Multiple hypothalamic circuits sense and regulate glucose levels
... were found to show specialized excitatory or inhibitory firing responses to extracellular glucose, revealing a strategy for how the brain can directly monitor body energy status (3, 69, 70). Glucose sensing in these glucose-excited and glucose-inhibited neurons was not a general energy-related respo ...
... were found to show specialized excitatory or inhibitory firing responses to extracellular glucose, revealing a strategy for how the brain can directly monitor body energy status (3, 69, 70). Glucose sensing in these glucose-excited and glucose-inhibited neurons was not a general energy-related respo ...
The auditory cortex
... (CF) of the neurons (the frequency with the lowest response threshold at the tip of the excitatory tuning curve) increases from caudal to rostral, re¯ecting the cochlear tonotopy. Thus, at a given caudorostral location, there is an approximately dorsoventrally oriented stripe of neurons, all with si ...
... (CF) of the neurons (the frequency with the lowest response threshold at the tip of the excitatory tuning curve) increases from caudal to rostral, re¯ecting the cochlear tonotopy. Thus, at a given caudorostral location, there is an approximately dorsoventrally oriented stripe of neurons, all with si ...
Topographic cues of nanoscale height direct neuronal growth pattern
... scale as the axons, initially, nano-sized features were not expected to modify cell behavior. However, current studies have shown that neurons can interact closely with features of few hundreds of nanometers. Vertical nanopillars protruding from a flat surface serve as focal adhesion points and non-i ...
... scale as the axons, initially, nano-sized features were not expected to modify cell behavior. However, current studies have shown that neurons can interact closely with features of few hundreds of nanometers. Vertical nanopillars protruding from a flat surface serve as focal adhesion points and non-i ...
Changes in Intracellular pH Associated with Glutamate Excitotoxicity
... unable to calculate H+ flux rates. In order to compare the rates of recovery from internal acidification under different experimental conditions, an empirical measure of the rate of rise of the ratio values (in ratio units/min) was tabulated from all data points collected following removal of the ac ...
... unable to calculate H+ flux rates. In order to compare the rates of recovery from internal acidification under different experimental conditions, an empirical measure of the rate of rise of the ratio values (in ratio units/min) was tabulated from all data points collected following removal of the ac ...
A Brain-to-Brain Interface for Real
... n his seminal study on information transfer between biological organisms, Ralph Hartley wrote that ‘‘in any given communication the sender mentally selects a particular symbol and by some bodily motion, as his vocal mechanism, causes the receiver to be directed to that particular symbol’’1. Brain-ma ...
... n his seminal study on information transfer between biological organisms, Ralph Hartley wrote that ‘‘in any given communication the sender mentally selects a particular symbol and by some bodily motion, as his vocal mechanism, causes the receiver to be directed to that particular symbol’’1. Brain-ma ...
ORGANIZATION OF NEUROPIL
... collaterals, dendrites, and axon terminations in peripheral ganglia. Neuropil has also been considered synonymous with synaptic field, however, and thus has acquired functional connotations as the primary site of integrative neuron activity (Herrick, 1948). The structural limits of neuropil are appa ...
... collaterals, dendrites, and axon terminations in peripheral ganglia. Neuropil has also been considered synonymous with synaptic field, however, and thus has acquired functional connotations as the primary site of integrative neuron activity (Herrick, 1948). The structural limits of neuropil are appa ...
Hypergravity hinders axonal development of motor neurons
... Earth and its stable gravitational conditions. Altering gravity can have profound impacts on the human body. This is especially relevant with the possibility of long-term space travel and habitation and the associated changes in gravity in different space environments. Although some of the effects o ...
... Earth and its stable gravitational conditions. Altering gravity can have profound impacts on the human body. This is especially relevant with the possibility of long-term space travel and habitation and the associated changes in gravity in different space environments. Although some of the effects o ...
Novel approaches to explore mechanisms of
... highly debilitating. Up to 30% of patients with temporal lobe epilepsy, the most common form of the disorder in adults, arising in the hippocampus, cannot be effectively treated by current pharmaceuticals. Novel treatment strategies are highly needed, as well as increased understanding of the hippoc ...
... highly debilitating. Up to 30% of patients with temporal lobe epilepsy, the most common form of the disorder in adults, arising in the hippocampus, cannot be effectively treated by current pharmaceuticals. Novel treatment strategies are highly needed, as well as increased understanding of the hippoc ...
Title
... (of the same kind employed by the target), which we may recall are the features Goldman seems to take to be distinctive of ST. 22 However, he explicitly concedes that (1) pretend mental states and (2) a decision-making mechanism are not necessary conditions for simulation-based, low-level mind-readi ...
... (of the same kind employed by the target), which we may recall are the features Goldman seems to take to be distinctive of ST. 22 However, he explicitly concedes that (1) pretend mental states and (2) a decision-making mechanism are not necessary conditions for simulation-based, low-level mind-readi ...
Dissociated functional significance of decision
... govern decision making2,10, with strong correlations between their response fluctuations and the animal’s choices. Neurons in area MT, in contrast, exhibited weak correlations between their response fluctuations and choices, and had firing rate patterns consistent with their sensory role in motion e ...
... govern decision making2,10, with strong correlations between their response fluctuations and the animal’s choices. Neurons in area MT, in contrast, exhibited weak correlations between their response fluctuations and choices, and had firing rate patterns consistent with their sensory role in motion e ...
Local network regulation of orexin neurons in the lateral hypothalamus
... signals among neurons that are not physically coupled (85, 140). These mechanisms may be important for orexin neurons in exerting their physiological functions that require prolonged output, such as maintaining wakefulness and stimulating consummatory behaviors. ...
... signals among neurons that are not physically coupled (85, 140). These mechanisms may be important for orexin neurons in exerting their physiological functions that require prolonged output, such as maintaining wakefulness and stimulating consummatory behaviors. ...
Understanding Opioid Reward Howard L. Fields and Elyssa B
... mechanism that does not require dopamine. Unfortunately, our knowledge of the non-dopaminergic VTA circuitry supporting MOP positive reinforcement is currently extremely limited. Dopamine neuron firing can encode positive outcomes and produce positive reinforcement Although some pharmacological man ...
... mechanism that does not require dopamine. Unfortunately, our knowledge of the non-dopaminergic VTA circuitry supporting MOP positive reinforcement is currently extremely limited. Dopamine neuron firing can encode positive outcomes and produce positive reinforcement Although some pharmacological man ...
Viewpoint Synaptic Connectivity and Neuronal Morphology: Two
... In the simplest wiring design, a synaptic connection between any pair of neurons requires a dedicated axon, which I call a point-to-point axon (Figure 2). The total volume of the network can be readily found by using a scaling estimate. In such an estimate, numerical coefficients of order one are ig ...
... In the simplest wiring design, a synaptic connection between any pair of neurons requires a dedicated axon, which I call a point-to-point axon (Figure 2). The total volume of the network can be readily found by using a scaling estimate. In such an estimate, numerical coefficients of order one are ig ...
Complete morphologies of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons in
... the nucleus; numerous short protrusions from the cell body called dendrites; and a long thin structure called an axon that carries the electrical signals generated in the cell body and the dendrites to the next neuron in the network. One of the most studied networks in the human brain is the basal f ...
... the nucleus; numerous short protrusions from the cell body called dendrites; and a long thin structure called an axon that carries the electrical signals generated in the cell body and the dendrites to the next neuron in the network. One of the most studied networks in the human brain is the basal f ...
Optogenetic Brain Interfaces
... in the overall dynamics of the network (e.g., functionality of fast-spiking Parvalbumin inhibitory interneurons in cortical microcircuits of prefrontal cortex [16]). 3) Generating reversible models of neurological diseases: The mechanism for bidirectional control of genetically designated neural pop ...
... in the overall dynamics of the network (e.g., functionality of fast-spiking Parvalbumin inhibitory interneurons in cortical microcircuits of prefrontal cortex [16]). 3) Generating reversible models of neurological diseases: The mechanism for bidirectional control of genetically designated neural pop ...
Ulanovsky et al., 2003
... trials did not alter the effects on forward suppression. Overall, we conclude that cortical inhibition does regulate forward suppression, and that Sst+ interneurons control the strength of forward suppression, potentially influencing the detectability of later stimuli, whereas Pvalb+ interneurons re ...
... trials did not alter the effects on forward suppression. Overall, we conclude that cortical inhibition does regulate forward suppression, and that Sst+ interneurons control the strength of forward suppression, potentially influencing the detectability of later stimuli, whereas Pvalb+ interneurons re ...
- D-Scholarship@Pitt
... researches to perform in-vivo long-term observation of the anatomical changes that occur at competing axon terminals. These studies revealed that the competition occurs locally (i.e., different branches of the single motor neuron in different region of the muscle can be either winners or losers), an ...
... researches to perform in-vivo long-term observation of the anatomical changes that occur at competing axon terminals. These studies revealed that the competition occurs locally (i.e., different branches of the single motor neuron in different region of the muscle can be either winners or losers), an ...
Optimal Recall from Bounded Metaplastic Synapses: Predicting
... pattern from a noisy recall cue and limited-capacity (and therefore lossy) synapses as a probabilistic inference problem, and derive neural dynamics that implement approximate inference algorithms to solve this problem efficiently. In particular, for binary synapses with metaplastic states, we demon ...
... pattern from a noisy recall cue and limited-capacity (and therefore lossy) synapses as a probabilistic inference problem, and derive neural dynamics that implement approximate inference algorithms to solve this problem efficiently. In particular, for binary synapses with metaplastic states, we demon ...
Spontaneous and Stimulus-Evoked Intrinsic Optical Signals in
... Optical data acquisition and acoustic stimulation Intrinsic optical signals were recorded using the Imager 2001 video acquisition system (Optical Imaging, Germantown, NY), the details of which have been described previously (Bonhoeffer and Grinvald 1996; Grinvald et al. 1986, 1988; Ts’o et al. 1990) ...
... Optical data acquisition and acoustic stimulation Intrinsic optical signals were recorded using the Imager 2001 video acquisition system (Optical Imaging, Germantown, NY), the details of which have been described previously (Bonhoeffer and Grinvald 1996; Grinvald et al. 1986, 1988; Ts’o et al. 1990) ...
Neuromorphic computing
... This adaptation mechanism depends on the timing of the EPSP and the action potential. Thus, it is called Spike-Timing Dependent Plasticity (STDP). ...
... This adaptation mechanism depends on the timing of the EPSP and the action potential. Thus, it is called Spike-Timing Dependent Plasticity (STDP). ...
Microevolution of neuroendocrine mechanisms
... population given the range of possible environments), along with the possibility of genetic variation among individuals in their individual norms of reaction (the range of phenotypes/ages at first reproduction possible for that individual given the range of possible environments) (Roff 2002; Lessell ...
... population given the range of possible environments), along with the possibility of genetic variation among individuals in their individual norms of reaction (the range of phenotypes/ages at first reproduction possible for that individual given the range of possible environments) (Roff 2002; Lessell ...