Insights into decision making using choice probability
... the second question includes a tacit assumption that CP originates from feedforward mechanisms. Recent work on CP calls this assumption into question. Therefore, we also ask, 3) what is the origin of CP?; does it result from feedforward pooling of neuronal activity or from feedback mechanisms such a ...
... the second question includes a tacit assumption that CP originates from feedforward mechanisms. Recent work on CP calls this assumption into question. Therefore, we also ask, 3) what is the origin of CP?; does it result from feedforward pooling of neuronal activity or from feedback mechanisms such a ...
Inhibition of central neurons is reduced following acoustic trauma
... DCN of unexposed animals. Instead, neurons showed no response to sound, weak responses that were hard to tune and characterize, or ‘‘tail’’ responses, consisting of broadly-tuned, predominantly excitatory responses, with a roughly low-pass shape similar to the tuning curves of auditory nerve fibers ...
... DCN of unexposed animals. Instead, neurons showed no response to sound, weak responses that were hard to tune and characterize, or ‘‘tail’’ responses, consisting of broadly-tuned, predominantly excitatory responses, with a roughly low-pass shape similar to the tuning curves of auditory nerve fibers ...
the superior Olivary complex
... of the MOC neuron (Liberman & Brown, 1986). The marginal cell region of the anteroventral cochlear nucleus (AVCN) project bilaterally to MOC neurons. It is hypothesized that the marginal cells provide information about sound intensity as part of a feedback gain control system comprising the cochlea, ...
... of the MOC neuron (Liberman & Brown, 1986). The marginal cell region of the anteroventral cochlear nucleus (AVCN) project bilaterally to MOC neurons. It is hypothesized that the marginal cells provide information about sound intensity as part of a feedback gain control system comprising the cochlea, ...
PARK9-Associated ATP13A2 Localizes to Intracellular
... ATP13A2 loss-of-function on the viability and integrity of dopaminergic neurons, we employed mir-30adapted short hairpin RNA (shRNA) constructs to silence the expression of endogenous ATP13A2. To validate shRNA constructs, we demonstrate by Western blot analysis the successful knockdown of fulllengt ...
... ATP13A2 loss-of-function on the viability and integrity of dopaminergic neurons, we employed mir-30adapted short hairpin RNA (shRNA) constructs to silence the expression of endogenous ATP13A2. To validate shRNA constructs, we demonstrate by Western blot analysis the successful knockdown of fulllengt ...
Use of an Amino-Cupric-Silver Technique for the Detection of Early
... stored in fixative for 2-3 days. Good results, however, have been obtained in sections that have been postfixed for only 25 h or at the other extreme for 2-3 months in a refrigerator (4°C). The postfixation eventually suppresses normal fiber staining; at 24 h some normal fibers will be stained, whil ...
... stored in fixative for 2-3 days. Good results, however, have been obtained in sections that have been postfixed for only 25 h or at the other extreme for 2-3 months in a refrigerator (4°C). The postfixation eventually suppresses normal fiber staining; at 24 h some normal fibers will be stained, whil ...
Glycine Immunoreactivity of Multipolar Neurons in the Ventral
... and Young, 1980; Young et al., 1988). These local circuits, however, do not account for all of the response properties of DCN neurons. For example, type II units of the DCN are relatively unresponsive to broadband stimuli even when the stimuli contain energy within the excitatory response area of th ...
... and Young, 1980; Young et al., 1988). These local circuits, however, do not account for all of the response properties of DCN neurons. For example, type II units of the DCN are relatively unresponsive to broadband stimuli even when the stimuli contain energy within the excitatory response area of th ...
For Peer Review - diss.fu
... The bilateral habenular nucleus of the epithalamus consists of a medial (MHb) and a lateral (LHb) complex. Both parts receive input from structures such as lateral hypothalamus, lateral preoptic area, entopeduncular nucleus and basal ganglia via the stria medularis and the medial forebrain bundle (H ...
... The bilateral habenular nucleus of the epithalamus consists of a medial (MHb) and a lateral (LHb) complex. Both parts receive input from structures such as lateral hypothalamus, lateral preoptic area, entopeduncular nucleus and basal ganglia via the stria medularis and the medial forebrain bundle (H ...
Production and Survival of Projection Neurons in a Forebrain Vocal
... completely scanned for 3H-labeled neurons. The number of such cells that were also retrogradely labeled with beads was divided by the volume sampled to generate double-labeled cell densities. )H-bead cell density data were used for comparing the efficacy of beads and fluorogold. Ventricular zone ana ...
... completely scanned for 3H-labeled neurons. The number of such cells that were also retrogradely labeled with beads was divided by the volume sampled to generate double-labeled cell densities. )H-bead cell density data were used for comparing the efficacy of beads and fluorogold. Ventricular zone ana ...
The Central Nervous System
... The brain, a large mass of neural tissue, contains internal passageways and chambers filled with CSF. The six major regions of the brain have specific functions. As you ascend from the medulla oblongata to the cerebrum, those functions become more complex and variable. Conscious thought and intellig ...
... The brain, a large mass of neural tissue, contains internal passageways and chambers filled with CSF. The six major regions of the brain have specific functions. As you ascend from the medulla oblongata to the cerebrum, those functions become more complex and variable. Conscious thought and intellig ...
Central Nervous System
... 5 Repolarization. Potassium ions diffuse out of the cell as the membrane permeability changes again, restoring the negative charge on the inside of the membrane and the positive charge on the outside surface. Repolarization occurs in the same direction as depolarization. ...
... 5 Repolarization. Potassium ions diffuse out of the cell as the membrane permeability changes again, restoring the negative charge on the inside of the membrane and the positive charge on the outside surface. Repolarization occurs in the same direction as depolarization. ...
PDF version - UTRGV Faculty Web
... complied with the animal care guidelines of the University of Melbourne and the laws of Australia. Animals were anaesthetised by chilling for at least 30 minutes before dissection. Dissections were performed in chilled seawater. I removed the abdomen at the thoracicabdomen joint, trimmed the protrud ...
... complied with the animal care guidelines of the University of Melbourne and the laws of Australia. Animals were anaesthetised by chilling for at least 30 minutes before dissection. Dissections were performed in chilled seawater. I removed the abdomen at the thoracicabdomen joint, trimmed the protrud ...
The limbic system
... cause stimulation of various parts of the hypothalamus, especially the lateral areas and produce diffuse sympathetic discharge. The massive sympathetic discharge during stress is called the “flight or fright response”. Stress via cortical and limbic connections causes release of corticotropinreleas ...
... cause stimulation of various parts of the hypothalamus, especially the lateral areas and produce diffuse sympathetic discharge. The massive sympathetic discharge during stress is called the “flight or fright response”. Stress via cortical and limbic connections causes release of corticotropinreleas ...
Primate Globus Pallidus and Subthalamic Nucleus: Functional
... numbers caudally. In the central portions the anatomical/physiological basis of the they were situated largely inferior and lateral symptoms of basal ganglia dysfunction in to leg movement-related neurons. Neurons humans. SUMMARY ...
... numbers caudally. In the central portions the anatomical/physiological basis of the they were situated largely inferior and lateral symptoms of basal ganglia dysfunction in to leg movement-related neurons. Neurons humans. SUMMARY ...
Neural and Computational Mechanisms of Action Processing
... underlying computations remains rather limited. This fact stands in contrast with a wide variety of speculative theories about how action recognition might work, and how it might interact with other cognitive brain functions. This review focuses on new fundamental electrophysiological results in mon ...
... underlying computations remains rather limited. This fact stands in contrast with a wide variety of speculative theories about how action recognition might work, and how it might interact with other cognitive brain functions. This review focuses on new fundamental electrophysiological results in mon ...
Mirror neurons or emulator neurons?
... account (Fig. 1a) postulates a new entry point to the motor loop during action observation. This new entry point is the mirror system, which duplicates the motor command necessary for the observed action by 'direct matching', bypassing the normal route through the motor controller (the inverse model ...
... account (Fig. 1a) postulates a new entry point to the motor loop during action observation. This new entry point is the mirror system, which duplicates the motor command necessary for the observed action by 'direct matching', bypassing the normal route through the motor controller (the inverse model ...
Aminobutyric Acid (GABA)-A Function and Binding in
... a tonic GABAergic inhibition on sympathoadrenal function from several forebrain sites.11,29 A role for GABA has been strongly implicated in hypertension. Administration of GABA agonists intraventricularly causes a greater fall in blood pressure in hypertensive animals.21,22,30 Muscimol microinjectio ...
... a tonic GABAergic inhibition on sympathoadrenal function from several forebrain sites.11,29 A role for GABA has been strongly implicated in hypertension. Administration of GABA agonists intraventricularly causes a greater fall in blood pressure in hypertensive animals.21,22,30 Muscimol microinjectio ...
Cough, Expiration and Aspiration Reflexes following
... groups containing pools of neurons being activated during the stimulation of cough trigger zones within the airways. In addition, the terminal arborization of neurons from the commissural subnucleus of the nucleus tractus solitarii (the region which receives vagal primary afferents from the lungs, a ...
... groups containing pools of neurons being activated during the stimulation of cough trigger zones within the airways. In addition, the terminal arborization of neurons from the commissural subnucleus of the nucleus tractus solitarii (the region which receives vagal primary afferents from the lungs, a ...
The Impact of Prior Experience With Cross-Modal
... accurately (Stein, Meredith, Huneycutt, & McDade, 1989), simultaneous presentation of light and sound from different spatial locations can depress activity in neurons responsive to multiple sensory inputs (Binns, Turner, & Salt, 1999), which may attenuate behavior. The neurons responsible for MI are ...
... accurately (Stein, Meredith, Huneycutt, & McDade, 1989), simultaneous presentation of light and sound from different spatial locations can depress activity in neurons responsive to multiple sensory inputs (Binns, Turner, & Salt, 1999), which may attenuate behavior. The neurons responsible for MI are ...
Chapter 6 — Gross Anatomy of the Brain
... ventricles, which communicate with the third ventricle via the interventricular foramen (foramen of Monro) (Fig. 6.2A). The two lateral ventricles are separated from one another by two closely adjoined non-nervous membranes, each known as a septum pellucidum. Ependymal cells line each lateral ventri ...
... ventricles, which communicate with the third ventricle via the interventricular foramen (foramen of Monro) (Fig. 6.2A). The two lateral ventricles are separated from one another by two closely adjoined non-nervous membranes, each known as a septum pellucidum. Ependymal cells line each lateral ventri ...
DOWN - Ubiquitous Computing Lab
... INT Winner; /* - last winner in Kohonen layer */ REAL Alpha; /* - learning rate for Kohonen layer */ REAL Alpha_; /* - learning rate for output layer */ REAL Alpha__; /* - learning rate for step sizes */ ...
... INT Winner; /* - last winner in Kohonen layer */ REAL Alpha; /* - learning rate for Kohonen layer */ REAL Alpha_; /* - learning rate for output layer */ REAL Alpha__; /* - learning rate for step sizes */ ...
Activity of Defined Mushroom Body Output Neurons
... S2). Lastly, R66C08-GAL4 only expresses in the M6/MBONg5b0 2a neurons that mostly innervate the g lobe tip and the anterior zone of b0 2 (Figure 1C, Movie S3). We determined the polarity of the M4/6 neurons using expression of established neural compartment marker proteins. The dendritic marker DenM ...
... S2). Lastly, R66C08-GAL4 only expresses in the M6/MBONg5b0 2a neurons that mostly innervate the g lobe tip and the anterior zone of b0 2 (Figure 1C, Movie S3). We determined the polarity of the M4/6 neurons using expression of established neural compartment marker proteins. The dendritic marker DenM ...
Webb et al 2002 - User Web Areas at the University of York
... How does feedback from V1 and extraclassical stimulation modulate the activity of LGN neurons? To investigate the influence that feedback from the striate cortex has over extraclassical interactions in the LGN, we measured the modulated response of LGN neurons to gratings of a range of different con ...
... How does feedback from V1 and extraclassical stimulation modulate the activity of LGN neurons? To investigate the influence that feedback from the striate cortex has over extraclassical interactions in the LGN, we measured the modulated response of LGN neurons to gratings of a range of different con ...
Conversion of Mouse and Human Fibroblasts into Functional Spinal
... reprogram fibroblasts into spinal motor neurons. Motor neurons control the contraction of muscle fibers actuating movement. Damage to motor neurons caused by either injury or disease can result in paralysis or death; consequently, there is significant interest in understanding how motor neurons rege ...
... reprogram fibroblasts into spinal motor neurons. Motor neurons control the contraction of muscle fibers actuating movement. Damage to motor neurons caused by either injury or disease can result in paralysis or death; consequently, there is significant interest in understanding how motor neurons rege ...
Motor Cortical Networks for Skilled Movements Have Reaching
... defined as the average firing rate of a neuron during control periods (when the animal was sitting quietly) (Figures 1(a) and 1(b)). Analysis of spike duration was performed using the “Spike2” software package (CED, Cambridge, UK), and spike duration was determined using the distance between the two ...
... defined as the average firing rate of a neuron during control periods (when the animal was sitting quietly) (Figures 1(a) and 1(b)). Analysis of spike duration was performed using the “Spike2” software package (CED, Cambridge, UK), and spike duration was determined using the distance between the two ...
Rhythmicity, randomness and synchrony in climbing fiber signals
... indicated by multiple peaks in autocorrelograms. These results suggest that any input to the inferior olive, whether it is inhibitory (GABA) or excitatory (glutamate), suppresses rhythmicity. The inferior olive receives abundant GABAergic inputs from the cerebellar nuclei, and excitatory inputs from ...
... indicated by multiple peaks in autocorrelograms. These results suggest that any input to the inferior olive, whether it is inhibitory (GABA) or excitatory (glutamate), suppresses rhythmicity. The inferior olive receives abundant GABAergic inputs from the cerebellar nuclei, and excitatory inputs from ...