Discrete coding of stimulus value, reward expectation, and reward
... on-line on an LCD video screen. If visual inspection suggested that the neural activity was related to ...
... on-line on an LCD video screen. If visual inspection suggested that the neural activity was related to ...
Separating value from choice: delay discounting activity in the lateral
... Each trial began with the monkey fixating a central fixation target. Two peripheral targets were then presented, a red target associated with a small immediate reward and a green target associated with a larger delayed reward. After 800 ms, the fixation target was dimmed for 200 ms, followed by the ...
... Each trial began with the monkey fixating a central fixation target. Two peripheral targets were then presented, a red target associated with a small immediate reward and a green target associated with a larger delayed reward. After 800 ms, the fixation target was dimmed for 200 ms, followed by the ...
Regional and laminar distribution of the vesicular glutamate
... (Fremeau et al., 2004a, 2001; Hur and Zaborszky, 2005; Nahmani and Erisir, 2005). In some areas, VGluT1 and VGluT2 have been found in synapses with low and high-release probability, suggesting that the two transporters reflect distinct classes of glutamatergic projections with complementary distribut ...
... (Fremeau et al., 2004a, 2001; Hur and Zaborszky, 2005; Nahmani and Erisir, 2005). In some areas, VGluT1 and VGluT2 have been found in synapses with low and high-release probability, suggesting that the two transporters reflect distinct classes of glutamatergic projections with complementary distribut ...
Distribution of GABAergic neurons and axon terminals in the
... the white matter at a magnification of 540 x with a camera lucida. This strip of cells was then divided into sequential 65- or 70-pm horizontal sectors and the number of cells in each of these rectangular sectors (500 x 65 or 70 pm) was counted. Multiple nonoverlapping strips were drawn from nearby ...
... the white matter at a magnification of 540 x with a camera lucida. This strip of cells was then divided into sequential 65- or 70-pm horizontal sectors and the number of cells in each of these rectangular sectors (500 x 65 or 70 pm) was counted. Multiple nonoverlapping strips were drawn from nearby ...
Alexander et al., 2009
... GPCRs, the subdomains can be modified to change their point of action, for example by targeting DREADDs specifically to axons; the chemical actuator can then be specifically infused directly to axon terminals of interest (Stachniak et al., 2014). Unlike other manipulation techniques, such as optogen ...
... GPCRs, the subdomains can be modified to change their point of action, for example by targeting DREADDs specifically to axons; the chemical actuator can then be specifically infused directly to axon terminals of interest (Stachniak et al., 2014). Unlike other manipulation techniques, such as optogen ...
associations
... where is a learning rate. This form emphasises the correlational nature of a Hebbian synapse. However this simple rule leads to an exponential growth of the weights (becomes unbounded). Thus we need to mechanism to stop the unbounded increase of the weights. One such is the following. ...
... where is a learning rate. This form emphasises the correlational nature of a Hebbian synapse. However this simple rule leads to an exponential growth of the weights (becomes unbounded). Thus we need to mechanism to stop the unbounded increase of the weights. One such is the following. ...
Encoding of target direction and speed during visual instruction and
... terms [d1(t) cos(q) + d2(t) sin(q)] were combined for the partial R2 for direction and the two speed terms [d3(t) s + d4(t) s2] were combined for the partial R2 for speed. Both partial R2s were directly comparable in terms of the amount of ®ring variability explained because the number of predictors ...
... terms [d1(t) cos(q) + d2(t) sin(q)] were combined for the partial R2 for direction and the two speed terms [d3(t) s + d4(t) s2] were combined for the partial R2 for speed. Both partial R2s were directly comparable in terms of the amount of ®ring variability explained because the number of predictors ...
Contrasting Effects of Reward Expectation on Sensory and Motor
... the pre-cue ‘control’ period (the 1 s duration before the cue onset) to examine whether the neuron showed significant task-related activities. If the mean discharge rate in a given period was significantly different from that in the control period (Mann--Whitney U-test, P < 0.05), the neuron was consi ...
... the pre-cue ‘control’ period (the 1 s duration before the cue onset) to examine whether the neuron showed significant task-related activities. If the mean discharge rate in a given period was significantly different from that in the control period (Mann--Whitney U-test, P < 0.05), the neuron was consi ...
Adaptive Gain and Optimal Performance
... mechanisms. The importance of arousal is undeniable: It is closely related to other phenomena such as sleep, attention, anxiety, stress, and motivation. Dampened arousal leads to drowsiness and, in the limit, sleep. Heightened arousal (brought on by the sudden appearance of an environmentally salien ...
... mechanisms. The importance of arousal is undeniable: It is closely related to other phenomena such as sleep, attention, anxiety, stress, and motivation. Dampened arousal leads to drowsiness and, in the limit, sleep. Heightened arousal (brought on by the sudden appearance of an environmentally salien ...
Response Suppression in V1 Agrees with Psychophysics of
... resulting time series were averaged across the gray matter that corresponded to the V1 (likewise V2 or V3) representation of the target annulus (see below for how we defined these gray matter regions). We then fit a sine wave to the mean time series, the frequency of which was determined by the bloc ...
... resulting time series were averaged across the gray matter that corresponded to the V1 (likewise V2 or V3) representation of the target annulus (see below for how we defined these gray matter regions). We then fit a sine wave to the mean time series, the frequency of which was determined by the bloc ...
The ventral striatum - Brain imaging of Parkinson`s disease
... territory), the caudate nucleus (associative territory) and the posterior putamen (sensorimotor territory) [15–17]. However, the reduction in the number of neurons from the striatum to the output structures of basal ganglia, the internal segment of globus pallidus (GPi) and the substantia nigra pars ...
... territory), the caudate nucleus (associative territory) and the posterior putamen (sensorimotor territory) [15–17]. However, the reduction in the number of neurons from the striatum to the output structures of basal ganglia, the internal segment of globus pallidus (GPi) and the substantia nigra pars ...
Document
... Research in Dr. Jaffe’s lab focuses on the hippocampal formation; a brain region important for certain aspects of learning and memory. It is also one of the first brain structures affected by Alzheimer's disease and medial temporal lobe epilepsy arises in the hippocampus, among other brain structure ...
... Research in Dr. Jaffe’s lab focuses on the hippocampal formation; a brain region important for certain aspects of learning and memory. It is also one of the first brain structures affected by Alzheimer's disease and medial temporal lobe epilepsy arises in the hippocampus, among other brain structure ...
FREE Sample Here
... A. all neurons produce an action potential at the same time or none at all. B. all of the extracellular sodium enters the axon, or none at all. C. once an axon reaches threshold, the amplitude and velocity of an action potential are nearly equal each time. D. neurons are either active all the time o ...
... A. all neurons produce an action potential at the same time or none at all. B. all of the extracellular sodium enters the axon, or none at all. C. once an axon reaches threshold, the amplitude and velocity of an action potential are nearly equal each time. D. neurons are either active all the time o ...
The Dialectics of Hebb and Homeostasis within
... that allow different aspects of activity to be sensed and translated into synaptic modifications, and are likely to subserve distinct functions within neural circuits. Put another way, one could argue that if the response to a perturbation in activity is not a global scaling of synapses, then one is ...
... that allow different aspects of activity to be sensed and translated into synaptic modifications, and are likely to subserve distinct functions within neural circuits. Put another way, one could argue that if the response to a perturbation in activity is not a global scaling of synapses, then one is ...
Hypocretin-2-Saporin Lesions of the Lateral Hypothalamus Produce
... light-off period was calculated (Table 1). ␦ power (0.5– 4 Hz) was calculated using the ICELUS software system (M. Opp, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, M I). After the EEG data were scored, the code was broken to reveal the identity of each rat. ANOVA and t tests with Bonferroni corrections (wher ...
... light-off period was calculated (Table 1). ␦ power (0.5– 4 Hz) was calculated using the ICELUS software system (M. Opp, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, M I). After the EEG data were scored, the code was broken to reveal the identity of each rat. ANOVA and t tests with Bonferroni corrections (wher ...
Orientation Preference Patterns in Mammalian Visual Cortex: A Wire
... ent at every point (Girman et al., 1999). This is despite the fact that each individual neuron is well tuned for orientation. The situation in rat V1 raises a question about the relation between the tuning of neuronal response and the tuning of the connection function. Although they are related, the ...
... ent at every point (Girman et al., 1999). This is despite the fact that each individual neuron is well tuned for orientation. The situation in rat V1 raises a question about the relation between the tuning of neuronal response and the tuning of the connection function. Although they are related, the ...
Axo-axonic synapses formed by somatostatin
... inhibitory effects may involve hyperpolarization and blockade of action potential firing (Miles et al., 1996) or may lead to changes in membrane conductance that reduce the amplitude of excitatory responses (Borg-Graham et al., 1998). Although, it is known for some time that interneurons are morphol ...
... inhibitory effects may involve hyperpolarization and blockade of action potential firing (Miles et al., 1996) or may lead to changes in membrane conductance that reduce the amplitude of excitatory responses (Borg-Graham et al., 1998). Although, it is known for some time that interneurons are morphol ...
descending projections from the trigeminal ganglion and
... TG and MTN neurons have similarities and differences in their neurochemical content. On the one hand, both central and peripheral trigeminal primary afferent neurons express, indeed to a varying degree, classical transmitters. Taken together with the existing neuroanatomical and electrophysiological ...
... TG and MTN neurons have similarities and differences in their neurochemical content. On the one hand, both central and peripheral trigeminal primary afferent neurons express, indeed to a varying degree, classical transmitters. Taken together with the existing neuroanatomical and electrophysiological ...
Differential Spatial Organization of Otolith Signals in Frog Vestibular
... and mammals may provide a test case for examining the determinants of central vestibular organization. Although utricular function seems roughly comparable between these groups, lagenar and saccular functions diverge significantly in ways that should be reflected in both afferent projections and cen ...
... and mammals may provide a test case for examining the determinants of central vestibular organization. Although utricular function seems roughly comparable between these groups, lagenar and saccular functions diverge significantly in ways that should be reflected in both afferent projections and cen ...
Full Text - Cerebral Cortex
... Details of the surgery and recording methods have been described previously (Watanabe, 1990; Hikosaka, 1999). Extracellular recordings ...
... Details of the surgery and recording methods have been described previously (Watanabe, 1990; Hikosaka, 1999). Extracellular recordings ...
04 narc John neuron
... NREM sleep; they exhibited very low discharge rates or complete cessation of activity throughout REM sleep (Figure 2A; Table 1). REM sleep firing rates were significantly lower than AW firing rates (t ⫽ 5.7; df ⫽ 13; p ⬍ 0.01; Bonferroni t test). The average activity rates in both REM sleep (t ⫽ 2.7 ...
... NREM sleep; they exhibited very low discharge rates or complete cessation of activity throughout REM sleep (Figure 2A; Table 1). REM sleep firing rates were significantly lower than AW firing rates (t ⫽ 5.7; df ⫽ 13; p ⬍ 0.01; Bonferroni t test). The average activity rates in both REM sleep (t ⫽ 2.7 ...
Central circuitries for body temperature regulation and fever
... a variety of involuntary effector responses, and this review summarizes the current understandings of the central circuitry mechanisms that underlie nonshivering thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue, shivering thermogenesis in skeletal muscles, thermoregulatory cardiac regulation, heat-loss regulat ...
... a variety of involuntary effector responses, and this review summarizes the current understandings of the central circuitry mechanisms that underlie nonshivering thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue, shivering thermogenesis in skeletal muscles, thermoregulatory cardiac regulation, heat-loss regulat ...