A cellular mechanism for cortical associations: an organizing
... A basic feature of intelligent systems such as the cerebral cortex is the ability to freely associate aspects of perceived experience with an internal representation of the world and make predictions about the future. Here, a hypothesis is presented that the extraordinary performance of the cortex d ...
... A basic feature of intelligent systems such as the cerebral cortex is the ability to freely associate aspects of perceived experience with an internal representation of the world and make predictions about the future. Here, a hypothesis is presented that the extraordinary performance of the cortex d ...
Visual Receptive Field Properties of Neurons in the Superficial
... orientation-selective responses are discovered in the mouse SC, and they are not affected by cortical lesion or long-term visual deprivation. However, ON/OFF characteristics and spatial frequency tuning of SC neurons are influenced by cortical inputs and require visual experience during development. ...
... orientation-selective responses are discovered in the mouse SC, and they are not affected by cortical lesion or long-term visual deprivation. However, ON/OFF characteristics and spatial frequency tuning of SC neurons are influenced by cortical inputs and require visual experience during development. ...
Slide 7.45b
... In CNS – No Schwann cells to do this.SLIDE Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings ...
... In CNS – No Schwann cells to do this.SLIDE Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings ...
Organization of acetylcholine-containing structures in the cranial
... (Ichikawa and Hirata, 1990) and monkey (Ichikawa and Shimizu, 1998). Our experiment revealed internuclear differences between the ChAT-positive bouton-like structures and motoneurons of the particular motor nuclei of the porcine rhombencephalon. Based on these differences the nuclei might be classif ...
... (Ichikawa and Hirata, 1990) and monkey (Ichikawa and Shimizu, 1998). Our experiment revealed internuclear differences between the ChAT-positive bouton-like structures and motoneurons of the particular motor nuclei of the porcine rhombencephalon. Based on these differences the nuclei might be classif ...
Mushroom body efferent neurons responsible for aversive olfactory
... represented in the antennal lobes in the form of activity in olfactory receptor neurons4. Projection neurons then convey this information to higher-order processing centers4: the mushroom bodies and the lateral horn. By contrast, aversive reinforcement signals that occur in response to electric shoc ...
... represented in the antennal lobes in the form of activity in olfactory receptor neurons4. Projection neurons then convey this information to higher-order processing centers4: the mushroom bodies and the lateral horn. By contrast, aversive reinforcement signals that occur in response to electric shoc ...
A Pitx transcription factor controls the establishment
... of cell death as the major cause of serotonergic neuron loss. A role of Smed-pitx in the regulation of differentiation combined with a fast turnover of serotonergic neurons might be a reason for the dramatic loss of serotonergic neurons after Smed-pitx RNAi. To test this we depleted stem cells by γ- ...
... of cell death as the major cause of serotonergic neuron loss. A role of Smed-pitx in the regulation of differentiation combined with a fast turnover of serotonergic neurons might be a reason for the dramatic loss of serotonergic neurons after Smed-pitx RNAi. To test this we depleted stem cells by γ- ...
07.11 - UCSD Cognitive Science
... number of technical limitations. Chief among these is the multisynaptic nature of these pathways and the general inability of conventional tracers to label more than the direct inputs and outputs of an area. To overcome this and other problems, we have used a new approach, retrograde transneuronal t ...
... number of technical limitations. Chief among these is the multisynaptic nature of these pathways and the general inability of conventional tracers to label more than the direct inputs and outputs of an area. To overcome this and other problems, we have used a new approach, retrograde transneuronal t ...
292(1):94-106
... In Class 1 mutants, dye injection into the ventricles highlights that distinct locations along the brain tube midline appear to remain shut. We have termed this a defect in ‘‘midline separation’’. After neurulation in wildtype zebrafish, the neural tube is closed but shows a distinct midline (Lowery ...
... In Class 1 mutants, dye injection into the ventricles highlights that distinct locations along the brain tube midline appear to remain shut. We have termed this a defect in ‘‘midline separation’’. After neurulation in wildtype zebrafish, the neural tube is closed but shows a distinct midline (Lowery ...
Spinal Cord Motor Activity
... Under normal conditions, a noxious stimulus is required to evoke the flexion reflex; following damage to descending pathways, however, other types of stimulation, such as moderate squeezing of a limb, can produce the same response. Thus, the descending projections to the cord may function, at least ...
... Under normal conditions, a noxious stimulus is required to evoke the flexion reflex; following damage to descending pathways, however, other types of stimulation, such as moderate squeezing of a limb, can produce the same response. Thus, the descending projections to the cord may function, at least ...
The Nervous System
... Neurotransmitter is released into the synaptic cleft when the vesicle fuses with the membrane (presynaptic neuron) NT diffuses across the cleft and binds to the receptors on the dendrite of the next neuron (postsynaptic neuron) Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cumm ...
... Neurotransmitter is released into the synaptic cleft when the vesicle fuses with the membrane (presynaptic neuron) NT diffuses across the cleft and binds to the receptors on the dendrite of the next neuron (postsynaptic neuron) Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cumm ...
Nerve activates contraction
... Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings ...
... Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings ...
Nerve activates contraction
... Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings ...
... Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings ...
Time Is Brain—Quantified
... isolated particles with a uniform probability in 3-dimensional space regardless of their size, shape, or orientation in tissue.20 The total number of neurons in the average human brain is ⬇130 billion. However, cerebellar granular cells contribute disproportionately to this sum. There are 21.5 billi ...
... isolated particles with a uniform probability in 3-dimensional space regardless of their size, shape, or orientation in tissue.20 The total number of neurons in the average human brain is ⬇130 billion. However, cerebellar granular cells contribute disproportionately to this sum. There are 21.5 billi ...
Induction of NADPH diaphoraselnitric oxide synthase in the spinal
... after the blast but were drastically reduced thereafter, so that at 7 days after the blast only a few positive neurons were observed. In rats killed at 2 weeks and in longer surviving intervals, i.e. up to 1 month, NADPH-d/NOS reactivity in the ventral horn motor neurons had diminished. The function ...
... after the blast but were drastically reduced thereafter, so that at 7 days after the blast only a few positive neurons were observed. In rats killed at 2 weeks and in longer surviving intervals, i.e. up to 1 month, NADPH-d/NOS reactivity in the ventral horn motor neurons had diminished. The function ...
Topography of Modular Subunits in the Mushroom Bodies of the
... in the a lobe of the MB (Fig. 1B; Mizunami et al., 1997). More or less similar slablike striations have been described in some anatomical accounts of the cockroach MB (Hanström, 1928; Howse, 1975; Weiss, 1981; Li and Strausfeld, 1997), but their detailed morphological features have not been reporte ...
... in the a lobe of the MB (Fig. 1B; Mizunami et al., 1997). More or less similar slablike striations have been described in some anatomical accounts of the cockroach MB (Hanström, 1928; Howse, 1975; Weiss, 1981; Li and Strausfeld, 1997), but their detailed morphological features have not been reporte ...
Nociceptors: the sensors of the pain pathway
... dorsal horn of the spinal cord or the trigeminal subnucleus caudalis (Vc) (13), respectively (Figure 1A). In this way, propagating electrical signals between periphery and spinal cord (or brainstem) follow a direct axonal pathway, thus reducing the risk of conduction failure (32). Nociceptors are ex ...
... dorsal horn of the spinal cord or the trigeminal subnucleus caudalis (Vc) (13), respectively (Figure 1A). In this way, propagating electrical signals between periphery and spinal cord (or brainstem) follow a direct axonal pathway, thus reducing the risk of conduction failure (32). Nociceptors are ex ...
THE PEDAL NEURONS OF APLYSIA PUNCTATA
... There are no detailed accounts of the connexions and branching of the axons of neurons in the pedal ganglia of opisthobranchs. Most of the experiments on these ganglia have been limited to cutting and stimulating nerve trunks, and using these techniques, Frohlich (1910) demonstrated the role of the ...
... There are no detailed accounts of the connexions and branching of the axons of neurons in the pedal ganglia of opisthobranchs. Most of the experiments on these ganglia have been limited to cutting and stimulating nerve trunks, and using these techniques, Frohlich (1910) demonstrated the role of the ...
Dissecting and Staining Drosophila Optic Lobes
... Yamaguchi et al. 2008). Therefore, the fly color vision system likely relies on comparing the inputs of R7 and R8 in the medulla neuropil. To understand how color vision is processed, we have described the target neurons of R7 and R8 in the medulla (Morante and Desplan 2008) in a study that builds o ...
... Yamaguchi et al. 2008). Therefore, the fly color vision system likely relies on comparing the inputs of R7 and R8 in the medulla neuropil. To understand how color vision is processed, we have described the target neurons of R7 and R8 in the medulla (Morante and Desplan 2008) in a study that builds o ...
Guide to the CERAD Form
... cortex respectively. The pathology is graded as none = 0, sparse (one or two affected neurons per section) =1, moderate (several affected neurons per section) = 3 and severe (many affected neurons per section) = 5. snlhi and snlerc record the presence or absence of severe neuronal loss in the hippoc ...
... cortex respectively. The pathology is graded as none = 0, sparse (one or two affected neurons per section) =1, moderate (several affected neurons per section) = 3 and severe (many affected neurons per section) = 5. snlhi and snlerc record the presence or absence of severe neuronal loss in the hippoc ...
Cortico–basal ganglia circuit mechanism for a decision threshold in
... model for the superior colliculus burst cells, and we tested the hypothesis that these burst cells are suitable for reading out threshold crossing in upstream neurons. Furthermore, the superior colliculus is known to be under the control of the basal ganglia, which have a critical role in voluntary ...
... model for the superior colliculus burst cells, and we tested the hypothesis that these burst cells are suitable for reading out threshold crossing in upstream neurons. Furthermore, the superior colliculus is known to be under the control of the basal ganglia, which have a critical role in voluntary ...
REVIEWS - Ping Pong
... to total adiposity, with increasing levels seen as energy stores in the form of adipose tissue increase18,19. It should be noted that leptin secretion is more dynamic than was first appreciated, and it seems to be linked to energy flux within adipocytes20,21. As a result, during periods of negative ...
... to total adiposity, with increasing levels seen as energy stores in the form of adipose tissue increase18,19. It should be noted that leptin secretion is more dynamic than was first appreciated, and it seems to be linked to energy flux within adipocytes20,21. As a result, during periods of negative ...
c-Jun Expression in Adult Rat Dorsal Root
... influences may lead to different cell body responses to axotomy. For example, the differences in the CNS and PNS targets will determine which soluble factors are retrogradely transported to the cell body (3, 66). Retrograde transport of trophic factors from target neurons or glia is necessary to sup ...
... influences may lead to different cell body responses to axotomy. For example, the differences in the CNS and PNS targets will determine which soluble factors are retrogradely transported to the cell body (3, 66). Retrograde transport of trophic factors from target neurons or glia is necessary to sup ...
Role of Glucose-Induced Oxidative Stress - Diabetes
... myelinated and unmyelinated fibers (1,2). It has been proposed that high glucose concentrations induce toxicity and cell death in sensory neurons, and this triggers diabetic neuropathy through loss of nerve fibers (3). Cultured embryonic dorsal root ganglion sensory neurons were exposed to high nonp ...
... myelinated and unmyelinated fibers (1,2). It has been proposed that high glucose concentrations induce toxicity and cell death in sensory neurons, and this triggers diabetic neuropathy through loss of nerve fibers (3). Cultured embryonic dorsal root ganglion sensory neurons were exposed to high nonp ...
NK1 receptor-expressing spinoparabrachial neurons trigger diffuse
... feature of DNIC is that they are subserved by a loop that involves supraspinal structures that have not yet been identified. Using behavioral, in vivo extracellular electrophysiological and anatomical approaches, we studied the neuronal network underlying DNIC. Using a new behavioral model of DNIC, i ...
... feature of DNIC is that they are subserved by a loop that involves supraspinal structures that have not yet been identified. Using behavioral, in vivo extracellular electrophysiological and anatomical approaches, we studied the neuronal network underlying DNIC. Using a new behavioral model of DNIC, i ...