Context Dependency in the Globus Pallidus Internal Segment
... 1993). All of these studies provide evidence for the great ...
... 1993). All of these studies provide evidence for the great ...
PDF
... The left and right AWC neurons of the C. elegans olfactory system express different sets of odorant receptor genes and sense different attractive odors. The candidate odorant receptor gene str-2 is randomly expressed in only one of the two bilateral AWC neurons. These are designated as either AWCON, ...
... The left and right AWC neurons of the C. elegans olfactory system express different sets of odorant receptor genes and sense different attractive odors. The candidate odorant receptor gene str-2 is randomly expressed in only one of the two bilateral AWC neurons. These are designated as either AWCON, ...
Severe Reduction of Rat Defensive Behavior to a Predator by
... and substantial numbers of immunoreactive cells were also observed in the dorsomedial nucleus and in medial parts of the region between the ventromedial and dorsomedial nuclei (Figs. 1E and F, and 2B). At the mammillary level, a strikingly dense population of immunoreactive neuronal nuclei were foun ...
... and substantial numbers of immunoreactive cells were also observed in the dorsomedial nucleus and in medial parts of the region between the ventromedial and dorsomedial nuclei (Figs. 1E and F, and 2B). At the mammillary level, a strikingly dense population of immunoreactive neuronal nuclei were foun ...
(Full text - MSWord file 171K)
... 2.1 Houk, Adams and Barto (1995) One of the first actor-critic models of the basal ganglia was presented by Houk et al. (1995). This model suggests that striosomal modules fulfill the main functions of the adaptive critic, whereas matrix modules function as an actor. Striosomal modules comprise of ...
... 2.1 Houk, Adams and Barto (1995) One of the first actor-critic models of the basal ganglia was presented by Houk et al. (1995). This model suggests that striosomal modules fulfill the main functions of the adaptive critic, whereas matrix modules function as an actor. Striosomal modules comprise of ...
E45021924
... As described above, the nonadrenergic system emanating from the LC plays an important role in vigilance and arousal and, in the suppression of emotionality and social competence, possibly by inducing ‘left brain dominance’[13]. These activating effects of noradrenalin are mediated by stimulation of ...
... As described above, the nonadrenergic system emanating from the LC plays an important role in vigilance and arousal and, in the suppression of emotionality and social competence, possibly by inducing ‘left brain dominance’[13]. These activating effects of noradrenalin are mediated by stimulation of ...
From Lesions to Leptin: Review Hypothalamic Control of Food
... levels are normalized by refeeding or by leptin administration (Qu et al., 1996). Injection of either MCH or ORX into the lateral ventricle causes rats to eat (Qu et al., 1996; Sakurai et al., 1998). Moreover, targeted deletion of the MCH gene results in decreased food intake and body weight compare ...
... levels are normalized by refeeding or by leptin administration (Qu et al., 1996). Injection of either MCH or ORX into the lateral ventricle causes rats to eat (Qu et al., 1996; Sakurai et al., 1998). Moreover, targeted deletion of the MCH gene results in decreased food intake and body weight compare ...
Got diversity? Wiring the fly brain with Dscam
... each block of alternative exons (Figure 2a). Thus, mechanisms must ensure that an exon from each alternative block is spliced into an mRNA and, furthermore, that only one exon from each block is included. Work from Graveley and colleagues [39–42] suggests that the mechanisms that control splicing mi ...
... each block of alternative exons (Figure 2a). Thus, mechanisms must ensure that an exon from each alternative block is spliced into an mRNA and, furthermore, that only one exon from each block is included. Work from Graveley and colleagues [39–42] suggests that the mechanisms that control splicing mi ...
Basal Ganglia and Cerebellar Inputs to `AIP`
... relatively consistent (Fig. 3, top). At rostral levels of the nigra, second-order neurons tended to be located in the dorsal portion of the nucleus. The distribution of labeled neurons shifted to a more ventral location at more caudal levels of the nucleus. Some authors have further subdivided the n ...
... relatively consistent (Fig. 3, top). At rostral levels of the nigra, second-order neurons tended to be located in the dorsal portion of the nucleus. The distribution of labeled neurons shifted to a more ventral location at more caudal levels of the nucleus. Some authors have further subdivided the n ...
as a PDF
... (345). Lesions in the region of the anteroventral portion of the third ventricle (AV3V), involving the ventral part of the median preoptic nuclei (MnPO), induce permanent or temporary adipsia (13, 65, 305). Sodium receptors have been demonstrated also in afferent neural terminals adjacent to the hep ...
... (345). Lesions in the region of the anteroventral portion of the third ventricle (AV3V), involving the ventral part of the median preoptic nuclei (MnPO), induce permanent or temporary adipsia (13, 65, 305). Sodium receptors have been demonstrated also in afferent neural terminals adjacent to the hep ...
Networks of Spiking Neurons: The Third Generation of
... v. In the context of learning one can replace Wu,v by a function Wu,v(t). In addition it has been conjectured that rapid changes of the value of w~,~(t) are also essential for computations in biological neural systems. However for simplicity we view here Wu,v just as a constant. The restriction of W ...
... v. In the context of learning one can replace Wu,v by a function Wu,v(t). In addition it has been conjectured that rapid changes of the value of w~,~(t) are also essential for computations in biological neural systems. However for simplicity we view here Wu,v just as a constant. The restriction of W ...
Anatomical organization of the central olfactory
... The puzzling transduction process, whereby the odorant signal transforms into an electric signal is one of the issues separating vertebrates and insects. In vertebrates, the chemosensory receptors belong to the G-protein-coupled family that generates action potentials via intracellular events (Buck ...
... The puzzling transduction process, whereby the odorant signal transforms into an electric signal is one of the issues separating vertebrates and insects. In vertebrates, the chemosensory receptors belong to the G-protein-coupled family that generates action potentials via intracellular events (Buck ...
Nogo Receptor mRNA Expression in Intact and Regenerating CNS
... some growth-related genes by Purkinje cells (Zagrebelsky et al., 1998). There is little evidence that the forebrain neurons which fail to express NgR, such as neostriatal cells and ventral lateral geniculate nucleus neurons, have an unusually high capacity for regenerating their axons in the CNS, bu ...
... some growth-related genes by Purkinje cells (Zagrebelsky et al., 1998). There is little evidence that the forebrain neurons which fail to express NgR, such as neostriatal cells and ventral lateral geniculate nucleus neurons, have an unusually high capacity for regenerating their axons in the CNS, bu ...
Regulation of Neuroblast Cell-Cycle Kinetics Plays a Crucial Role in
... f used grains (Dörmer, 1967; Rogers, 1967; Dörmer and Brinkmann, 1968; Dörmer and Möller, 1968; Sidman, 1970). This is illustrated for individual neurons in different layers of parietal area 3 after injection on E14.5 (Fig. 1). The background level has been estimated by calculating the density o ...
... f used grains (Dörmer, 1967; Rogers, 1967; Dörmer and Brinkmann, 1968; Dörmer and Möller, 1968; Sidman, 1970). This is illustrated for individual neurons in different layers of parietal area 3 after injection on E14.5 (Fig. 1). The background level has been estimated by calculating the density o ...
Cell-Type Specific Channelopathies in the Prefrontal Cortex of the
... neurons are found in the fmr1-/y mouse medial PFC (mPFC). In WT and fmr1-/y mice, we infused red retrograde tracer (Lumuflour beads) into the pontine nuclei to label PT neurons and a green tracer into either the contralateral striatum or contralateral mPFC to label IT neurons. In both genotypes, IT ...
... neurons are found in the fmr1-/y mouse medial PFC (mPFC). In WT and fmr1-/y mice, we infused red retrograde tracer (Lumuflour beads) into the pontine nuclei to label PT neurons and a green tracer into either the contralateral striatum or contralateral mPFC to label IT neurons. In both genotypes, IT ...
PDF
... brightness/contrast and resolution (set at 600 ppi) with the aid of Adobe PhotoShop 6.0 software. To ascertain that postsynaptic structures contacted by human synaptophysin (ⴙ) terminals belonged to the host, rat motor neurons were identified by their morphology and size (>25 m in soma diameter) and ...
... brightness/contrast and resolution (set at 600 ppi) with the aid of Adobe PhotoShop 6.0 software. To ascertain that postsynaptic structures contacted by human synaptophysin (ⴙ) terminals belonged to the host, rat motor neurons were identified by their morphology and size (>25 m in soma diameter) and ...
1 Introduction to Behavioral Endocrinology
... Berthold’s experiment also shows that the study of behavioral endocrinology is the study of two related systems. First, we must learn about the endocrine system, represented by the testes in this case. Of course, neither the testes nor the testosterone these glands released into the bloodstream comp ...
... Berthold’s experiment also shows that the study of behavioral endocrinology is the study of two related systems. First, we must learn about the endocrine system, represented by the testes in this case. Of course, neither the testes nor the testosterone these glands released into the bloodstream comp ...
empathize with fictional characters
... approximately 50 per cent of the cells recorded in the relevant experiments, fire even when the action cannot be completely seen (mirror neurons for partially occluded actions) (Umiltà et al. 2001). Most importantly, the majority of mirror neurons, approximately three-quarters of recorded neurons in ...
... approximately 50 per cent of the cells recorded in the relevant experiments, fire even when the action cannot be completely seen (mirror neurons for partially occluded actions) (Umiltà et al. 2001). Most importantly, the majority of mirror neurons, approximately three-quarters of recorded neurons in ...
Title - HAL
... 1992). Metrical parameters concerning lengths were also included: as in the previous studies we considered the total dendritic length (L), the average branch length (Ln) and the average length of terminal branches Lp. We also considered the average length of parent branches Lm (the branches which te ...
... 1992). Metrical parameters concerning lengths were also included: as in the previous studies we considered the total dendritic length (L), the average branch length (Ln) and the average length of terminal branches Lp. We also considered the average length of parent branches Lm (the branches which te ...
Neuronal Replacement and Reconstruction of Damaged Circuitries
... of LeGrosClark in 1940. He described excellent survival and differentiation in a case of embryonicneocortexgrafted to the cortex of a six-weekold rabbit. It is remarkablethat this paper s~eemedto havepassed relatively unnoticed.In his autobiography, LeGrosClark (1968) does not even mentionthis study ...
... of LeGrosClark in 1940. He described excellent survival and differentiation in a case of embryonicneocortexgrafted to the cortex of a six-weekold rabbit. It is remarkablethat this paper s~eemedto havepassed relatively unnoticed.In his autobiography, LeGrosClark (1968) does not even mentionthis study ...
The State of the Art of Respiratory Control
... the descending “wakefulness drive” from the cortex. Because, normally, blood gases stay relatively constant while you are awake, the central and peripheral chemoreceptors are likely not playing a very important role, although there is tonic input from both even when blood gases are normal. However, ...
... the descending “wakefulness drive” from the cortex. Because, normally, blood gases stay relatively constant while you are awake, the central and peripheral chemoreceptors are likely not playing a very important role, although there is tonic input from both even when blood gases are normal. However, ...
The Nervous System - Learning on the Loop
... 29.14 Explain the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system. 29.15 Describe the causes, signs and symptoms, and treatments of various diseases and disorders of the nervous system. ...
... 29.14 Explain the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system. 29.15 Describe the causes, signs and symptoms, and treatments of various diseases and disorders of the nervous system. ...
Espasticidad,!!nuevos!conceptos!fisiológicos!y!patofisiológicos
... neurons)(Stecina)&)Janokowska,)2007;)Phillips)&)Porter,)1997).)) For) many) years,) little) information) had) been) known) about) uncrossed)pyramidal)tract.)Nonetheless,)these)fibers)have)been) shown) to) terminate) in) the) intermediate) zone) and) the) ventral) horn) (Lacroix,) Havton,) Mckay,) Ya ...
... neurons)(Stecina)&)Janokowska,)2007;)Phillips)&)Porter,)1997).)) For) many) years,) little) information) had) been) known) about) uncrossed)pyramidal)tract.)Nonetheless,)these)fibers)have)been) shown) to) terminate) in) the) intermediate) zone) and) the) ventral) horn) (Lacroix,) Havton,) Mckay,) Ya ...
Prevalent Presence of Periodic Actin-spectrin-based
... neuronal subtypes exhibited a periodic distribution of βII spectrin in their axons, with a spacing of ~190 nm. Autocorrelation analyses showed that the degree of periodicity (i.e. autocorrelation amplitude) was similar among most of these excitatory and inhibitory neurons (Fig. 2J, K). Two exception ...
... neuronal subtypes exhibited a periodic distribution of βII spectrin in their axons, with a spacing of ~190 nm. Autocorrelation analyses showed that the degree of periodicity (i.e. autocorrelation amplitude) was similar among most of these excitatory and inhibitory neurons (Fig. 2J, K). Two exception ...
Chapter 7 Body Systems
... • Acetylcholine is deactivated by acetylcholinesterase, with the choline molecules being released and transported back to presynaptic neuron to combine with acetate ...
... • Acetylcholine is deactivated by acetylcholinesterase, with the choline molecules being released and transported back to presynaptic neuron to combine with acetate ...
electrophysiological studies of rat substantia nigra neurons in an in
... was observed in the substantia nigra which lies outside of the MCA territory.6,12,27 In rats, the neuropathological change in the substantia nigra was mainly localized in the pars reticulata (SNR). Neuronal damages evidenced by appearance of dark neurons were first detected in the ipsilateral SNR ap ...
... was observed in the substantia nigra which lies outside of the MCA territory.6,12,27 In rats, the neuropathological change in the substantia nigra was mainly localized in the pars reticulata (SNR). Neuronal damages evidenced by appearance of dark neurons were first detected in the ipsilateral SNR ap ...