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... areas called nuclei, such as the arcuate, ventromedial, dorsomedial, lateral, paraventricular, and suprachiasmatic nuclei of the hypothalamus (Arc, VMH, DMH, LH, PVN, and SCN, respectively). Each hypothalamic nucleus plays a crucial role in the regulation of various physiological responses, includin ...
... areas called nuclei, such as the arcuate, ventromedial, dorsomedial, lateral, paraventricular, and suprachiasmatic nuclei of the hypothalamus (Arc, VMH, DMH, LH, PVN, and SCN, respectively). Each hypothalamic nucleus plays a crucial role in the regulation of various physiological responses, includin ...
An Imperfect Dopaminergic Error Signal Can Drive Temporal
... to implement a complete TD(0) implementation with both prediction and control, and demonstrated that it is able to solve a non-trivial task with sparse rewards [34]. However, in that model each synapse performs its own approximation of the TD error rather than receiving it in the form of a neuromodu ...
... to implement a complete TD(0) implementation with both prediction and control, and demonstrated that it is able to solve a non-trivial task with sparse rewards [34]. However, in that model each synapse performs its own approximation of the TD error rather than receiving it in the form of a neuromodu ...
THESIS D - Krishikosh
... and well wishes, I want to preserve a special love for my relatives and well wishers, which enable me to complete the entire research program successfully. I would always remember the invaluable help, active cooperation and constant inspiration of my wife Dr. Sanjivani and my lovely son Arjun who ma ...
... and well wishes, I want to preserve a special love for my relatives and well wishers, which enable me to complete the entire research program successfully. I would always remember the invaluable help, active cooperation and constant inspiration of my wife Dr. Sanjivani and my lovely son Arjun who ma ...
PPT
... is intending to perform(SUA) – Direction of planned arm and eye movements(LFP) – Tuning widths for movement directions(LFP, SUA) LFP in general shows responses properties similar to that of the neurons recorded in the same brain region ...
... is intending to perform(SUA) – Direction of planned arm and eye movements(LFP) – Tuning widths for movement directions(LFP, SUA) LFP in general shows responses properties similar to that of the neurons recorded in the same brain region ...
Are there three subdivisions in the primate subthalamic nucleus? Max C. Keuken
... apparent pattern to reflect an underlying anatomical organization (p. 110)”; as another example, Karachi et al. (2004) mention: “In summary, the pallidosubthalamic projection appears to be topographically arranged, with the sensorimotor part of the STN occupying its dorsolateral half, and the limbic ...
... apparent pattern to reflect an underlying anatomical organization (p. 110)”; as another example, Karachi et al. (2004) mention: “In summary, the pallidosubthalamic projection appears to be topographically arranged, with the sensorimotor part of the STN occupying its dorsolateral half, and the limbic ...
Pyramidal neurons: dendritic structure and synaptic integration
... neurons, their functional significance is not clearly understood. They might increase the dendritic surface area in order to optimize the packing of a large number of synapses onto a given length of dendrite186–188. Alternatively, they might serve as biochemical compartments that restrict the diffus ...
... neurons, their functional significance is not clearly understood. They might increase the dendritic surface area in order to optimize the packing of a large number of synapses onto a given length of dendrite186–188. Alternatively, they might serve as biochemical compartments that restrict the diffus ...
Focal local field potential (LFP) signature of the single
... et al., 1994; Banitt et al., 2007; da Costa and Martin, 2011; da Costa, 2013). Here we thus assumed that synapses onto RS cell could connect on dendrites only, while synapses onto FS cells connect on somatic and proximal dendritic compartments, that is, only onto dendritic compartments for which the ...
... et al., 1994; Banitt et al., 2007; da Costa and Martin, 2011; da Costa, 2013). Here we thus assumed that synapses onto RS cell could connect on dendrites only, while synapses onto FS cells connect on somatic and proximal dendritic compartments, that is, only onto dendritic compartments for which the ...
Brainstem Nuclei and Tracts
... geniculate body of the thalamus. Fibers from medial geniculate then project into temporal lobe. Commissural fibers between inferior colluculi, accounting in part for the bilateral cortical projection from each ear. • Some fibers from inferior colliculus pass forward to superior colliculus, which pro ...
... geniculate body of the thalamus. Fibers from medial geniculate then project into temporal lobe. Commissural fibers between inferior colluculi, accounting in part for the bilateral cortical projection from each ear. • Some fibers from inferior colliculus pass forward to superior colliculus, which pro ...
Focal local field potential (LFP) signature of the single
... et al., 1994; Banitt et al., 2007; da Costa and Martin, 2011; da Costa, 2013). Here we thus assumed that synapses onto RS cell could connect on dendrites only, while synapses onto FS cells connect on somatic and proximal dendritic compartments, that is, only onto dendritic compartments for which the ...
... et al., 1994; Banitt et al., 2007; da Costa and Martin, 2011; da Costa, 2013). Here we thus assumed that synapses onto RS cell could connect on dendrites only, while synapses onto FS cells connect on somatic and proximal dendritic compartments, that is, only onto dendritic compartments for which the ...
Hypothalamic Circadian Organization in Birds. I. Anatomy
... The avian hypothalamus forms the ventral portion of the diencephalon on either side of the third ventricle. It has been divided into a large number of more or less distinct cell groups and it is traversed by several major fiber systems (Crosby and Showers, 1969). The parcellation of the hypothalamus ...
... The avian hypothalamus forms the ventral portion of the diencephalon on either side of the third ventricle. It has been divided into a large number of more or less distinct cell groups and it is traversed by several major fiber systems (Crosby and Showers, 1969). The parcellation of the hypothalamus ...
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... The transcription factor Sox2 is active in neural stem cells, and Sox2 ‘knockdown’ mice show defects in neural stem/progenitor cells in the hippocampus and eye, and possibly some neurons. In humans, heterozygous Sox2 deficiency is associated with eye abnormalities, hippocampal malformation and epile ...
... The transcription factor Sox2 is active in neural stem cells, and Sox2 ‘knockdown’ mice show defects in neural stem/progenitor cells in the hippocampus and eye, and possibly some neurons. In humans, heterozygous Sox2 deficiency is associated with eye abnormalities, hippocampal malformation and epile ...
Aalborg Universitet Assessment of sensory convergence in the spinal cord
... Melzack, 1999). The difference between the concepts of nociception and the perception of pain must be appreciated. Nociception is in general thought of as the detection of actual or potential tissue damage by transducers in the periphery and the transmission of the information through the nervous sy ...
... Melzack, 1999). The difference between the concepts of nociception and the perception of pain must be appreciated. Nociception is in general thought of as the detection of actual or potential tissue damage by transducers in the periphery and the transmission of the information through the nervous sy ...
Goal-Directed Navigation based on Path Integration and Decoding
... The first evidence of spatially responsive cells in the rat hippocampus came with the discovery of place cells, which were seen to respond at distinct locations in the environment (O’Keefe and Dostrovsky, 1971). However, place cells do not appear to encode any metric information, such as distances a ...
... The first evidence of spatially responsive cells in the rat hippocampus came with the discovery of place cells, which were seen to respond at distinct locations in the environment (O’Keefe and Dostrovsky, 1971). However, place cells do not appear to encode any metric information, such as distances a ...
Functional Properties of Corticotectal Neurons in the Monkey`s
... that electrical stimulation of the monkey’s prearcuate frontal cortex produced conjugate eye movements, it has been postulated that this region participates in the voluntary control of gaze. However, a number of experiments have raised questions about the exact role of the frontal eye field in eyemo ...
... that electrical stimulation of the monkey’s prearcuate frontal cortex produced conjugate eye movements, it has been postulated that this region participates in the voluntary control of gaze. However, a number of experiments have raised questions about the exact role of the frontal eye field in eyemo ...
Trigeminal, Gustatory, and Visceral Sensory Systems
... 1. Spinal trigeminal nucleus. Small diameter afferent fibers, which mediate pain and temperature senses, enter the pons and descend in the spinal trigeminal tract. (Where are the cell bodies of the primary afferent fibers located?) These afferents synapse on second-order neurons in the spinal trigem ...
... 1. Spinal trigeminal nucleus. Small diameter afferent fibers, which mediate pain and temperature senses, enter the pons and descend in the spinal trigeminal tract. (Where are the cell bodies of the primary afferent fibers located?) These afferents synapse on second-order neurons in the spinal trigem ...
Continuous transformation learning of translation
... Fig. 2 An illustration of how CT learning would function in a network with a single layer of forward synaptic connections between an input layer of neurons and an output layer. Initially the forward synaptic weights are set to random values. The top part a shows the initial presentation of a stimulu ...
... Fig. 2 An illustration of how CT learning would function in a network with a single layer of forward synaptic connections between an input layer of neurons and an output layer. Initially the forward synaptic weights are set to random values. The top part a shows the initial presentation of a stimulu ...
Vomeronasal Function - Oxford Academic
... Whatever response is generated in vomeronasal receptor involves a general norepinephrine-induced decrease in neurons, it must be carried to the AOB by patterns of action feedback inhibition during mating, presumably by a potentials in vomeronasal afferent axons. Theoretically, a decrease in GABA rel ...
... Whatever response is generated in vomeronasal receptor involves a general norepinephrine-induced decrease in neurons, it must be carried to the AOB by patterns of action feedback inhibition during mating, presumably by a potentials in vomeronasal afferent axons. Theoretically, a decrease in GABA rel ...
Hypothalamus
... 4.List the efferent connections of the hypothalamus 5.List the functions of hypothalamus ...
... 4.List the efferent connections of the hypothalamus 5.List the functions of hypothalamus ...
Neutrophil Contribution in Facilitating Optic Nerve Regeneration
... of neutrophil deletion on inflammationinduced optic nerve regeneration. To test this, Kurimoto and colleagues (2013) crushed the optic nerve and at the same time injected either zymosan intraocularly or zymosan plus antibodies (injected retro-orbitally into the venous sinus and intraperitoneally) to ...
... of neutrophil deletion on inflammationinduced optic nerve regeneration. To test this, Kurimoto and colleagues (2013) crushed the optic nerve and at the same time injected either zymosan intraocularly or zymosan plus antibodies (injected retro-orbitally into the venous sinus and intraperitoneally) to ...
On the computational architecture of the neocortex
... The cortex of every mammal seems to be divided into areas, each with a specialized role. The original identification of these areas was based on tiny differences of cell types and cell distributions and led to maps of cortical areas due to Brodmann and others. There are, of course, species differenc ...
... The cortex of every mammal seems to be divided into areas, each with a specialized role. The original identification of these areas was based on tiny differences of cell types and cell distributions and led to maps of cortical areas due to Brodmann and others. There are, of course, species differenc ...
Poulet etal - Cornell University
... self-generated and external sensory stimuli is a fundamental problem in perception and a central question of sensory neuroscience. Philosophers and scientists over the centuries have proposed that responses to self-generated stimuli are modulated by neural signals that feedforward from motor to sens ...
... self-generated and external sensory stimuli is a fundamental problem in perception and a central question of sensory neuroscience. Philosophers and scientists over the centuries have proposed that responses to self-generated stimuli are modulated by neural signals that feedforward from motor to sens ...
Volatile Solvents as Drugs of Abuse: Focus on the Cortico
... become aware that solvents were euphorigenic and could possibly produce psychological dependency (Glaser and Massengale, 1962). It is now widely accepted that volatile solvents are a distinct class of abused drugs, and chronic solvent use can lead to a substance use disorder (abuse or dependence), a ...
... become aware that solvents were euphorigenic and could possibly produce psychological dependency (Glaser and Massengale, 1962). It is now widely accepted that volatile solvents are a distinct class of abused drugs, and chronic solvent use can lead to a substance use disorder (abuse or dependence), a ...
Temporal Plasticity Involved in Recovery from Manual Dexterity
... motor cortex and corticospinal tract than are other monkeys used in experimental research (e.g., squirrel monkeys and marmosets) (for review, see Courtine et al., 2007). This motor system homology with humans, in combination with the relatively large macaque brain, makes imaging data obtained in rhe ...
... motor cortex and corticospinal tract than are other monkeys used in experimental research (e.g., squirrel monkeys and marmosets) (for review, see Courtine et al., 2007). This motor system homology with humans, in combination with the relatively large macaque brain, makes imaging data obtained in rhe ...
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... emotional systems”, which can be caused by a combination of environmental and genetic factors. Another working hypothesis is that a dysfunction in motor processing, specifically in the mirror neuron system (MNS; di Pellegrino et al., 1992; Williams et al., 2001; Rizzolatti and Craighero, 2004), is a ...
... emotional systems”, which can be caused by a combination of environmental and genetic factors. Another working hypothesis is that a dysfunction in motor processing, specifically in the mirror neuron system (MNS; di Pellegrino et al., 1992; Williams et al., 2001; Rizzolatti and Craighero, 2004), is a ...
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... et al. 2006; Luciano et al. 2007; Bates et al. 2011). In addition, allelic variation in a region encompassing the KIAA0319 gene has been associated directly with alterations in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) responses during reading in left superior temporal cortex in individuals with ...
... et al. 2006; Luciano et al. 2007; Bates et al. 2011). In addition, allelic variation in a region encompassing the KIAA0319 gene has been associated directly with alterations in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) responses during reading in left superior temporal cortex in individuals with ...
Neuroanatomy
Neuroanatomy is the study of the anatomy and stereotyped organization of nervous systems. In contrast to animals with radial symmetry, whose nervous system consists of a distributed network of cells, animals with bilateral symmetry have segregated, defined nervous systems, and thus we can make much more precise statements about their neuroanatomy. In vertebrates, the nervous system is segregated into the internal structure of the brain and spinal cord (together called the central nervous system, or CNS) and the routes of the nerves that connect to the rest of the body (known as the peripheral nervous system, or PNS). The delineation of distinct structures and regions of the nervous system has been critical in investigating how it works. For example, much of what neuroscientists have learned comes from observing how damage or ""lesions"" to specific brain areas affects behavior or other neural functions.For information about the composition of animal nervous systems, see nervous system. For information about the typical structure of the human nervous system, see human brain or peripheral nervous system. This article discusses information pertinent to the study of neuroanatomy.