Gene Expression and the Control of Food Intake by Hypothalamic
... energy homeostasis by hypothalamic neurons [93-96]. Inhibition of PI3K attenuates the suppression of food intake by insulin as well as leptin [95, 96]. One downstream target of Akt is the forkhead transcriptional factor subfamily forkhead box O1 (FoxO1 or Fkhr) [97]. Activation of Akt phosphorylates ...
... energy homeostasis by hypothalamic neurons [93-96]. Inhibition of PI3K attenuates the suppression of food intake by insulin as well as leptin [95, 96]. One downstream target of Akt is the forkhead transcriptional factor subfamily forkhead box O1 (FoxO1 or Fkhr) [97]. Activation of Akt phosphorylates ...
Pontine Gustatory Activity Is Altered by Electrical Stimulation in the
... stimuli. Both behavioral and anatomical evidence suggests that this modulation may involve descending input from the forebrain. The present study investigates the centrifugal control of gustatory neural activity in the parabrachial nucleus (PBN). Extracellular responses were recorded from 51 single ...
... stimuli. Both behavioral and anatomical evidence suggests that this modulation may involve descending input from the forebrain. The present study investigates the centrifugal control of gustatory neural activity in the parabrachial nucleus (PBN). Extracellular responses were recorded from 51 single ...
CHAPTER 48 NEURONS, SYNAPSES, AND SIGNALING Learning
... 1. Differentiate between sensation and perception. 2. Describe the four general functions of receptor cells as they convert energy stimuli into changes in membrane potentials and then transmit signals to the central nervous system. 3. Distinguish between sensory transduction and receptor potential. ...
... 1. Differentiate between sensation and perception. 2. Describe the four general functions of receptor cells as they convert energy stimuli into changes in membrane potentials and then transmit signals to the central nervous system. 3. Distinguish between sensory transduction and receptor potential. ...
resource - Fujisawa lab
... opsins have been difficult to generate, as indicated by recent characterization of a ChR2 Cre reporter20. To our knowledge, no transgenic line with Cre-dependent expression of a silencing opsin has yet been described. However, efforts to overcome the limitations of early versions of silencing opsins ...
... opsins have been difficult to generate, as indicated by recent characterization of a ChR2 Cre reporter20. To our knowledge, no transgenic line with Cre-dependent expression of a silencing opsin has yet been described. However, efforts to overcome the limitations of early versions of silencing opsins ...
12 - PHSchool.com
... We begin our study of the brain with brain embryology, as the terminology used for the structural divisions of the adult brain is easier to follow when you understand brain development. The earliest phase of brain development is shown in Figure 12.1. Starting in the three-week-old embryo, the ectode ...
... We begin our study of the brain with brain embryology, as the terminology used for the structural divisions of the adult brain is easier to follow when you understand brain development. The earliest phase of brain development is shown in Figure 12.1. Starting in the three-week-old embryo, the ectode ...
Maruska & Tricas 2011
... Uchida et al., 2005), and their spontaneous activity can be influenced by biologically-relevant sensory signals (Ramakrishnan and Wayne, 2009). In fishes and other vertebrates, the terminal nerve GnRH system also modulates processing of visual and olfactory information at the periphery (i.e., retina a ...
... Uchida et al., 2005), and their spontaneous activity can be influenced by biologically-relevant sensory signals (Ramakrishnan and Wayne, 2009). In fishes and other vertebrates, the terminal nerve GnRH system also modulates processing of visual and olfactory information at the periphery (i.e., retina a ...
SCENTS AND SENSIBILITY: A MOLECULAR LOGIC OF OLFACTORY PERCEPTION
... The completed sequence of both the murine and human genome ultimately identified 1300 odorant receptors in the mouse (12,13) and 500 in humans (14,15,16). If mice possess 20,000 genes, then as much as 5% of the genome, one in 20 genes encodes the odorant receptors. A large family of odorant receptor ...
... The completed sequence of both the murine and human genome ultimately identified 1300 odorant receptors in the mouse (12,13) and 500 in humans (14,15,16). If mice possess 20,000 genes, then as much as 5% of the genome, one in 20 genes encodes the odorant receptors. A large family of odorant receptor ...
Negatively-Correlated Firing - Department of Computer Science
... of population coding. We will then present a model and a set of experiments using this model, which demonstrates that pools of neurons operating with inhibitory connections perform better on a stimulus-tracking task than the same model with no inhibitory connections. The model is designed to show ho ...
... of population coding. We will then present a model and a set of experiments using this model, which demonstrates that pools of neurons operating with inhibitory connections perform better on a stimulus-tracking task than the same model with no inhibitory connections. The model is designed to show ho ...
Heterogeneity of the Population of Command Neurons in the Lamprey
... rhombencephalic reticular nucleus (ARRN ), middle rhombencephalic reticular nucleus (MRRN ), and posterior rhombencephalic reticular nucleus (PRRN )]. To stimulate a neuron, positive current pulses were passed through the recording intracellular electrode (Stim ME). Activity of MNs was recorded bila ...
... rhombencephalic reticular nucleus (ARRN ), middle rhombencephalic reticular nucleus (MRRN ), and posterior rhombencephalic reticular nucleus (PRRN )]. To stimulate a neuron, positive current pulses were passed through the recording intracellular electrode (Stim ME). Activity of MNs was recorded bila ...
Two Types of Neurons in the Primate Globus
... each trial (see below). Experiments were carried out in a darkened booth. Voltages proportional to horizontal and vertical eye position were calibrated before each experiment by having monkeys fixate on a stationary target spot at known visual angles. Thereafter, visual stimuli were presented in indi ...
... each trial (see below). Experiments were carried out in a darkened booth. Voltages proportional to horizontal and vertical eye position were calibrated before each experiment by having monkeys fixate on a stationary target spot at known visual angles. Thereafter, visual stimuli were presented in indi ...
Vestibular System
... Direction — at low frequencies, the brain uses the phase difference (time-lag) between inputs to right and left ears to determine which ear is closer to the source of the sound; at high frequencies, the head acts as a barrier resulting in an intensity difference between the near and far ear. (Also, ...
... Direction — at low frequencies, the brain uses the phase difference (time-lag) between inputs to right and left ears to determine which ear is closer to the source of the sound; at high frequencies, the head acts as a barrier resulting in an intensity difference between the near and far ear. (Also, ...
the anatomy and neurosecretory system of the
... stages in the evolution of mushroom bodies can be found in various species. Clark identifies three types of ganglion cell within the brain of Nephtys: ...
... stages in the evolution of mushroom bodies can be found in various species. Clark identifies three types of ganglion cell within the brain of Nephtys: ...
Vomeronasal Function - Oxford Academic
... potentials in vomeronasal afferent axons. Theoretically, a decrease in GABA release from granule cells, allowing an decrease in firing rate carries equal information to an overactivation of those mitral cells that respond to the stud's increase in firing rate, as shown by vestibular input during phe ...
... potentials in vomeronasal afferent axons. Theoretically, a decrease in GABA release from granule cells, allowing an decrease in firing rate carries equal information to an overactivation of those mitral cells that respond to the stud's increase in firing rate, as shown by vestibular input during phe ...
short communication - Deep Blue
... intrinsic pacemaker system in the ganglion. The nature of many of the changes suggests that at least some of these modulators are tonic elements, normally producing effects over many cycles. Although there is evidence that specific components of a rhythmic cycle may be stimulated or inhibited indepe ...
... intrinsic pacemaker system in the ganglion. The nature of many of the changes suggests that at least some of these modulators are tonic elements, normally producing effects over many cycles. Although there is evidence that specific components of a rhythmic cycle may be stimulated or inhibited indepe ...
Basal Ganglia: Internal Organization
... substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc). The two major inputs to the basal ganglia are from the cortex and the thalamus (mainly the intralaminar nuclei). The SNr and GPi constitute the output nuclei of the basal ganglia. The basal ganglia influence behavior by the output nuclei (SNr/GPi) projecting to ...
... substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc). The two major inputs to the basal ganglia are from the cortex and the thalamus (mainly the intralaminar nuclei). The SNr and GPi constitute the output nuclei of the basal ganglia. The basal ganglia influence behavior by the output nuclei (SNr/GPi) projecting to ...
Distinct or Gradually Changing Spatial and Nonspatial
... those of dorsal neurons primarily represent spatial locations. However, I wish to raise two main caveats to this interpretation. (1) If indeed the reason for the ventral neurons distinguishing between open and closed arms is related to fear or stress, then a behavioral correlate of stress or fear, s ...
... those of dorsal neurons primarily represent spatial locations. However, I wish to raise two main caveats to this interpretation. (1) If indeed the reason for the ventral neurons distinguishing between open and closed arms is related to fear or stress, then a behavioral correlate of stress or fear, s ...
Encoding of Rules by Neurons in the Human Dorsolateral Prefrontal
... humans is still poorly understood, in part because of the lack of availability of single-neuronal recordings. In addition, it is challenging to establish whether abstract rules are similarly represented in humans who often process sensory cues under complex analogical contexts that may not be easily ...
... humans is still poorly understood, in part because of the lack of availability of single-neuronal recordings. In addition, it is challenging to establish whether abstract rules are similarly represented in humans who often process sensory cues under complex analogical contexts that may not be easily ...
MacDermott Lab
... . Insert the lower blade of small iris scissors in the vertebral cavity, through the neck opening, and, by alternately cutting at either side of the midline, make two parallel cuts all the way down to the tail stub. . The cuts should be made as lateral as possible to the midline. . Use fine forceps ...
... . Insert the lower blade of small iris scissors in the vertebral cavity, through the neck opening, and, by alternately cutting at either side of the midline, make two parallel cuts all the way down to the tail stub. . The cuts should be made as lateral as possible to the midline. . Use fine forceps ...
Direction of action is represented in the ventral premotor cortex
... highly and positively correlated with its preferred direction during the execution period (Fig. 5b). One neuron in the PMv displayed a striking inverse relationship between the preferred directions of activity during the execution and instruction periods (asterisk, Fig. 5b). Taken together, these re ...
... highly and positively correlated with its preferred direction during the execution period (Fig. 5b). One neuron in the PMv displayed a striking inverse relationship between the preferred directions of activity during the execution and instruction periods (asterisk, Fig. 5b). Taken together, these re ...
Neural Coding: Higher Order Temporal Patterns in the
... phenomena confirming the ”cell assembly” hypothesis has only recently begun to emerge as a result of the progress achieved by multi-unit recording technology. Hebb’s followers had been left with a twofold challenge: ...
... phenomena confirming the ”cell assembly” hypothesis has only recently begun to emerge as a result of the progress achieved by multi-unit recording technology. Hebb’s followers had been left with a twofold challenge: ...
The role of the medial prefrontal cortex in learning and reward Ph.D
... Pavlovian conditioning was investigated only in a few electrophysiological experiments. ...
... Pavlovian conditioning was investigated only in a few electrophysiological experiments. ...
BOX 34.3 DISEASES AND AGING IMPAIR THE AUTONOMIC
... may be ones that are less important in the carefully controlled environments found in modern societies. For example, impaired thermoregulatory responses may be tolerated well by a person living in a climate-controlled environment. Also, metabolic emergencies are unlikely to occur and need autonomic ...
... may be ones that are less important in the carefully controlled environments found in modern societies. For example, impaired thermoregulatory responses may be tolerated well by a person living in a climate-controlled environment. Also, metabolic emergencies are unlikely to occur and need autonomic ...
The Emerging Roles of Oxytocin in Rhythmic Prolactin Release
... Financial support: NIH grants DK43200 and DA19356 ...
... Financial support: NIH grants DK43200 and DA19356 ...
Crocodilian Forebrain: Evolution and Development
... In the dorsal thalamus of amniotes, two types of neurons are present: local circuit neurons (also called interneurons) and relay cells. Axons of local circuit neurons remain within their region of origin whereas axons of relay (projection) cells terminate outside of this area (Jones 2007). With the ...
... In the dorsal thalamus of amniotes, two types of neurons are present: local circuit neurons (also called interneurons) and relay cells. Axons of local circuit neurons remain within their region of origin whereas axons of relay (projection) cells terminate outside of this area (Jones 2007). With the ...