Where do mirror neurons come from?
... Associative learning is a form of learning that results from exposure to a relationship between two events. ‘Conditioning procedures’ arrange different types of relationship between events. Research examining the effects of conditioning procedures on animal behaviour has shown that associative learn ...
... Associative learning is a form of learning that results from exposure to a relationship between two events. ‘Conditioning procedures’ arrange different types of relationship between events. Research examining the effects of conditioning procedures on animal behaviour has shown that associative learn ...
Morphological and F`unctional Identifications of Catfish Retinal
... ganglion cells (a discrete signal), thus examining the two representative classesof neural signals. Although the great advantages of the method, especially when applied to intracellular recording, were recognized at this earlier stage of the development, we also realized that for such a functional ...
... ganglion cells (a discrete signal), thus examining the two representative classesof neural signals. Although the great advantages of the method, especially when applied to intracellular recording, were recognized at this earlier stage of the development, we also realized that for such a functional ...
Expression of pituitary adenylate cyclase activating
... pregnancy and are regulated, in part, by estrogen. These neuropep- tides act as transmitters both in the spinal cord and cervix. The present study was under- taken to determine the expression pattern of the neuropeptide pituitary adenylate cyclase activating peptide (PACAP) in the cervix and its ner ...
... pregnancy and are regulated, in part, by estrogen. These neuropep- tides act as transmitters both in the spinal cord and cervix. The present study was under- taken to determine the expression pattern of the neuropeptide pituitary adenylate cyclase activating peptide (PACAP) in the cervix and its ner ...
Functional Heterogeneity in the Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis
... case of the corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) cells located in the oval nucleus (Sakanaka et al., 1987; Phelix and Paull, 1990), which also express a fast inwardly rectifying K ⫹ conductance (known as Type III cells; Fig. 3C) (Dabrowska et al., 2013a; but see Silberman et al., 2013). It should be ...
... case of the corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) cells located in the oval nucleus (Sakanaka et al., 1987; Phelix and Paull, 1990), which also express a fast inwardly rectifying K ⫹ conductance (known as Type III cells; Fig. 3C) (Dabrowska et al., 2013a; but see Silberman et al., 2013). It should be ...
Temporal Patterning of Neural Progenitors in Drosophila
... acts in GMCs or young neurons to control the temporal identity of mushroom body neurons (Zhu et al., 2006). Although Chinmo mRNA is equally expressed throughout the entire NB lineage, Chinmo protein shows a temporal gradient in the neuronal progeny. It is absent in NBs and is expressed at its highes ...
... acts in GMCs or young neurons to control the temporal identity of mushroom body neurons (Zhu et al., 2006). Although Chinmo mRNA is equally expressed throughout the entire NB lineage, Chinmo protein shows a temporal gradient in the neuronal progeny. It is absent in NBs and is expressed at its highes ...
GABAergic Influence on Taste Information in the Central Gustatory
... Gustatory sensory neurons synapse on the rostral part of the nucleus of the solitary tract (rNST) located in the medulla. Within the NST, individual neurons have been found that respond best to a certain type of taste stimulus (sweet, salty, bitter, or sour), but most neurons are still broadly tuned ...
... Gustatory sensory neurons synapse on the rostral part of the nucleus of the solitary tract (rNST) located in the medulla. Within the NST, individual neurons have been found that respond best to a certain type of taste stimulus (sweet, salty, bitter, or sour), but most neurons are still broadly tuned ...
Segundo trabajo
... kinase (MAPK) pathway specific inhibitors (PD98059 and U0126). Activation of the p42/p44 MAPK pathway by GDNF led to an increase in the degree of dendritic arborization and axon length of both GABA- and calbindin-positive neurons but had no effect on their survival and maturation. These GDNF-mediate ...
... kinase (MAPK) pathway specific inhibitors (PD98059 and U0126). Activation of the p42/p44 MAPK pathway by GDNF led to an increase in the degree of dendritic arborization and axon length of both GABA- and calbindin-positive neurons but had no effect on their survival and maturation. These GDNF-mediate ...
Interactions Between the Lateral Hypothalamus and the
... Male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 220-300 gm were used in the physiological experiments. Two types of preparations were used. In the first series of experiments, animals were anesthetized with 400 mg/kg chloral hydrate and were maintained in deep anesthesia with additional intravenous injections of ...
... Male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 220-300 gm were used in the physiological experiments. Two types of preparations were used. In the first series of experiments, animals were anesthetized with 400 mg/kg chloral hydrate and were maintained in deep anesthesia with additional intravenous injections of ...
Respiratory-related neurons of the fastigial nucleus in response to
... CRRN. Discharges of this pump CRRN were related to ventilator pump as noted by Ptr. They were silent with cessation of ventilator for multiple breaths. ⇑, Stimulation on; ⇓, stimulation off. ...
... CRRN. Discharges of this pump CRRN were related to ventilator pump as noted by Ptr. They were silent with cessation of ventilator for multiple breaths. ⇑, Stimulation on; ⇓, stimulation off. ...
Glutamate Receptors Form Hot Spots on Apical Dendrites of
... of the recorded cells. It has previously been shown that ␥-CNB-caged glutamate, at 1 mM concentration, does not desensitize glutamate receptors in hippocampal neurons, and that caged glutamate does not inhibit the activation of the glutamate receptors by 50 M glutamate (Wieboldt et al. 1994). Likew ...
... of the recorded cells. It has previously been shown that ␥-CNB-caged glutamate, at 1 mM concentration, does not desensitize glutamate receptors in hippocampal neurons, and that caged glutamate does not inhibit the activation of the glutamate receptors by 50 M glutamate (Wieboldt et al. 1994). Likew ...
Formation of a full complement of cranial proprioceptors requires
... paralleled that of wild-type mice. Spindles are restricted to specific regions of most jaw muscles (Bredman et al., 1991). This feature was especially conspicuous in the anterior masseter muscle in which spindles were restricted to the medial-inferior aspect of the muscle in wild-type as well as NT3 ...
... paralleled that of wild-type mice. Spindles are restricted to specific regions of most jaw muscles (Bredman et al., 1991). This feature was especially conspicuous in the anterior masseter muscle in which spindles were restricted to the medial-inferior aspect of the muscle in wild-type as well as NT3 ...
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... Chapter 2: Biological Foundations of Behavior ...
... Chapter 2: Biological Foundations of Behavior ...
Maruska & Tricas 2009b
... semicircular canals that serve a vestibular function to encode angular accelerations, and three otolithic endorgans (saccule, lagena, and utricle) that serve gravistasis and auditory functions to encode linear particle motion. Auditory information is transferred from the hair-cell sensory maculae vi ...
... semicircular canals that serve a vestibular function to encode angular accelerations, and three otolithic endorgans (saccule, lagena, and utricle) that serve gravistasis and auditory functions to encode linear particle motion. Auditory information is transferred from the hair-cell sensory maculae vi ...
A neural implementation of Bayesian inference based on predictive
... Where x is a (m by 1) vector of input activations, e is a (m by 1) vector of error neuron activations; r is a (m by 1) vector of reconstruction neuron activations; y is a (n by 1) vector of prediction neuron activations; W is a (n by m) matrix of feedforward synaptic weight values; V is a (m by n) ...
... Where x is a (m by 1) vector of input activations, e is a (m by 1) vector of error neuron activations; r is a (m by 1) vector of reconstruction neuron activations; y is a (n by 1) vector of prediction neuron activations; W is a (n by m) matrix of feedforward synaptic weight values; V is a (m by n) ...
Spike-Wave Complexes and Fast Components of Cortically
... We used this type of faradic stimulation because cortical seizures often contain ripples at 100–120 Hz, both intracellularly and at the EEG level (see Figs. 8 and 14 in Steriade et al. 1998a), and such fast oscillations may have a strong impact on postsynaptic neurons. Intracellularly recorded neuro ...
... We used this type of faradic stimulation because cortical seizures often contain ripples at 100–120 Hz, both intracellularly and at the EEG level (see Figs. 8 and 14 in Steriade et al. 1998a), and such fast oscillations may have a strong impact on postsynaptic neurons. Intracellularly recorded neuro ...
Spontaneous persistent activity in entorhinal cortex modulates
... animals showed similar persistent Up states. However, the relatively longer duration of Down states observed under anesthesia, compared to normal sleep, allows unequivocal detection, and more accurate analysis, of the temporal dynamics of persistent activity and its influence on cortico-hippocampal ...
... animals showed similar persistent Up states. However, the relatively longer duration of Down states observed under anesthesia, compared to normal sleep, allows unequivocal detection, and more accurate analysis, of the temporal dynamics of persistent activity and its influence on cortico-hippocampal ...
Complete morphologies of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons in
... dendrite coverage factor and the density of dendrites in the basal forebrain regions where cholinergic projection neuron cell bodies reside (the medial septal nucleus, ventral diagonal band, and horizontal limb of the diagonal band) can also be calculated based on the volume of these territories (0. ...
... dendrite coverage factor and the density of dendrites in the basal forebrain regions where cholinergic projection neuron cell bodies reside (the medial septal nucleus, ventral diagonal band, and horizontal limb of the diagonal band) can also be calculated based on the volume of these territories (0. ...
Hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus activation contributes to
... Heart failure is a consummate example of multisystem disorder and is characterized by neurohumoral excitation. The consequences of NHE include increased sympathetic activity, enhanced renal sodium and water reabsorption, and decreased renal perfusion resulting in the activation of a number of peptid ...
... Heart failure is a consummate example of multisystem disorder and is characterized by neurohumoral excitation. The consequences of NHE include increased sympathetic activity, enhanced renal sodium and water reabsorption, and decreased renal perfusion resulting in the activation of a number of peptid ...
Neuronal Control of Mucus Secretion by Leeches: Toward a General
... sites which in turn control the gut musculature. Thus, the mammalian gut is rich in serotonin which induces its epithelium to secrete mucus. Here too then, as in the body wall of the leech, serotonin appears to mediate mucus secretion. Additional inferential support for serotonin subserving the secr ...
... sites which in turn control the gut musculature. Thus, the mammalian gut is rich in serotonin which induces its epithelium to secrete mucus. Here too then, as in the body wall of the leech, serotonin appears to mediate mucus secretion. Additional inferential support for serotonin subserving the secr ...
full text pdf
... more Why do neurons build synapses or neurites just to degrade them again later on during development? For one, neurons (many billions in the mammalian brain) must make many highly specific synaptic connections (often thousands for a mammalian neuron in the brain). Accordingly, many specificity path ...
... more Why do neurons build synapses or neurites just to degrade them again later on during development? For one, neurons (many billions in the mammalian brain) must make many highly specific synaptic connections (often thousands for a mammalian neuron in the brain). Accordingly, many specificity path ...
Topographically Specific Hippocampal Projections Target Functionally Distinct Prefrontal Areas in the
... The sources of ipsilateral projections from the hippocampal formation, the presubiculum, area 29a-c, and parasubiculum to medial, orbital, and lateral prefrontal cortices were studied with retrograde tracers in 27 rhesus monkeys. labeled neurons within the hippocampal formation (CA1, CA1’, prosubicu ...
... The sources of ipsilateral projections from the hippocampal formation, the presubiculum, area 29a-c, and parasubiculum to medial, orbital, and lateral prefrontal cortices were studied with retrograde tracers in 27 rhesus monkeys. labeled neurons within the hippocampal formation (CA1, CA1’, prosubicu ...
Multimodal Integration in Rostral Fastigial Nucleus Provides an
... addressed this question by comparing the responses of single rostral FN neurons to head versus body motion. We found that neurons could be divided into two classes: unimodal neurons, which responded exclusively to vestibular stimulation, and bimodal neurons, which responded to both vestibular and ne ...
... addressed this question by comparing the responses of single rostral FN neurons to head versus body motion. We found that neurons could be divided into two classes: unimodal neurons, which responded exclusively to vestibular stimulation, and bimodal neurons, which responded to both vestibular and ne ...
Document
... THE NERVOUS SYSTEM The normal body must accomplish a gigantic and enormously complex job—keeping itself alive and healthy. Each one of its billions of cells performs some activity that is a part of this function. Control of the body’s billions of cells is accomplished in part by two body-wide c ...
... THE NERVOUS SYSTEM The normal body must accomplish a gigantic and enormously complex job—keeping itself alive and healthy. Each one of its billions of cells performs some activity that is a part of this function. Control of the body’s billions of cells is accomplished in part by two body-wide c ...
Substance P and Cholecystokinin-like lmmunoreactive Varicosities
... In recent years, the neuropeptides substance P (SP) and cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8) have been suggested as neurotransmitters or neuromodulators of primary afferent neurons. Immunohistochemical studies have provided anatomical evidence in support of this hypothesis. SP-like immunoreactivity ( ...
... In recent years, the neuropeptides substance P (SP) and cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8) have been suggested as neurotransmitters or neuromodulators of primary afferent neurons. Immunohistochemical studies have provided anatomical evidence in support of this hypothesis. SP-like immunoreactivity ( ...
stretch reflex 2
... Supraspinal Control of Stretch Reflex At the cortical level, the net effect of area 4 & area 6 & area 4s on the stretch reflex & muscle tone is inhibitory, so a lesion causing damage of area 4, 4s & 6 (UMNL) leads to increase in muscle tone •In animals the separation between the cerebral cortex & b ...
... Supraspinal Control of Stretch Reflex At the cortical level, the net effect of area 4 & area 6 & area 4s on the stretch reflex & muscle tone is inhibitory, so a lesion causing damage of area 4, 4s & 6 (UMNL) leads to increase in muscle tone •In animals the separation between the cerebral cortex & b ...