J. Neurophysiol. - Nonlinear Dynamics Group
... medians were taken as the representative Cv and Lv values for each neuron. For the present data, the median values are almost identical to the mean values for individual neurons, and the following results change little if the median values are replaced with the mean values. The distributions of the ...
... medians were taken as the representative Cv and Lv values for each neuron. For the present data, the median values are almost identical to the mean values for individual neurons, and the following results change little if the median values are replaced with the mean values. The distributions of the ...
Limitations in anti-obesity drug development: the critical role of
... emptying. The precise brain targets of amylin are not known, but include the area postrema in the brainstem and the lateral hypothalamus. Conversely, during periods of hunger, the hypothalamus regulates the activity of the autonomic nervous system to promote fat release from white adipose tissue and ...
... emptying. The precise brain targets of amylin are not known, but include the area postrema in the brainstem and the lateral hypothalamus. Conversely, during periods of hunger, the hypothalamus regulates the activity of the autonomic nervous system to promote fat release from white adipose tissue and ...
Extended PDF
... vious studies showed that radial glia in the ventricular zone (VZ) of the developing neocortex are the progenitors that produce nearly all excitatory neurons (Kriegstein and Alvarez-Buylla, 2009). Prior to neurogenesis, radial glial progenitors (RGPs) divide symmetrically to amplify the progenitor p ...
... vious studies showed that radial glia in the ventricular zone (VZ) of the developing neocortex are the progenitors that produce nearly all excitatory neurons (Kriegstein and Alvarez-Buylla, 2009). Prior to neurogenesis, radial glial progenitors (RGPs) divide symmetrically to amplify the progenitor p ...
Neurons
... 38.1 What Are the Structures and Functions of Nerve Cells? Dendrites respond to stimuli – Dendrites are branched tendrils protruding from the cell body that perform the “receive information” function – Their branches provide a large surface area for receiving signals, either from the environment ...
... 38.1 What Are the Structures and Functions of Nerve Cells? Dendrites respond to stimuli – Dendrites are branched tendrils protruding from the cell body that perform the “receive information” function – Their branches provide a large surface area for receiving signals, either from the environment ...
Parallel Transformation of Tactile Signals in Central Circuits of
... characteristic and reliable positions of their cell bodies, as well as their intrinsic properties: recorded neurons in each class had a characteristic input resistance, resting membrane potential, and spike waveform. We were able to reliably record from midline local and projection neurons by target ...
... characteristic and reliable positions of their cell bodies, as well as their intrinsic properties: recorded neurons in each class had a characteristic input resistance, resting membrane potential, and spike waveform. We were able to reliably record from midline local and projection neurons by target ...
Voluntary Nicotine Consumption Triggers Potentiation of Cortical Excitatory Drives to Midbrain
... neurons. Thus, recruitment of these specific excitatory inputs to VTA DA neurons may be a neural correlate for the learned association between active responding and the reward experience. ...
... neurons. Thus, recruitment of these specific excitatory inputs to VTA DA neurons may be a neural correlate for the learned association between active responding and the reward experience. ...
Distributed Modular Architectures Linking Basal Ganglia
... synapses, and a pattern of innervation favoring the convergence of diverse afferents onto individual neurons. Each Purkinje cell is contacted by approximately 200,000 different parallel fibers (Ito, 1984), and each spiny neuron is contacted by about 10,000 different corticostriatal afferents (Wilso ...
... synapses, and a pattern of innervation favoring the convergence of diverse afferents onto individual neurons. Each Purkinje cell is contacted by approximately 200,000 different parallel fibers (Ito, 1984), and each spiny neuron is contacted by about 10,000 different corticostriatal afferents (Wilso ...
1. Materials and Methods
... sound of the action were presented together (V+S) did not differ from those obtained during the separate presentation of the two modalities (V or S, all p>0.05). Half the audiovisual mirror neurons fell in this category. Neuron 2 (Figure 2) illustrates this behaviour. For such neurons, any evidence ...
... sound of the action were presented together (V+S) did not differ from those obtained during the separate presentation of the two modalities (V or S, all p>0.05). Half the audiovisual mirror neurons fell in this category. Neuron 2 (Figure 2) illustrates this behaviour. For such neurons, any evidence ...
The effect of fasting on the ultrastructure of the hypothalamic arcuate
... The arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus (ARH) is located in the lateral wall of the third ventricle above the median eminence. ARH takes part in the regulation of food intake, energy expenditure, and body weight regulation. There has been no report describing the effect of fasting on the formation o ...
... The arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus (ARH) is located in the lateral wall of the third ventricle above the median eminence. ARH takes part in the regulation of food intake, energy expenditure, and body weight regulation. There has been no report describing the effect of fasting on the formation o ...
Visuomotor neurons: ambiguity of the discharge or `motor` perception?
... tested in a paradigm aimed to determine if visual receptive fields move with the eyes Žretinotopic code. or if they remain anchored to the body part from which they originate Žsomatocentric code.. In the first condition ŽA1. the monkey is looking straight ahead Žthe asterisk on the picture represent ...
... tested in a paradigm aimed to determine if visual receptive fields move with the eyes Žretinotopic code. or if they remain anchored to the body part from which they originate Žsomatocentric code.. In the first condition ŽA1. the monkey is looking straight ahead Žthe asterisk on the picture represent ...
Expression of NADPH-d in the vagal nuclei of the
... esophagitis model. Materials and methods: There were 3 groups of rats examined: 1) a chronic gastroesophageal reflux rat group, which was created by a partial gastric outlet obstruction; 2) a sham group; and 3) a ranitidine treated group. Serial sections of brainstems of all groups were cut and NADP ...
... esophagitis model. Materials and methods: There were 3 groups of rats examined: 1) a chronic gastroesophageal reflux rat group, which was created by a partial gastric outlet obstruction; 2) a sham group; and 3) a ranitidine treated group. Serial sections of brainstems of all groups were cut and NADP ...
Sparse Coding in the Neocortex
... Some motor neurons in layer 6 of rabbit motor cortex will produce just one spike during some movements (Beloozerova, Sirota and Swadlow, 2003). And stimulation of a single neuron in the rat is sufficient to deflect a whisker (Brecht et al., 2004). With respect to sparse coding, the most widely studi ...
... Some motor neurons in layer 6 of rabbit motor cortex will produce just one spike during some movements (Beloozerova, Sirota and Swadlow, 2003). And stimulation of a single neuron in the rat is sufficient to deflect a whisker (Brecht et al., 2004). With respect to sparse coding, the most widely studi ...
cerebral cortex - CM
... • Sensory stimuli (continued): • When CNS has received all different sensory inputs, it integrates them into a single perception (a conscious awareness of sensation) • Sensations can be grouped into two basic types: • Special senses – detected by special sense organs and include vision, hearing, equ ...
... • Sensory stimuli (continued): • When CNS has received all different sensory inputs, it integrates them into a single perception (a conscious awareness of sensation) • Sensations can be grouped into two basic types: • Special senses – detected by special sense organs and include vision, hearing, equ ...
Heterotopic Transcallosal Projections Are Present throughout the
... located in different cortical layers have differential projections in the contralateral homotopic column. The distribution of transcallosal axons in the contralateral cortex was quantified on 3–5 sections per animal in Fiji/ImageJ (Schindelin et al., 2012). The sections were selected relative to the ...
... located in different cortical layers have differential projections in the contralateral homotopic column. The distribution of transcallosal axons in the contralateral cortex was quantified on 3–5 sections per animal in Fiji/ImageJ (Schindelin et al., 2012). The sections were selected relative to the ...
as a PDF
... thus allowing the organism to powerfully and synergistically alter both sides of the energy balance equation. Like other control systems in which there are concurrent, opposing forces bearing on a regulated parameter, such as regulation of body temperature (10), plasma osmolality (11), and blood glu ...
... thus allowing the organism to powerfully and synergistically alter both sides of the energy balance equation. Like other control systems in which there are concurrent, opposing forces bearing on a regulated parameter, such as regulation of body temperature (10), plasma osmolality (11), and blood glu ...
Hearing, I: The Cochlea - American Journal of Neuroradiology
... the round window by otosclerotic plaques may render prosthetic stapedectomy ineffective because of the incompressible nature of the labyrinthine fluid. It is interesting that the entire fluid volume of the perilymphatic spaces of the inner ear is only 0.2 mL, yet without it hearing would not be poss ...
... the round window by otosclerotic plaques may render prosthetic stapedectomy ineffective because of the incompressible nature of the labyrinthine fluid. It is interesting that the entire fluid volume of the perilymphatic spaces of the inner ear is only 0.2 mL, yet without it hearing would not be poss ...
Neuronal Calcium Signaling Review
... 1996). Calcium release in cardiac cells is mediated by the type 2 RYR, which is the predominant isoform found in the brain. In cardiac cells, these RYR2 channels are closely apposed to the Ca21 channels in the plasma membrane across the 15 nm junctional gap that separates the sarcolemma from the sar ...
... 1996). Calcium release in cardiac cells is mediated by the type 2 RYR, which is the predominant isoform found in the brain. In cardiac cells, these RYR2 channels are closely apposed to the Ca21 channels in the plasma membrane across the 15 nm junctional gap that separates the sarcolemma from the sar ...
Increased Expression of Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase (NOS) in
... different 2, 3, or 4 weeks after axotomy. Thus, the data from all survival periods were treated as a single group. NADPH-d activity in DRG was not quantified after axotomy due to the large numbers of these cells and the variations in staining intensity (i.e., intense, moderate, light) (Vizzard et al ...
... different 2, 3, or 4 weeks after axotomy. Thus, the data from all survival periods were treated as a single group. NADPH-d activity in DRG was not quantified after axotomy due to the large numbers of these cells and the variations in staining intensity (i.e., intense, moderate, light) (Vizzard et al ...
Monitoring cell-cell contacts in vivo in transgenic animals
... To monitor contacts between neurons and glia in the Drosophila nervous system we generated constructs tailored for expression in transgenic flies, namely a receptor called SNTG4 and CD19mch (see Material and Methods for detailed description). To express the CD19mch ligand into specific glial types ...
... To monitor contacts between neurons and glia in the Drosophila nervous system we generated constructs tailored for expression in transgenic flies, namely a receptor called SNTG4 and CD19mch (see Material and Methods for detailed description). To express the CD19mch ligand into specific glial types ...
Reinforcement, and Punishment Striatal Mechanisms Underlying
... aversive stimuli are reinforced (⫹R or ⫺R, respectively), whereas those that increase aversive stimuli or decrease rewarding stimuli are punished (⫹P or ⫺P, respectively). For example, after tasting a novel food, a person may increase or decrease the frequency of future behavior directed at obtainin ...
... aversive stimuli are reinforced (⫹R or ⫺R, respectively), whereas those that increase aversive stimuli or decrease rewarding stimuli are punished (⫹P or ⫺P, respectively). For example, after tasting a novel food, a person may increase or decrease the frequency of future behavior directed at obtainin ...
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... of the posterior hippocampus) migrate 5–8 mm rostrally to reach the olfactory bulb where they differentiate into inhibitory interneurons. This was shown by transplantation of genetically labeled SVZ tissue and by focal labeling of endogenous SVZ cells with the lipophilic dye 1,1)-dioctadecyl-3,3,3), ...
... of the posterior hippocampus) migrate 5–8 mm rostrally to reach the olfactory bulb where they differentiate into inhibitory interneurons. This was shown by transplantation of genetically labeled SVZ tissue and by focal labeling of endogenous SVZ cells with the lipophilic dye 1,1)-dioctadecyl-3,3,3), ...
Brain Storm - School of Rehabilitation Therapy
... arteries. The internal carotid arteries make a characteristic 900 turn transversely as they enter the skull. Upon entering the skull they traverse the cavernous sinus. The internal carotid then makes another characteristic turn known as the carotid siphon (s-shaped) before giving off two main termin ...
... arteries. The internal carotid arteries make a characteristic 900 turn transversely as they enter the skull. Upon entering the skull they traverse the cavernous sinus. The internal carotid then makes another characteristic turn known as the carotid siphon (s-shaped) before giving off two main termin ...
The Distribution of Tyrosine Hydroxylase
... alleled by an elaboration and specialization of the noradrenergic and serotoninergic projections to neocortex. Compared to rat, both of these systems in primates exhibit substantial regional heterogeneity in the density and laminar distribution of cortical fibers (Brown et al., 1979; Morrison et al. ...
... alleled by an elaboration and specialization of the noradrenergic and serotoninergic projections to neocortex. Compared to rat, both of these systems in primates exhibit substantial regional heterogeneity in the density and laminar distribution of cortical fibers (Brown et al., 1979; Morrison et al. ...