Nervous Systems
... • The core of the brainstem has a diffuse network of neurons called the reticular formation • This regulates the amount and type of information that reaches the cerebral cortex and affects alertness ...
... • The core of the brainstem has a diffuse network of neurons called the reticular formation • This regulates the amount and type of information that reaches the cerebral cortex and affects alertness ...
Pain relief produces negative reinforcement through activation of
... Numerous factors may account for this observation, including (i) the sensitivity of our analytical technique, (ii) the nonchronic nature of the injury, or (iii) involvement of VTA neurons that project to other sites beyond the NAc. How afferent nociceptive pathway(s) modulate the reward circuit is n ...
... Numerous factors may account for this observation, including (i) the sensitivity of our analytical technique, (ii) the nonchronic nature of the injury, or (iii) involvement of VTA neurons that project to other sites beyond the NAc. How afferent nociceptive pathway(s) modulate the reward circuit is n ...
Optimal Sizes of Dendritic and Axonal Arbors
... Understanding brain function requires knowing connections between neurons. However, experimental studies of inter-neuronal connectivity are difficult and the connectivity data is scarce. At the same time neuroanatomists possess much data on cellular morphology and have powerful techniques to image n ...
... Understanding brain function requires knowing connections between neurons. However, experimental studies of inter-neuronal connectivity are difficult and the connectivity data is scarce. At the same time neuroanatomists possess much data on cellular morphology and have powerful techniques to image n ...
Discharge Rate of Substantia Nigra Pars Reticulata Neurons Is
... et al. 1978) and dyskinesia induced by dopaminergic hyperactivity in otherwise drug naive (normal) animals (Jenner 2000; Mones 1972; Pearce 1999). Although single-neuron electro-physiological recordings have been conducted in rodent models of dyskinesia without striatal dopamine depletion (Ruskin et ...
... et al. 1978) and dyskinesia induced by dopaminergic hyperactivity in otherwise drug naive (normal) animals (Jenner 2000; Mones 1972; Pearce 1999). Although single-neuron electro-physiological recordings have been conducted in rodent models of dyskinesia without striatal dopamine depletion (Ruskin et ...
16-2 The Sympathetic Division
... 1. Most often, these two divisions have opposing effects • If the sympathetic division causes excitation, the parasympathetic causes inhibition ...
... 1. Most often, these two divisions have opposing effects • If the sympathetic division causes excitation, the parasympathetic causes inhibition ...
Neural Correlates for Perception of 3D Surface Orientation from
... could thus correctly perform the crossmatching of texture and disparity gradients even with novel orientations (tests 1 and 3) and patterns (tests 2 and 3) without training. Monkeys regarded texture and disparity gradients as equivalent depth cues, and they perceived a 3D surface orientation from te ...
... could thus correctly perform the crossmatching of texture and disparity gradients even with novel orientations (tests 1 and 3) and patterns (tests 2 and 3) without training. Monkeys regarded texture and disparity gradients as equivalent depth cues, and they perceived a 3D surface orientation from te ...
Understanding mirror neurons - LIRA-Lab
... This paper reports about our investigation on action understanding in the brain. We review recent results of the neurophysiology of the mirror system in the monkey. Based on these observations we propose a model of this brain system which is responsible for action recognition. The link between objec ...
... This paper reports about our investigation on action understanding in the brain. We review recent results of the neurophysiology of the mirror system in the monkey. Based on these observations we propose a model of this brain system which is responsible for action recognition. The link between objec ...
Proprioceptive Eye Position Signals Are Still Missing a Sensory
... proprioceptive representation of eye position found in primary somatosensory cortex, what are the relevant pathways? The composite nature of cortical eye position signals provides a clue: signals from multiple EOMs appear to be combined through a multisynaptic ascending pathway, to generate a delaye ...
... proprioceptive representation of eye position found in primary somatosensory cortex, what are the relevant pathways? The composite nature of cortical eye position signals provides a clue: signals from multiple EOMs appear to be combined through a multisynaptic ascending pathway, to generate a delaye ...
Interactive Brainstem 2 - Stritch School of Medicine
... Ex: Man loses pain, temp, vibration and position sense on right side of body overnight... but strength, reflexes, visual function, and cranial nerves (aside from trigeminal) are intact... where is the lesion, what is the cause? ...
... Ex: Man loses pain, temp, vibration and position sense on right side of body overnight... but strength, reflexes, visual function, and cranial nerves (aside from trigeminal) are intact... where is the lesion, what is the cause? ...
Solving the Distal Reward Problem through
... where sd is the time constant of DA uptake and DA(t) models the source of DA due to the activity of dopaminergic neurons in the midbrain structures VTA and substantia nigra pars compacta. A better description of DA kinetics, based on Michaelis--Menten formalism, was recently suggested by Montague et ...
... where sd is the time constant of DA uptake and DA(t) models the source of DA due to the activity of dopaminergic neurons in the midbrain structures VTA and substantia nigra pars compacta. A better description of DA kinetics, based on Michaelis--Menten formalism, was recently suggested by Montague et ...
Chapter 2
... An understanding of the neuronal organization of the inferior colliculus (IC) requires an exploration of how the types of neurons, the microcircuitry, and the synaptic organization of the IC interact to define functional zones. The IC was originally divided using anatomical methods to identify the n ...
... An understanding of the neuronal organization of the inferior colliculus (IC) requires an exploration of how the types of neurons, the microcircuitry, and the synaptic organization of the IC interact to define functional zones. The IC was originally divided using anatomical methods to identify the n ...
Sense Organs
... graded voltage change across the plasma membrane of the receptor cell. The receptor potential may cause a receptor cell (which is not always a neuron) to release a neurotransmitter that stimulates an adjacent neuron. If the receptor itself is a neuron and the voltage reaches threshold, the neuron fi ...
... graded voltage change across the plasma membrane of the receptor cell. The receptor potential may cause a receptor cell (which is not always a neuron) to release a neurotransmitter that stimulates an adjacent neuron. If the receptor itself is a neuron and the voltage reaches threshold, the neuron fi ...
The Location of Extrinsic Afferent and Efferent Neurons Innervating
... rather than projecting directly to the gut. It is not known if these ganglia exist in the rat. In the dog they could not be identified at dissection, and were only recognised at light microscopic level by the presence of labelled cells. Further retrograde labelling studies are required to explore th ...
... rather than projecting directly to the gut. It is not known if these ganglia exist in the rat. In the dog they could not be identified at dissection, and were only recognised at light microscopic level by the presence of labelled cells. Further retrograde labelling studies are required to explore th ...
Document
... Research in Dr. Jaffe’s lab focuses on the hippocampal formation; a brain region important for certain aspects of learning and memory. It is also one of the first brain structures affected by Alzheimer's disease and medial temporal lobe epilepsy arises in the hippocampus, among other brain structure ...
... Research in Dr. Jaffe’s lab focuses on the hippocampal formation; a brain region important for certain aspects of learning and memory. It is also one of the first brain structures affected by Alzheimer's disease and medial temporal lobe epilepsy arises in the hippocampus, among other brain structure ...
Number and Laminar Distribution of Neurons in a
... contained in the slice (judged by either a successive increase and a decrease of the cross section size or by a constant cross section size ...
... contained in the slice (judged by either a successive increase and a decrease of the cross section size or by a constant cross section size ...
Dorsal spinal cord stimulation obtunds the capacity of intrathoracic
... Coronary artery occlusion. A 3-0 silk thread was placed around the ventral descending coronary artery about 2 cm from its origin, distal to the site of origin of the first major branch of that artery. Another silk thread was placed around the circumflex coronary artery about 3 cm from its origin, di ...
... Coronary artery occlusion. A 3-0 silk thread was placed around the ventral descending coronary artery about 2 cm from its origin, distal to the site of origin of the first major branch of that artery. Another silk thread was placed around the circumflex coronary artery about 3 cm from its origin, di ...
Lab 2. Medulla - Stritch School of Medicine
... • inferior cerebellar peduncle – has greatly increased in size and now contains the dorsal spinocerebellar tract. ...
... • inferior cerebellar peduncle – has greatly increased in size and now contains the dorsal spinocerebellar tract. ...
Society of Toxicologic Pathology Position Paper Recommended
... 4. Certain tissues found in laboratory animals, including Zymbal’s gland, extraorbital lacrimal glands, and clitoral/ preputial glands, do not have human counterparts; therefore, toxicologic or carcinogenic responses in these tissues have questionable relevance to human safety. The STP tissue list i ...
... 4. Certain tissues found in laboratory animals, including Zymbal’s gland, extraorbital lacrimal glands, and clitoral/ preputial glands, do not have human counterparts; therefore, toxicologic or carcinogenic responses in these tissues have questionable relevance to human safety. The STP tissue list i ...
Nerve activates contraction
... 1 Resting membrane is polarized. In the resting state, the external face of the membrane is slightly positive; its internal face is slightly negative. The chief extracellular ion is sodium (Na+), whereas the chief intracellular ion is potassium (K+). The membrane is relatively impermeable to both io ...
... 1 Resting membrane is polarized. In the resting state, the external face of the membrane is slightly positive; its internal face is slightly negative. The chief extracellular ion is sodium (Na+), whereas the chief intracellular ion is potassium (K+). The membrane is relatively impermeable to both io ...
Acetylcholinesterase in central vocal control nuclei of the zebra finch
... and Scheich 1990). However, as there are indications of even interspecific differences existing within the same family (MacDougall-Shackleton and Ball 1999), AChE distribution in the T. guttata merits a separate study. Moreover, new information about the vocal control circuitry has not been parallel ...
... and Scheich 1990). However, as there are indications of even interspecific differences existing within the same family (MacDougall-Shackleton and Ball 1999), AChE distribution in the T. guttata merits a separate study. Moreover, new information about the vocal control circuitry has not been parallel ...
video slide - Course Notes
... • The outermost layer of the cerebral cortex has a different arrangement in birds and mammals. • In mammals, the cerebral cortex has a convoluted surface called the neocortex, which was previously thought to be required for cognition. • Cognition is the perception and reasoning that form knowledge. ...
... • The outermost layer of the cerebral cortex has a different arrangement in birds and mammals. • In mammals, the cerebral cortex has a convoluted surface called the neocortex, which was previously thought to be required for cognition. • Cognition is the perception and reasoning that form knowledge. ...
Maruska et al. 2007
... larger POA GnRH cells than non-territorial males (Francis et al., 1993; Foran and Bass, 1999). The first study to compare sex differences among three GnRH cell populations of the gonochoristic monomorphic goldfish found larger POA GnRH cells in males compared to females (Parhar et al., 2001), but no ...
... larger POA GnRH cells than non-territorial males (Francis et al., 1993; Foran and Bass, 1999). The first study to compare sex differences among three GnRH cell populations of the gonochoristic monomorphic goldfish found larger POA GnRH cells in males compared to females (Parhar et al., 2001), but no ...
Sherman_PPT_Chapter2
... nerves does not have to travel all the way to the brain to produce a response, automatic behaviors known as reflexes are produced. ...
... nerves does not have to travel all the way to the brain to produce a response, automatic behaviors known as reflexes are produced. ...
Topographic Organization of Connections Between the Hypothalamus and
... Prefrontal cortices have been implicated in autonomic function, but their role in this activity is not well understood. Orbital and medial prefrontal cortices receive input from cortical and subcortical structures associated with emotions. Thus, the prefrontal cortex may be an essential link for aut ...
... Prefrontal cortices have been implicated in autonomic function, but their role in this activity is not well understood. Orbital and medial prefrontal cortices receive input from cortical and subcortical structures associated with emotions. Thus, the prefrontal cortex may be an essential link for aut ...
Microevolution of neuroendocrine mechanisms
... Synopsis A key question in the evolution of life history and in evolutionary physiology asks how reproductive and other life-history traits evolve. Genetic variation in reproductive control systems may exist in many elements of the complex inputs that can affect the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal (H ...
... Synopsis A key question in the evolution of life history and in evolutionary physiology asks how reproductive and other life-history traits evolve. Genetic variation in reproductive control systems may exist in many elements of the complex inputs that can affect the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal (H ...