Rapid Taste Responses in the Gustatory Cortex
... returned to baseline in tens of milliseconds. Tastant-responsive neurons were broadly tuned and responded to increasing tastant concentrations by either increasing or decreasing their firing rates. In addition, some responses were only evoked at intermediate tastant concentrations. In summary, these ...
... returned to baseline in tens of milliseconds. Tastant-responsive neurons were broadly tuned and responded to increasing tastant concentrations by either increasing or decreasing their firing rates. In addition, some responses were only evoked at intermediate tastant concentrations. In summary, these ...
THE SUBFORNICAL ORGAN AND AREA POSTREMA MEDIATE
... Abstract Leptin is an adipokine that acts centrally to regulate feeding behaviour, energy expenditure and autonomic function via activation of its receptor (ObRb) in nuclei in the central nervous system (CNS). This thesis investigates the involvement of two sensory circumventricular organs (CVOs), ...
... Abstract Leptin is an adipokine that acts centrally to regulate feeding behaviour, energy expenditure and autonomic function via activation of its receptor (ObRb) in nuclei in the central nervous system (CNS). This thesis investigates the involvement of two sensory circumventricular organs (CVOs), ...
Document
... Learning Objective: 2.1 Define and differentiate between psychobiology and neuroscience. Describe a typical neuron. Distinguish between afferent neurons, efferent neurons, association neurons, mirror neurons, and glial cells. Topic: Neurons: The Messengers Skill: Understand the Concepts Difficulty: ...
... Learning Objective: 2.1 Define and differentiate between psychobiology and neuroscience. Describe a typical neuron. Distinguish between afferent neurons, efferent neurons, association neurons, mirror neurons, and glial cells. Topic: Neurons: The Messengers Skill: Understand the Concepts Difficulty: ...
Nucleus Basalis and Thalamic Control of Neocortical Activity in the
... Animals and surgery. The subjects of these experiments were 24 female Fischer 344 (2-l 5 month) and 42 female Sprague-Dawley (3-10 month) rats. Surgery was performed under deep anesthesia induced by a mixture (4 ml/kg) of ketamine (25 mg/ml), rompun (1.3 mg/ml), and acepromazine (0.25 m&ml). The rat ...
... Animals and surgery. The subjects of these experiments were 24 female Fischer 344 (2-l 5 month) and 42 female Sprague-Dawley (3-10 month) rats. Surgery was performed under deep anesthesia induced by a mixture (4 ml/kg) of ketamine (25 mg/ml), rompun (1.3 mg/ml), and acepromazine (0.25 m&ml). The rat ...
The Neurons of the Medial Geniculate Body in the Mustached Bat
... thalamic nuclear subdivisions derived from Golgi material to integrate the findings in parallel studies of cytoarchitecture, immunocytochernistry, and tectothalamic connections. Three primary divisions are defined. The ventral division is large and has a stereotyped neuronal organization. Medium-siz ...
... thalamic nuclear subdivisions derived from Golgi material to integrate the findings in parallel studies of cytoarchitecture, immunocytochernistry, and tectothalamic connections. Three primary divisions are defined. The ventral division is large and has a stereotyped neuronal organization. Medium-siz ...
Segregated cholinergic transmission in the ventral tegmental area
... the vector for cholinergic neurons both in the brainstem and other brain regions using a vector that encodes only the fluorescent reporter (Supplementary Fig. 2 and Supplementary Table 2; see online Methods). In addition, we injected the same vector in each cholinergic cell group (Ch1-Ch8) and conf ...
... the vector for cholinergic neurons both in the brainstem and other brain regions using a vector that encodes only the fluorescent reporter (Supplementary Fig. 2 and Supplementary Table 2; see online Methods). In addition, we injected the same vector in each cholinergic cell group (Ch1-Ch8) and conf ...
Nervous System - El Camino College
... brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS), made up of peripheral nerves that connect the CNS to the rest of the body. C. The nervous system provides sensory, integrative, and motor functions to the body. ...
... brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS), made up of peripheral nerves that connect the CNS to the rest of the body. C. The nervous system provides sensory, integrative, and motor functions to the body. ...
The Structure of Spatial Receptive Fields of Neurons in Primary
... were used, and sound-source directions were referred to the same spherical coordinate system centered on the cat’s interaural plane that covered 3608 in azimuth and 1268 in elevation. Measurements were not made at elevations below 2368 (Musicant et al., 1990) and thus were not represented in our VAS ...
... were used, and sound-source directions were referred to the same spherical coordinate system centered on the cat’s interaural plane that covered 3608 in azimuth and 1268 in elevation. Measurements were not made at elevations below 2368 (Musicant et al., 1990) and thus were not represented in our VAS ...
General Anatomy of the Autonomic Nervous System
... Summary of Sympathetic Division • Cell bodies are found in the thoracic and lumbar portions of the spinal cord • Preganglionic fibers are short, connect to the sympathetic chain, and synapse with long postganglionic fibers • Preganglionic fibers produce ACh, postganglionic fibers produce NE or Ach ...
... Summary of Sympathetic Division • Cell bodies are found in the thoracic and lumbar portions of the spinal cord • Preganglionic fibers are short, connect to the sympathetic chain, and synapse with long postganglionic fibers • Preganglionic fibers produce ACh, postganglionic fibers produce NE or Ach ...
Relationship of Activity in the Subthalamic Nucleus–Globus Pallidus
... Essex, UK). This protocol was used to perform single or double recordings of neurons. Spikes were often several millivolts in amplitude and always exhibited a biphasic waveform with an initial positive deflection. Recordings of spontaneous activity typically lasted for 4 –25 min. The EEG was recorde ...
... Essex, UK). This protocol was used to perform single or double recordings of neurons. Spikes were often several millivolts in amplitude and always exhibited a biphasic waveform with an initial positive deflection. Recordings of spontaneous activity typically lasted for 4 –25 min. The EEG was recorde ...
A Theory of Cerebral Cortex - Temporal Dynamics of Learning Center
... knowledge and how is it acquired and stored?, and How is cortical knowledge used to carry out thinking? The theory’s explanation for another key aspect of cortical and thalamic function – the moment-by-moment selection, evaluation, and execution of the action commands that control waking brain activ ...
... knowledge and how is it acquired and stored?, and How is cortical knowledge used to carry out thinking? The theory’s explanation for another key aspect of cortical and thalamic function – the moment-by-moment selection, evaluation, and execution of the action commands that control waking brain activ ...
Opposite Functions of Histamine H1 and H2 Receptors and H3
... conductance, monitored with 10-mV voltage pulses, was also significantly increased from 5.32 ⫾ 0.46 nS under control to 7.21 ⫾ 0.75 nS (n ⫽ 19, P ⬍ 0.01) during histamine application, suggesting an opening of ion channels. Voltage ramp experiments revealed that histamine increased the whole cell cur ...
... conductance, monitored with 10-mV voltage pulses, was also significantly increased from 5.32 ⫾ 0.46 nS under control to 7.21 ⫾ 0.75 nS (n ⫽ 19, P ⬍ 0.01) during histamine application, suggesting an opening of ion channels. Voltage ramp experiments revealed that histamine increased the whole cell cur ...
The Spinal Nerve
... The gray horns Posterior gray horns contain somatic and visceralsensory nuclei Anterior gray horns contain somatic motor nuclei Lateral gray horns are in thoracic and lumbar segments; contain visceral motor nuclei Gray commissures (axons that cross from one side of cord to other before reacing gray ...
... The gray horns Posterior gray horns contain somatic and visceralsensory nuclei Anterior gray horns contain somatic motor nuclei Lateral gray horns are in thoracic and lumbar segments; contain visceral motor nuclei Gray commissures (axons that cross from one side of cord to other before reacing gray ...
mechanisms and biological role of thalamocortical oscillations
... or anesthesia), fast (20-60 Hz) and ultra-fast (100-600 Hz) activities. The fast and ultra-fast activities may be present in various states of vigilance and frequently coexist with slower rhythms. Pathological oscillations within thalamocortical system take place in a form of electrographic seizures ...
... or anesthesia), fast (20-60 Hz) and ultra-fast (100-600 Hz) activities. The fast and ultra-fast activities may be present in various states of vigilance and frequently coexist with slower rhythms. Pathological oscillations within thalamocortical system take place in a form of electrographic seizures ...
View/Open
... the ventral lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus and surrounding basal regions of the brain, presumably to help control some of the body’s behavioral functions. Thus, the visual pathways can be divided roughly into an old system to the midbrain and base of the forebrain and a new system for di ...
... the ventral lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus and surrounding basal regions of the brain, presumably to help control some of the body’s behavioral functions. Thus, the visual pathways can be divided roughly into an old system to the midbrain and base of the forebrain and a new system for di ...
Prefrontal Neurons Coding Suppression of Specific Saccades
... Despite this, there has been little direct neurophysiological evidence for a mechanism that suppresses specific behavior. In this study, we used an oculomotor delayed match/nonmatch-to-sample task in which monkeys had to remember a stimulus location either as a marker of where to look or as a marker ...
... Despite this, there has been little direct neurophysiological evidence for a mechanism that suppresses specific behavior. In this study, we used an oculomotor delayed match/nonmatch-to-sample task in which monkeys had to remember a stimulus location either as a marker of where to look or as a marker ...
Discharge Patterns of Neurons in the Ventral Nucleus of the Lateral
... nucleus of the lateral lemniscus (VNLL) is a major auditory nucleus that sends a large projection to the inferior colliculus. Despite its prominence, the responses of neurons in the VNLL have not been extensively studied. Previous studies in nonecholocating species have used anesthesia, which is kno ...
... nucleus of the lateral lemniscus (VNLL) is a major auditory nucleus that sends a large projection to the inferior colliculus. Despite its prominence, the responses of neurons in the VNLL have not been extensively studied. Previous studies in nonecholocating species have used anesthesia, which is kno ...
Cerebellar control of visceral responses–possible mechanisms
... involving virtually all links of the parasympathetic and sympathetic adrenal systems and, consequently, their subordinated effector organs. However, these different autonomic effects, which can almost all be induced from the same electrode position in the ...
... involving virtually all links of the parasympathetic and sympathetic adrenal systems and, consequently, their subordinated effector organs. However, these different autonomic effects, which can almost all be induced from the same electrode position in the ...
Projections from the brain to the spinal cord in the mouse Huazheng
... of mammalian species, but have not been comprehensively studied in the mouse. We have mapped these cells in the mouse using retrograde tracing after large unilateral Fluoro-Gold (FG) and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) injections in the C1 and C2 spinal cord segments. We have identified over 30 cell gr ...
... of mammalian species, but have not been comprehensively studied in the mouse. We have mapped these cells in the mouse using retrograde tracing after large unilateral Fluoro-Gold (FG) and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) injections in the C1 and C2 spinal cord segments. We have identified over 30 cell gr ...
elaboration, remodeling and spatial organization of
... units in the calyx. Analysis of clone-oriented dendrite distribution patterns was performed in the MBs where clones of mCD8-GFP-postive dendrites happened to alternate with clones of rCD2-labeled dendrites (e.g. Fig. 2C). When the MBs were photo-sectioned from the cell body region to the lobes (Fig. ...
... units in the calyx. Analysis of clone-oriented dendrite distribution patterns was performed in the MBs where clones of mCD8-GFP-postive dendrites happened to alternate with clones of rCD2-labeled dendrites (e.g. Fig. 2C). When the MBs were photo-sectioned from the cell body region to the lobes (Fig. ...
The seasonal hippocampus of food-storing birds.
... production, mating and reproduction (Tramontin and Brenowitz, 2000). In males, these changes include growth of the gonads, an increase in the circulating level of testosterone, the onset of song, and a marked increase in size of the vocal control nuclei HVC and RA. The song system may not, however, ...
... production, mating and reproduction (Tramontin and Brenowitz, 2000). In males, these changes include growth of the gonads, an increase in the circulating level of testosterone, the onset of song, and a marked increase in size of the vocal control nuclei HVC and RA. The song system may not, however, ...
Integrative actions of the reticular formation The reticular activating
... "The evidence given above pOints to the presence in the I ...
... "The evidence given above pOints to the presence in the I ...
location and function of serotonin in the central and peripheral
... of serotoninergic neurons in the cerebral ganglion complex and the pathways along which these neurons process antennal, visual, and intracerebral information are described in Chapter 2. The location of serotoninergic neuron cell bodies in the ventral nerve cord and their specialized role in inter- a ...
... of serotoninergic neurons in the cerebral ganglion complex and the pathways along which these neurons process antennal, visual, and intracerebral information are described in Chapter 2. The location of serotoninergic neuron cell bodies in the ventral nerve cord and their specialized role in inter- a ...
Excitatory and Inhibitory Synaptic Placement and Functional
... (EM) studies on Golgi-stained cells observed that each spine contains a synapse characterized by round presynaptic vesicles and a robust postsynaptic density (Hersch and White 1981; LeVay 1973; Parnavelas et al. 1977). These asymmetric synapses, classified as type 1 synapses, are innervated by axons ...
... (EM) studies on Golgi-stained cells observed that each spine contains a synapse characterized by round presynaptic vesicles and a robust postsynaptic density (Hersch and White 1981; LeVay 1973; Parnavelas et al. 1977). These asymmetric synapses, classified as type 1 synapses, are innervated by axons ...