THE REGULATION OF SLEEP AND WAKEFULNESS BY THE
... TMN are important for the regulation of sleep and wakefulness. Noradrenergic neurons of the LC28), serotonergic neurons of the DR29,30), and histaminergic neurons of the TMN31,32) are activated by orexins, and OX1R and/or OX2R are expressed in these regions. These findings suggest that the activity ...
... TMN are important for the regulation of sleep and wakefulness. Noradrenergic neurons of the LC28), serotonergic neurons of the DR29,30), and histaminergic neurons of the TMN31,32) are activated by orexins, and OX1R and/or OX2R are expressed in these regions. These findings suggest that the activity ...
Specific Projection of the Sensory Crypt Cells in
... mitral cells whose axons make up the lMOT. This finding is in accordance with our previous studies showing that microvillous ORNs project to the lateral olfactory tract, which mediates feeding behavior, and that ciliated ORNs project to the medial bundle of the medial olfactory tract mediating alarm ...
... mitral cells whose axons make up the lMOT. This finding is in accordance with our previous studies showing that microvillous ORNs project to the lateral olfactory tract, which mediates feeding behavior, and that ciliated ORNs project to the medial bundle of the medial olfactory tract mediating alarm ...
Principles of Biology II Lab Manual
... Select against the ff individuals by removing all of their alleles from the pool; select against the Ff individuals by removing one half of them from the gene pool. If you have an odd number of heterozygotes, flip a coin to decide whether to remove the last one. You will be left with one half of t ...
... Select against the ff individuals by removing all of their alleles from the pool; select against the Ff individuals by removing one half of them from the gene pool. If you have an odd number of heterozygotes, flip a coin to decide whether to remove the last one. You will be left with one half of t ...
Trigeminal, Gustatory, and Visceral Sensory Systems
... — termed the dorsal trigeminothalamic tract — and terminates in the ventral posterior medial nucleus. However, there is little modern evidence for the existence of this pathway. 3. Trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus. The trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus is equivalent to a peripheral sensory ganglion b ...
... — termed the dorsal trigeminothalamic tract — and terminates in the ventral posterior medial nucleus. However, there is little modern evidence for the existence of this pathway. 3. Trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus. The trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus is equivalent to a peripheral sensory ganglion b ...
Septins promote dendrite and axon development by negatively
... Figure 1 | The core septin subunit SEPT7 is required for the growth of dendrites and axons of cerebrocortical neurons in vivo. (a) Representative immunofluorescence images of primary cerebrocortical neurons at div2 co-expressing GFP with control (left) or shRNA#1 against SEPT7 (right). Endogenous SEP ...
... Figure 1 | The core septin subunit SEPT7 is required for the growth of dendrites and axons of cerebrocortical neurons in vivo. (a) Representative immunofluorescence images of primary cerebrocortical neurons at div2 co-expressing GFP with control (left) or shRNA#1 against SEPT7 (right). Endogenous SEP ...
Starosta, S., Güntürkün, O., Stüttgen, M.C., Stimulus
... forms the backbone of contemporary learning theory [1–7]. Although the wealth of available behavioral and neuroanatomical data renders the pigeon a highly suitable model system for behavioral neuroscientists too, few studies so far investigated single-neuron responses in pigeons during operant behav ...
... forms the backbone of contemporary learning theory [1–7]. Although the wealth of available behavioral and neuroanatomical data renders the pigeon a highly suitable model system for behavioral neuroscientists too, few studies so far investigated single-neuron responses in pigeons during operant behav ...
Swallowing reflex and brain stem neurons activated by superior
... swallowing activity that was associated with esophageal manometric response was observed by visual inspection of the exposed pharynx. Electrical stimulation of the central end of the SLN induced esophageal pressure changes in the esophagus and LES with frequency-dependent responses. Electrical stimu ...
... swallowing activity that was associated with esophageal manometric response was observed by visual inspection of the exposed pharynx. Electrical stimulation of the central end of the SLN induced esophageal pressure changes in the esophagus and LES with frequency-dependent responses. Electrical stimu ...
Study of the human hypoglossal nucleus: Normal development and
... In particular, after fixation in 10% phosphate-buffered formalin, the brainstem, where the main structures checking vital functions are located, was processed and embedded in paraffin. Transverse serial sections of the midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata were made at intervals of 60 lm. For each level ...
... In particular, after fixation in 10% phosphate-buffered formalin, the brainstem, where the main structures checking vital functions are located, was processed and embedded in paraffin. Transverse serial sections of the midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata were made at intervals of 60 lm. For each level ...
The Distribution and Morphological Characteristics of Serotonergic
... were located within the hypothalamus and brainstem of both species of monotremes. The distribution of these cells was similar in both species, thus the following description is applicable to the platypus and the echidna. Terminology employed in this description is derived from a review by Jacobs and ...
... were located within the hypothalamus and brainstem of both species of monotremes. The distribution of these cells was similar in both species, thus the following description is applicable to the platypus and the echidna. Terminology employed in this description is derived from a review by Jacobs and ...
Eagleman Ch 14. Motivation and Reward
... The hypothalamus is important for maintaining homeostasis. It collects information about the internal state of the body and initiates responses. There are many different nuclei within the hypothalamus. Some seem to be predominantly input while others are mostly output nuclei. ...
... The hypothalamus is important for maintaining homeostasis. It collects information about the internal state of the body and initiates responses. There are many different nuclei within the hypothalamus. Some seem to be predominantly input while others are mostly output nuclei. ...
In transverse section, the spinal cord features: -
... vertebral canal. The epidural space, situated between the wall of the vertebral canal and the spinal dura mater, contains a variable amount of fat. Within dura mater, the spinal cord is suspended by bilateral denticulate ligaments and surrounded by subarachnoid space filled with cerebrospinal fluid. ...
... vertebral canal. The epidural space, situated between the wall of the vertebral canal and the spinal dura mater, contains a variable amount of fat. Within dura mater, the spinal cord is suspended by bilateral denticulate ligaments and surrounded by subarachnoid space filled with cerebrospinal fluid. ...
Nervous System PPT
... of the CNS in order to create a response to the stimulus through chemical synapse activity. White Matter: It contains nerve fibers. Many of these nerve fibers (axons) are surrounded by a type of fat called myelin. The myelin gives the white matter it's color. Myelin acts as an insulator. It plays an ...
... of the CNS in order to create a response to the stimulus through chemical synapse activity. White Matter: It contains nerve fibers. Many of these nerve fibers (axons) are surrounded by a type of fat called myelin. The myelin gives the white matter it's color. Myelin acts as an insulator. It plays an ...
Anatomy and Neuroscience Research Projects for 2013
... bone in an animal model of inflammatory bone pain. ................................................................. 21 Project 2: Changes in neurotrophin signalling molecules in primary afferent neurons that innervate bone in an animal model of inflammatory bone pain ............................... ...
... bone in an animal model of inflammatory bone pain. ................................................................. 21 Project 2: Changes in neurotrophin signalling molecules in primary afferent neurons that innervate bone in an animal model of inflammatory bone pain ............................... ...
D5 (Not D1) Dopamine Receptors Potentiate Burst
... plateau potentials were measured from the end of the electrotonic response. Plateau potentials differed from one neuron to another in rats as well as mice. Each neuron served as both control and test. Plateau potentials were always recorded first in control and then in the presence of a D1 agonist. ...
... plateau potentials were measured from the end of the electrotonic response. Plateau potentials differed from one neuron to another in rats as well as mice. Each neuron served as both control and test. Plateau potentials were always recorded first in control and then in the presence of a D1 agonist. ...
Essentials in the neuronal organization of the CNS
... Anatomy Department finds essential to appreciate the structure and function of the central nervous system. It is important to see clearly, however, that this handout does not substitute for the textbooks, but it can be used best in combination with the texts and the illustrations found in them. It w ...
... Anatomy Department finds essential to appreciate the structure and function of the central nervous system. It is important to see clearly, however, that this handout does not substitute for the textbooks, but it can be used best in combination with the texts and the illustrations found in them. It w ...
Neuronal innervation of the exocrine defence glands in stick insects
... with secretory epithelium [15, 19, 21, 28–32]. They release secretions from the gland through a smaller ejaculatory duct with an opening in the anterior prothorax just behind the head [15, 19, 21, 29, 32, 33]. In O. peruana, the large glands extend internally into the mesothoracic segment [19]. The ...
... with secretory epithelium [15, 19, 21, 28–32]. They release secretions from the gland through a smaller ejaculatory duct with an opening in the anterior prothorax just behind the head [15, 19, 21, 29, 32, 33]. In O. peruana, the large glands extend internally into the mesothoracic segment [19]. The ...
Sensory receptors in the anterior uvea of the cat`s eye. An in
... Recordings were made from single afferent units of ciliary nerve branches responding to mechanical stimulation of the iridal surface, the ciliary body, and the choroid with a nylon filament or a glass rod. Chemical sensitivity was explored by applying acetic acid, hypertonic NaCl, and bradykinin. Wa ...
... Recordings were made from single afferent units of ciliary nerve branches responding to mechanical stimulation of the iridal surface, the ciliary body, and the choroid with a nylon filament or a glass rod. Chemical sensitivity was explored by applying acetic acid, hypertonic NaCl, and bradykinin. Wa ...
Neuron/Glia Relationships Observed Over Intervals
... (Purves et al., 1987), we also noted that vesicle-filled preganglionic nerve terminals appeared to be more prevalent in the vicinity of the glial nuclei than in regions removed from this site. The preganglionic nerve terminals tended to establish synaptic contacts in a complex of short finger-like e ...
... (Purves et al., 1987), we also noted that vesicle-filled preganglionic nerve terminals appeared to be more prevalent in the vicinity of the glial nuclei than in regions removed from this site. The preganglionic nerve terminals tended to establish synaptic contacts in a complex of short finger-like e ...
Subcircuit-specific neuromodulation in the prefrontal cortex
... excitatory and inhibitory synaptic inputs. Equally important to the connections they make and receive, PT and IT neurons exhibit subpopulation-specific intrinsic electrophysiological properties. Such differences cause PT and IT neurons to respond to time-varying signals differently (Dembrow et al., ...
... excitatory and inhibitory synaptic inputs. Equally important to the connections they make and receive, PT and IT neurons exhibit subpopulation-specific intrinsic electrophysiological properties. Such differences cause PT and IT neurons to respond to time-varying signals differently (Dembrow et al., ...
Spike sorting: the overlapping spikes challenge
... The study of brain activity relies on the fact that most neurons in the brain communicate by firing action potentials often referred to as spikes. The action potentials can be recorded extracellularly by microelectrodes implanted in the brain. It is possible to measure the action potentials of many ...
... The study of brain activity relies on the fact that most neurons in the brain communicate by firing action potentials often referred to as spikes. The action potentials can be recorded extracellularly by microelectrodes implanted in the brain. It is possible to measure the action potentials of many ...
Multifunctional Laryngeal Premotor Neurons: Their Activities during
... ELMs were identified by antidromic activation from the recurrent laryngeal nerve and by expiratory-related depolarization (Barillot et al., 1990; Shiba et al., 1999). For each ELM, the membrane potential was defined as the difference between the intracellular and extracellular potentials, using a si ...
... ELMs were identified by antidromic activation from the recurrent laryngeal nerve and by expiratory-related depolarization (Barillot et al., 1990; Shiba et al., 1999). For each ELM, the membrane potential was defined as the difference between the intracellular and extracellular potentials, using a si ...
Biological Cybernetics
... for visual information processing in amphibians. In tongueprojecting salamanders, each tectum hemisphere receives direct input from both retinae (Rettig and Roth 1986). Three pathways extend from the optic tectum to the brainstem and spinal cord, where efferent tectal neurons innervate the motor nuc ...
... for visual information processing in amphibians. In tongueprojecting salamanders, each tectum hemisphere receives direct input from both retinae (Rettig and Roth 1986). Three pathways extend from the optic tectum to the brainstem and spinal cord, where efferent tectal neurons innervate the motor nuc ...
Glutamatergic activation of anterior cingulate cortex produces
... coincident activation of the pathways transmitting the aversive teaching signal and the initially neutral stimulus produces aversive associative learning by strengthening the connections between the neurons mediating the CS and those whose activity results in the CR. Associative learning using noxio ...
... coincident activation of the pathways transmitting the aversive teaching signal and the initially neutral stimulus produces aversive associative learning by strengthening the connections between the neurons mediating the CS and those whose activity results in the CR. Associative learning using noxio ...
Read Here
... mice to either double-transgenic Pet1::Flpe (Jensen et al., 2008), RC:: FPDi (Ray et al., 2011) mice, Pet1::Flpe, RC::FrePe (Brust et al., 2014) mice, or Pet1::Flpe; RC::FPSiT (Niederkofler et al., 2016) mice. Doubleand single-transgenic sex-matched littermates served as controls. Respiratory assays ...
... mice to either double-transgenic Pet1::Flpe (Jensen et al., 2008), RC:: FPDi (Ray et al., 2011) mice, Pet1::Flpe, RC::FrePe (Brust et al., 2014) mice, or Pet1::Flpe; RC::FPSiT (Niederkofler et al., 2016) mice. Doubleand single-transgenic sex-matched littermates served as controls. Respiratory assays ...