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Glossopharyngeal Nerve Transection Eliminates
Glossopharyngeal Nerve Transection Eliminates

... the intermediate portion of the gNST where the GL principally terminates but has some, albeit slight, overlap with C T primary afferent fibers. The intermediate rostral section (IRgNST) selected was ;500 mm caudal to cDC N, and the intermediate caudal section (IC gNST) selected was ;900 mm caudal to ...
Neural Networks
Neural Networks

... SNIPE: This manuscript frequently incorporates Snipe. Shaded Snipe-paragraphs cost for non-commercial purposes. It was like this one are scattered among large originally designed for high performance parts of the manuscript, providing inforsimulations with lots and lots of neural mation on how to im ...
Neural Networks
Neural Networks

... SNIPE: This manuscript frequently incorporates Snipe. Shaded Snipe-paragraphs cost for non-commercial purposes. It was like this one are scattered among large originally designed for high performance parts of the manuscript, providing inforsimulations with lots and lots of neural mation on how to im ...
Barrel cortex function - Brain Research Institute
Barrel cortex function - Brain Research Institute

... under tight experimental control. Measurement of neocortical information about a stimulus that we control precisely, may tell us something about the capability of the neocortex to process and to respond to this specific sensory input. The problem with this approach is that sub-cortical structures typ ...
(15 pages pdf)
(15 pages pdf)

... frequency (Figure 1D) and average speed during the bouts (Figure S1C). The gradual decline in locomotor activity during the postpuff period appeared to follow exponential decay kinetics. Indeed, the response profile was fit well by a modified exponential function (Figure 1E; see Experimental Procedu ...
MAY 5, 2000 Submitted to the Annual Review of Neuroscience AN
MAY 5, 2000 Submitted to the Annual Review of Neuroscience AN

... patterns of activity that represent goals and the means to achieve them. They provide bias signals throughout much of the rest of the brain, affecting not only visual processes, but also other sensory modalities, as well as systems responsible for response execution, memory retrieval, emotional eval ...
Glycemic State Regulates Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor
Glycemic State Regulates Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor

... this hypothalamic locus plays an important role in energy homeostasis. Finally, the LH is another crucial regulator of energy balance that is situated in the hypothalamus. Electrical stimulation of the LH promotes feeding and drinking behaviors as well as increased physical activity (51; 124). Inter ...
The Orbitofrontal Cortex and Reward
The Orbitofrontal Cortex and Reward

... neurons in the macaque orbitofrontal cortex that were activated by odors. A ventral frontal region has been implicated in olfactory processing in humans (Jones-Gotman and Zatorre, 1988; Zatorre and Jones-Gotman, 1991; Zatorre et al., 1992). Rolls and colleagues have analyzed the rules by which orbit ...
ANALYSIS OF THE ACTIVITY OF THE CHAINS
ANALYSIS OF THE ACTIVITY OF THE CHAINS

... of the different axons. The number and complexity of central pathways ar‘e best described by saying that, with but few exceptions, at least one pathway can be found connecting any two central neurons in a .manner so that an impulse may be conducted from one to the other neuron in the direction of ax ...
Presentazione standard di PowerPoint
Presentazione standard di PowerPoint

Feedforward and feedback frequency
Feedforward and feedback frequency

... a given cortical area and layer. More precisely, we assume a population of pyramidal neurons and a population of inhibitory interneurons at this level. Within and between each population are recurrent and cross connections, respectively (Fig. 2A, top). Local strongly interconnected populations of ex ...
Synaptic Targets of Medial Septal Projections in the Hippocampus
Synaptic Targets of Medial Septal Projections in the Hippocampus

... Temporal coordination of neuronal assemblies among cortical areas is essential for behavioral performance. GABAergic projections from the medial septum and diagonal band complex exclusively innervate GABAergic interneurons in the rat hippocampus, contributing to the coordination of neuronal activity ...
Background - Harvard University
Background - Harvard University

... Around this time, Thorndike’s (1911) Law of Effect postulated that a reward increases the frequency and intensity of a specific behavioral act that has resulted in a reward before or, as a common interpretation has it, “rewards make you come back for more.” This definition comes close to the idea of ...
Role of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis in the control
Role of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis in the control

Thalamocortical inputs trigger a propagating envelope of gamma
Thalamocortical inputs trigger a propagating envelope of gamma

Selective attention through selective neuronal synchronization
Selective attention through selective neuronal synchronization

... gamma-band synchronization can also be dissociated from each other and this can be found primarily when firing rate changes are not driven by changes in bottom-up input (e.g. stimulus changes), but rather by changes in top-down input (e.g. attention or stimulus selection) (Fries, Schröder, Roelfsema ...
Do neurons have a reserve of sodium channels for the generation of
Do neurons have a reserve of sodium channels for the generation of

Proopiomelanocortin Neurons in Nucleus Tractus Solitarius Are
Proopiomelanocortin Neurons in Nucleus Tractus Solitarius Are

... of the caudal NTS that are known to receive vagal afferent synapses. This distribution raises the interesting prospect that these neurons are directly regulated by sensory afferent signals. To test this, we cut brainstem slices horizontally to preserve a lengthy segment of the ST in the same plane a ...
Frontal Eye Field Sends Delay Activity Related to Movement
Frontal Eye Field Sends Delay Activity Related to Movement

... localizations with magnetic resonance imaging. We recorded single neurons extracellularly in the FEF and showed that they projected to the SC by antidromically activating them with an electrical stimulation pulse applied to the SC intermediate layer through a chronically implanted microelectrode (Fi ...
A Brainstem Network Mediating Apneic Reflexes in the Rat
A Brainstem Network Mediating Apneic Reflexes in the Rat

... Apnea is an important protective response to upper airway irritation, but the central mechanisms responsible for eliciting sensory-induced apnea are not well understood. Recent studies have emphasized the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus in producing apnea and proposed a trigeminoparabrachial pathway for medi ...
Responses of Primate Caudal Parabrachial Nucleus and Ko¨lliker
Responses of Primate Caudal Parabrachial Nucleus and Ko¨lliker

... The spike times were identified with 0.1-ms precision and the firing rates were digitized at 5 ms/sample. Each stimulus cycle was divided into 64 equally spaced time bins, and the number of neuronal spikes in each time bin was averaged to compute the firing rate across an average stimulus cycle. The ...
In Vitro, Ex Vivo and In Vivo Techniques to Study Neuronal Migration
In Vitro, Ex Vivo and In Vivo Techniques to Study Neuronal Migration

... nucleus predominantly found in the VZ, a short apical process that connects them with the lateral ventricles and a very long basal filament that contacts the outer brain surface. This array of basal radial glia filaments is what newborn neurons use to support and direct their migration towards the o ...
Supraspinal control of ejaculation
Supraspinal control of ejaculation

The neural mechanisms of perceptual filling-in
The neural mechanisms of perceptual filling-in

... also occurs in the normal visual field where there is no deficit of visual inputs. In one example, stabilization of the border of a surface on the retina causes fillingin. For instance, when steady fixation is maintained, the contrast of an object in the peripheral visual field gradually decreases, ...
Circuits through prefrontal cortex, basal ganglia, and ventral anterior
Circuits through prefrontal cortex, basal ganglia, and ventral anterior

... The ventral anterior (VA) nucleus of the thalamus is connected with prefrontal and premotor cortices and with the basal ganglia. Although classically associated with motor functions, recent evidence implicates the basal ganglia in cognition and emotion as well. Here, we used two complementary approa ...
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Neural coding

Neural coding is a neuroscience-related field concerned with characterizing the relationship between the stimulus and the individual or ensemble neuronal responses and the relationship among the electrical activity of the neurons in the ensemble. Based on the theory thatsensory and other information is represented in the brain by networks of neurons, it is thought that neurons can encode both digital and analog information.
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