buds
15.
Identify the accessory structures associated with vision
palpebrae
palpebral fissure
medial and lateral canthi
levator palpebrae superioris
conjunctiva: palpebral, ocular, conjunctival sac
lacrimal gland, lacrimal puncta
extrinsic eye muscles: superior oblique, inferior oblique, superior rectus,
inferior rectus, medial rectus, lateral rectus
16.
Identify the parts of the eye and parts of the retina on microscope slides and on
models
retina slide
nervous layer: ganglion cell layer, bipolar cell layer, rods & cones
pigmented layer
eye models
fibrous tunic: sclera, cornea, scleral venous sinus
vascular tunic: choroid, ciliary body, ciliary muscles, ciliary processes,
suspensory ligaments, iris, pupil
sensory tunic/retina: ora serrata, macula lutea, fovea centralis, optic disc
lens
anterior segment: anterior and posterior chambers, aqueous humor
posterior segment: vitreous humor
optic nerves
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Identify the parts of the ear and the histological features of the cochlea on
models and on microscope slides
cochlear slide
scala vestibuli, vestibular membrane, cochlear duct, basilar
membrane, scala tympani, organ of Corti
ear models
external ear: pinna, external auditory canal, tympanic membrane
middle ear: ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes), oval window, round window,
pharyngotympanic (auditory or Eustachian) tube
inner ear:
bony labyrinth: semicircular canals, vestibule, cochlea
membranous labyrinth: semicircular ducts with ampulla, utricle,
saccule, cochlear duct
vestibulocochlear nerve: vestibular branch, cochlear branch
cochlear cross-section model
scala vestibuli, vestibular membane, cochlear duct, organ of Corti
with hair cells and supporting cells, tectorial membrane, basilar
membrane, scala tympani, endolymph, perilymph, modiolus, spiral
lamina, spiral ganglion
Recommended Dissections:
1.
2.
Dissect and identify the parts of the brain and cranial nerves of a mammal
Dissect and identify the parts of the mammalian eye
Final Version
May 6, 2004
page 23
The Endocrine System
Lecture Objectives:
1.
2.
3.
Describe the general functions of the endocrine system
Define and differentiate endocrine gland, hormone, target cell, and receptor
For each endocrine gland, discuss its location, gross anatomy, and histology.
Identify the major hormones secreted by these glands
 hypothalamus
 pituitary gland: adenohypophysis and neurohypophysis
 thyroid gland
 parathyroid glands
 adrenal gland: adrenal cortex (all zones), adrenal medulla
 pancreatic islets
 ovaries
 testes
4.
Describe the anatomical relationship between the hypothalamus and the anterior
and posterior lobes of the pituitary gland
Identify other hormone secreting tissues and organs, such as the heart, kidneys,
and placenta. Identify the hormones secreted by these structures
5.
Recommended Integration:
1.
Review the relationship of the adrenal medulla and sympathetic nervous system
Laboratory Objectives:
1.
Identify the histological features of the major endocrine glands on microscope
slides. Identify the endocrine organ from which the slide is prepared
slides
pituitary:
anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis)
posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis)
thyroid
follicles
follicular cells
thyroglobulin
parafollicular cells
parathyroid gland: chief cells
adrenal gland
cortex: zona glomerulosa, zone fasciculata, zona reticularis
medulla: chromaffin cells
pancreas: pancreatic islets
Final Version
2.
May 6, 2004
Locate and identify the major endocrine organs on models and diagrams
hypothalamus
pituitary gland: anterior and posterior
pineal gland
thyroid gland
parathyroid glands
thymus gland
pancreas
adrenal glands: adrenal medulla, adrenal cortex
ovaries
testes
Recommended Dissection:
1.
page 24
Locate and identify the major endocrine glands on a mammal
Final Version
May 6, 2004
page 25
The Cardiovascular System
Lecture Objectives:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
Discuss the components of the circulatory system. Distinguish between the
cardiovascular system and the lymphatic system
Describe the physical and chemical characteristics of blood.
Describe the composition of plasma
Describe the structure, characteristics and general function of each formed
element in blood
Describe hemopoiesis and where it occurs
Describe the anatomical location and orientation of the heart
Describe the pericardium
Distinguish between the three layers of the heart wall, including the tissues of
each layer
Describe the gross external and internal anatomical features of the heart
Describe the path of blood flow through the heart, identifying each vessel,
chamber, and valve
Discuss the different types of blood vessels, including arteries, arterioles,
capillaries, venules, and veins. Identify the general function of each
Describe the histology of blood vessel walls
Compare and contrast structural differences among arteries, capillaries, and
veins
Discuss and outline major pathways in the pulmonary and systemic circulations
Discuss and outline specific circulations, such as coronary, cerebral arterial
circle, hepatic portal system, and fetal
Recommended Integration:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Review the autonomic innervations to the heart
Review the vagus nerve
Review bone marrow
Discuss the effects of skeletal muscle contraction on venous flow
Laboratory Objectives:
1.
Identify the different formed elements in blood, using microscope slides
erythrocytes
leukocytes: lymphocytes, monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
thrombocytes
2.
Identify the histological features of heart tissue
intercalated discs
muscle fibers
Purkinje fibers
Final Version
May 6, 2004
page 26
3.
Identify the tissue layers of arteries and veins on microscope slides and
anatomical models. Be able to differentiate arteries from veins.
tunica interna/intima: internal elastic lamina
tunica media
tunica externa/adventitia
4.
Identify the following structures on the blood vessel model:
artery
vein
layers of vessel walls: tunica interna, media and externa
venous valves
venous anastomosis
internal elastic lamina
endothelium
5.
Identify the anatomical features of the heart using models and diagrams
base and apex
layers of heart wall: epicardium, myocardium, endocardium
right atrium and auricle
right ventricle
left atrium and auricle
left ventricle
fossa ovalis
interventricular septum
bicuspid (mitral) valve
tricuspid valve
chordae tendinae
papillary muscles
aortic semilunar valve
pulmonary semilunar valve
aorta
pulmonary trunk
pulmonary veins
vena cavae: superior and inferior
coronary arteries (right and left)
coronary sinus
5.
Identify the major blood vessels of pulmonary and systemic circulation on models
and diagrams
arteries
aorta: ascending, arch, thoracic, abdominal
brachiocephalic
common carotid
internal carotid
external carotid
subclavian
Final Version
May 6, 2004
axillary
brachial
radial
ulnar
vertebral
intercostal
celiac trunk: common hepatic, left gastric, splenic
superior mesenteric
suprarenal
renal
gonadal
inferior mesenteric
common iliac
external iliac
femoral
popliteal
anterior tibial
posterior tibial
peroneal (fibular)
veins
superior vena cava
brachiocephalic
internal jugular
external jugular
subclavian
axillary
cephalic
brachial
basilic
median cubital
inferior vena cava
hepatic
suprarenal
renal
gonadal
lumbar
common iliac
internal iliac
external iliac
femoral
great saphenous
popliteal
anterior tibial
posterior tibial
peroneal
page 27
Final Version
May 6, 2004
page 28
dural/cranial Sinuses:
superior sagittal
transverse
cavernous
6.
Identify the major vessels of the coronary circulation, the cerebral arterial circle,
and the hepatic portal system on models and diagrams
coronary circulation
left coronary a.
anterior interventricular a.
circumflex a.
right coronary a.
posterior interventricular a.
marginal a.
coronary sinus
great cardiac v.
middle cardiac v.
cerebral arterial circle (circle of Willis)
basilar
anterior cerebral
middle cerebral
posterior cerebral
anterior communicating
posterior communicating
hepatic portal circulation
splenic v.
inferior mesenteric v.
superior mesenteric v.
hepatic portal v.
hepatic sinusoids
Recommended Dissections:
1.
2.
Locate and identify the features of a sheep heart
Locate and identify the major blood vessels of a mammal
Final Version
May 6, 2004
page 29
The Lymphatic System
Lecture Objectives:
1.
Discus the general functions of the lymphatic system
2.
Compare and contrast plasma, interstitial fluid, and lymph
3.
Identify and describe the structure and general function of the lymph vessels
4.
Describe anatomical features of lymphoid tissue
5.
Describe the location, structure, and general functions of the lymphoid organs
Recommended Integration:
1.
Review the relationships between the cardiovascular system and the lymphatic
system
2.
Discuss the effects of skeletal muscle contraction on lymph flow
Laboratory Objectives:
1.
Identify the histological features of lymph nodes, using microscope slides
cortex: nodules, germinal centers
medulla: cords, sinuses
lymphocytes
2.
Identify the histological features of the spleen, using microscope slides
capsule
trabeculae
red pulp
white pulp
3.
Identify the histological features of the thymus gland, using microscope slides
cortex
medulla
4.
Identify Peyer’s patches, using a microscope slide of the ileum of the small
intestine
5.
Locate the major lymphatic vessels and organs on models and diagrams
lymphatic vessels
lymphatic ducts: right, thoracic
lymph nodes: cervical, axillary, inguinal
lymphatic organs
tonsils: pharyngeal, palatine, lingual
spleen
thymus
lymph node
Recommended Dissection:
1.
Locate and identify the major lymphatic vessels and organs on a mammal
Final Version
May 6, 2004
page 30
The Respiratory System
Lecture Objectives:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Describe the general function of the respiratory system
Distinguish between conducting and respiratory zones
Describe the location, gross structure, histological structure, and general
functions of the individual respiratory organs
Describe structural changes in the epithelial membrane and cartilages of the
respiratory passageways from the nasal cavity to the alveoli
Trace the path of air flow from the external nares to the alveoli
Describe the location and histological structure of the respiratory membrane
Describe correspondence in structure between the bronchial tree and branches
of the pulmonary arteries
Recommended Integration:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Review the location of lymphatic tissue associated with the respiratory system
Review the location and general function of the olfactory epithelium
Review the location, histological structure, and function of the serous membranes
associated with the lungs
Review the skeletal muscles used in respiratory movements
Review the bones associated with the nasal cavity
Laboratory Objectives:
1.
Identify the structural components of the respiratory system on models or
preserved specimens
nose
external nares
internal nares
vestibule
nasal cavity
nasal meatuses: superior, middle and inferior
pharynx
nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharnyx
pharyngotympanic tubes (auditory, Eustachian)
larynx
glottis
laryngeal cartilages: thyroid, cricoid, epiglottis, arytenoid,
corniculate, cuneiform
vestibular folds
vocal folds
trachea
tracheal cartilages, trachealis muscle, carina
bronchial tree: primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi,
Final Version
May 6, 2004
page 31
bronchioles, terminal bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles
alveolar ducts
alveolar sacs
alveoli
pleura: visceral and parietal, pleural cavity
left and right lungs: base, costal surface, mediastinal surface, hilum,
superior lobe, middle lobe, inferior lobe, oblique fissure, horizontal
fissure
2.
Use microscope slides to identify the major histological features of the trachea
mucosa: pseudostratified ciliated epithelium with goblet cells
submucosa, seromucous glands
cartilaginous layer
adventitia
trachealis muscle
3.
Use microscope slides to identify the major histological features of lung tissue
bronchi
bronchioles
alveoli
pulmonary arteries and veins
Recommended Dissection:
1.
Locate and identify the major respiratory organs and associated structures on a
mammal
Final Version
May 6, 2004
page 32
The Digestive System
Lecture Objectives:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Describe the general functions of the digestive system
Describe the histology of the alimentary canal
Describe the location, microscopic anatomy, gross anatomy, and general
functions of the organs of the alimentary canal
Describe the location, microscopic anatomy, gross anatomy, and general
functions of the accessory digestive organs (teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver,
gall bladder, and pancreas)
Describe structural changes in the epithelial membrane of the alimentary canal
from the oral vestibule to the anal orifice
Recommended Integration:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Review the location and general function of lymphoid tissue located in the wall of
the alimentary canal
Review the location and general function of lymphatic capillaries located in the
villi of the small intestine
Review the location, histological structure, and general function of the serous
membranes associated with the digestive system
Review the location, structure, and general functions of “mesentery” and the
concepts of retroperitoneal and intraperitoneal organs
Review the skeletal muscles associated with the digestive system
Review the hepatic portal circulation
Laboratory Objectives:
1.
Identify the structural components of the digestive system on models or
preserved specimens
mouth
lips and labial frenulum
oral cavity
vestibule
fauces
teeth
incisor, canine, premolar, molar
crown, root, pulp cavity, root canal, apical foramen, enamel, dentin,
cementum, peridontal ligament
gingivae
hard palate
soft palate & uvula
tongue and lingual frenulum
salivary glands: parotid, submandibular, sublingual
esophagus: lower esophageal sphincter
Final Version
May 6, 2004
page 33
stomach
lesser curvature, greater curvatures
cardia, fundus, body, pyloric antrum, pylorus, rugae
layers of muscularis: circular, oblique, longitudinal
pyloric sphincter
small intestine
duodenum, jejunum, ileum
plicae circulares, villi
ileocecal valve
large intestine
cecum, vermiform appendix
colon: ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid, hepatic
flexure, splenic flexure
rectum
anal canal: internal anal sphincter, external anal sphincter, anus
haustra, tenia coli
peritoneum: visceral, parietal, mesentery, greater omentum, lesser
omentum
2.
Identify the three types of salivary glands on microscope slides
parotid, sublingual, submandibular
serous and mucous acini
3.
Use microscope slides and models of the alimentary canal to identify and
describe the layers of tissue that form its walls
esophagus: mucosa, type of epithelium, submucosa, muscularis
stomach:
esophagus-stomach junction
mucosa: type of epithelium, gastric glands, gastric pits, goblet cells
submucosa
muscularis
duodenum
mucosa: type of epithelium, intestinal glands, villi, microvilli (brush
border), goblet cells
submucosa: duodenal glands
muscularis
ileum: Peyer’s patches
Final Version
4.
May 6, 2004
page 34
Identify the pancreas and its secretory structures and ducts on microscope slides
and models
gross anatomy
head, body, tail
pancreatic ducts: main and accessory
histology
acini
ducts
5.
Identify the liver, its lobules, and their components on microscope slides and
models
gross anatomy
liver : left, right, caudate, quadrate lobes
histology
lobules
hepatocytes
central vein
sinusoids
bile ducts
branches of hepatic artery
branches of hepatic portal vein
6.
Identify the gall bladder on microscope slides and models
7.
Trace the pathway of bile from the liver to the duodenum.
hepatic ducts: right, left and common
cystic duct
common bile duct
hepatopancreatic ampulla
hepatopancreatic sphincter
8.
Identify these structures on the villus model.
mucosa, lamina propria, muscularis mucosa
submucosa
muscularis: circular layer, longitudinal layer
villi
crypts
lacteals
Recommended Dissection:
1.
Locate and identify the major digestive organs and associated structures on a
mammal
Final Version
May 6, 2004
page 35
The Urinary System
Lecture Objectives:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Describe the general functions of the urinary system
Describe the location, gross structure, histological structure, and general
functions of the organs of the urinary system
Describe the vessels that form a blood supply to the kidney
Describe changes in the structure of the epithelial membrane from the renal
calyces to the urethral orifice
Describe the location, anatomical components, and histological structure of the
nephron
Compare the structure and general functions of the male and female urethra
Recommended Integration:
1.
Review the skeletal muscles associated with the urinary system
Laboratory Objectives:
1.
Identify the structural components of the urinary system on models or preserved
specimens
kidney:
cortex, medulla, capsule
hilus
renal pyramids
renal papillae
renal calyxes (major, minor)
renal pelvis
ureter
urinary bladder: mucosa, muscularis (detrusor muscle), rugae
urethra
blood supply:
renal arteries and veins
interlobar arteries and veins
arcuate arteries and veins
interlobular arteries and veins
afferent arterioles
glomerular capillaries
efferent arterioles
peritubular capillaries
vasa recta
Final Version
May 6, 2004
page 36
2.
Using microscope slides, identify the components of the kidney.
renal capsule
cortex, medulla
glomeruli
glomerular capsules
proximal and distal convoluted tubules
3.
Using nephron models, identify the components of the nephron, collecting ducts,
and associated vascular structures
renal corpuscle
glomerular capsule:
parietal layer
visceral layer – podocytes, filtration slits
proximal convoluted tubule
loop of the nephron (loop of Henle)
distal convoluted tubule
collecting duct
glomerulus
afferent arteriole
efferent arteriole
4.
Using microscope slides, identify the layers of the urinary bladder and the tissues
of which they are made
mucosa: transitional epithelium
muscularis
Recommended Dissection:
1.
2.
Locate and identify the major urinary organs on a whole mammal
Locate and identify the major structures that a form the kidney of a large mammal
Final Version
May 6, 2004
page 37
The Reproductive System
assumptions concerning students’ existing knowledge:
o students can compare the processes of mitosis and meiosis and the significance
of each
Lecture Objectives:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Describe the general functions of the reproductive system
Distinguish between primary and secondary reproductive organs
Describe the location, gross structure, histological structure, and general
functions of the reproductive organs of the male
Describe the location, gross structure, histological structure, and general
functions of the reproductive organs of the female
Recommended Integration:
1.
2.
Review the skeletal muscles associated with the reproductive system
Review the structure and location of the male urethra
Laboratory Objectives:
1.
Identify the structures that form the male reproductive system on models or on
preserved specimens
testes* (singular = testis): tunica albuginea
scrotum
epididymis
ductus (vas) deferens
spermatic cord
inguinal canal
ejaculatory duct
seminal vesicles
prostate gland
bulbourethral glands
urethra: prostatic, membranous, spongy, external urethral orifice
penis: corpus spongiosum, corpora cavernosa, glans penis, prepuce
2.
Identify the structures that form the female reproductive system on models or on
preserved specimens
ovaries
oviducts: infundibulum, fimbriae
uterus: fundus, body, cervix, endometrium, myometrium, perimetrium
cervical canal: internal os, external os
vagina: fornix, rugae
Final Version
May 6, 2004
page 38
mons pubis
labia majora and labia minora
clitoris: prepuce
vestibule
external urethral orifice
vaginal orifice
perineum
urogenital diaphragm
3.
Use microscope slides and models to identify the histological features of primary
male and female reproductive organs
testis slide
seminiferous tubule
spermatogonia
sustentacular cells
interstitial cells of Leydig
penis slide
corpus spongiosum
urethra
corpus cavernosum
ovary slide
follicles: primordial, primary, secondary, vesicular
oocytes, zona pellucida, corona radiata
corpus luteum
oviduct slide
uterus slide
endometrium
myometrium
Recommended Dissection:
1.
Locate and identify the major male and female reproductive organs on a whole
mammal