Role of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis in the control
... (Walker and Davis, 1997), indicating that regulation of glutamatergic transmission in this region is an important target for anxiolytic and ...
... (Walker and Davis, 1997), indicating that regulation of glutamatergic transmission in this region is an important target for anxiolytic and ...
New Vistas on Amygdala Networks in Conditioned Fear
... et al. 1998; Shumyatsky et al. 2002) all implicate the amygdala in the acquisition of learned fear. Second, findings from animal studies have been confirmed in humans with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) techniques (Buchel et al. 1998; LaBar et al. 1998; Whalen et al. 1998), increasing ...
... et al. 1998; Shumyatsky et al. 2002) all implicate the amygdala in the acquisition of learned fear. Second, findings from animal studies have been confirmed in humans with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) techniques (Buchel et al. 1998; LaBar et al. 1998; Whalen et al. 1998), increasing ...
Astrocytes - American College of Neuropsychopharmacology
... [KⳭ]o and limit its accumulation to a maximum level of 10 to 12 mM, the ceiling level seen with intense activity such as epileptic discharge (37,38). Neurons, and perhaps blood vessels, also participate in [KⳭ]o regulation, but glial mechanisms are probably most important. Two general mechanisms of ...
... [KⳭ]o and limit its accumulation to a maximum level of 10 to 12 mM, the ceiling level seen with intense activity such as epileptic discharge (37,38). Neurons, and perhaps blood vessels, also participate in [KⳭ]o regulation, but glial mechanisms are probably most important. Two general mechanisms of ...
Physiology of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH): Beyond
... GnRH is the hypothalamic main regulator of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal reproductive axis, but it was found to exert additional functions due to the wide distribution of its receptors both in central nervous system (from cortex to spinal cord) and in peripheral organs and tissues. The possible ...
... GnRH is the hypothalamic main regulator of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal reproductive axis, but it was found to exert additional functions due to the wide distribution of its receptors both in central nervous system (from cortex to spinal cord) and in peripheral organs and tissues. The possible ...
Single unit and extracellular firing rate recordings in vivo
... solution. We used the following electrophysiological criteria to identify TM neurons. They exhibit a regular, spontaneous firing rate (typically 2 – 6 Hz) and no burst firing at a resting membrane potential of approximately -50 mV, a broad action potential with a Ca2+ shoulder, and a long after-hype ...
... solution. We used the following electrophysiological criteria to identify TM neurons. They exhibit a regular, spontaneous firing rate (typically 2 – 6 Hz) and no burst firing at a resting membrane potential of approximately -50 mV, a broad action potential with a Ca2+ shoulder, and a long after-hype ...
A dedicated circuit links direction-selective retinal
... examples of direction-tuned signals in dLGN axons located within superficial V1. The first example (Fig. 5h), responds only to gratings drifting at 45 degrees (polar plot Fig. 5k). The second example (Fig. 5i) is also direction-selective but is more broadly tuned (polar plot Fig. 5l). Interestingly, ...
... examples of direction-tuned signals in dLGN axons located within superficial V1. The first example (Fig. 5h), responds only to gratings drifting at 45 degrees (polar plot Fig. 5k). The second example (Fig. 5i) is also direction-selective but is more broadly tuned (polar plot Fig. 5l). Interestingly, ...
Distribution of neurons in functional areas of the mouse cerebral
... used mouse brain atlas, in which the cerebral cortex has been segmented by careful comparison of cytoarchitectonic, connectivity, and functional data (Franklin and Paxinos, 2007). The availability of these cortical subdivision maps, together with the small brain size, makes the mouse cerebral cortex ...
... used mouse brain atlas, in which the cerebral cortex has been segmented by careful comparison of cytoarchitectonic, connectivity, and functional data (Franklin and Paxinos, 2007). The availability of these cortical subdivision maps, together with the small brain size, makes the mouse cerebral cortex ...
Mirror Neurons Responding to Observation of Actions Made with
... 29 neurons, there was also a weak response to observation of an action made with the biological effector, whereas in 4 neurons, this response was absent. The responses of tool-responding mirror neurons were independent of the distance and the space sector where the observed action was performed by t ...
... 29 neurons, there was also a weak response to observation of an action made with the biological effector, whereas in 4 neurons, this response was absent. The responses of tool-responding mirror neurons were independent of the distance and the space sector where the observed action was performed by t ...
Lecture 8 - EdUHK Moodle
... 1. Medulla: first large swelling at the top of the spinal cord, forming the lowest part of the brain – responsible for life-sustaining functions such as breathing, swallowing, and heart rate 2. Pons: larger swelling above the medulla that connects the top of the brain to the bottom – plays a part in ...
... 1. Medulla: first large swelling at the top of the spinal cord, forming the lowest part of the brain – responsible for life-sustaining functions such as breathing, swallowing, and heart rate 2. Pons: larger swelling above the medulla that connects the top of the brain to the bottom – plays a part in ...
Dysphagia: Structure and process of the normal swallow
... into the throat (usually subdivided to Oral Preparatory and Oral Transit) • Pharyngeal phase–starting the swallowing reflex, squeezing food down the throat, and closing off the airway to prevent food or liquid from entering the airway (aspiration) or to prevent choking • Esophageal phase–relaxing an ...
... into the throat (usually subdivided to Oral Preparatory and Oral Transit) • Pharyngeal phase–starting the swallowing reflex, squeezing food down the throat, and closing off the airway to prevent food or liquid from entering the airway (aspiration) or to prevent choking • Esophageal phase–relaxing an ...
Nonlinear Population Codes - Department of Nonlinear Dynamics
... effect of correlations on the accuracy of population coding. They showed that long-range positive correlations that vary smoothly with the functional distance between the neurons lead to saturation of the accuracy by which the stimulus parameters can be extracted to a nite value, even in the limit ...
... effect of correlations on the accuracy of population coding. They showed that long-range positive correlations that vary smoothly with the functional distance between the neurons lead to saturation of the accuracy by which the stimulus parameters can be extracted to a nite value, even in the limit ...
In LHRH neurons
... Infusion of D-argenine had no effect (the dextrorotary form cannot be converted into NO). ...
... Infusion of D-argenine had no effect (the dextrorotary form cannot be converted into NO). ...
Fading memory and kernel properties of generic cortical microcircuit
... input rates that were used more than 30 ms ago. Firing rates r(t) were randomly drawn from the uniform distribution over [0 Hz, 80 Hz] every 30 ms, and input spike trains 1 and 2 were generated for the present 30 ms time segment as independent Poisson spike trains with this firing rate r(t). This pro ...
... input rates that were used more than 30 ms ago. Firing rates r(t) were randomly drawn from the uniform distribution over [0 Hz, 80 Hz] every 30 ms, and input spike trains 1 and 2 were generated for the present 30 ms time segment as independent Poisson spike trains with this firing rate r(t). This pro ...
pdf, 1 MiB - Infoscience
... to generate a connectivity distribution from the specified region of interest. Probabilistic tractography is performed from every voxel with a value greater than 0 in this mask. The output file is a single image in the space of the specified seed mask. All brain voxels have a value (though many of t ...
... to generate a connectivity distribution from the specified region of interest. Probabilistic tractography is performed from every voxel with a value greater than 0 in this mask. The output file is a single image in the space of the specified seed mask. All brain voxels have a value (though many of t ...
Understanding Circuit Dynamics Using the Stomatogastric Nervous
... consequence of the actions of sensory neurons and descending modulatory projection neurons (22, 29–31). Additionally, researchers have characterized the substances found in the pericardial organs and other neurosecretory structures (32, 33). Thirty years ago, these studies employed biochemical and h ...
... consequence of the actions of sensory neurons and descending modulatory projection neurons (22, 29–31). Additionally, researchers have characterized the substances found in the pericardial organs and other neurosecretory structures (32, 33). Thirty years ago, these studies employed biochemical and h ...
Gustatory Processing in Drosophila Higher Brain Centers By
... which in turn causes an increase in the amount of glutamate released by the sensory cell (Brunelli et al., 1976). Hence, the synaptic connection between the sensory and motor cells is strengthened and results in a more powerful withdrawal reflex. Pairing the tactile stimulus and the tail shock, hen ...
... which in turn causes an increase in the amount of glutamate released by the sensory cell (Brunelli et al., 1976). Hence, the synaptic connection between the sensory and motor cells is strengthened and results in a more powerful withdrawal reflex. Pairing the tactile stimulus and the tail shock, hen ...
The Cerebellum - krigolson teaching
... of Purkinje neurons, while making denser connections on a few Purkinje neurons as its axon ascends into the molecular layer. Two Afferent Fiber Systems Encode Information Differently The two main types of afferent fibers in the cerebellum, the mossy fibers and climbing fibers, both form excitatory s ...
... of Purkinje neurons, while making denser connections on a few Purkinje neurons as its axon ascends into the molecular layer. Two Afferent Fiber Systems Encode Information Differently The two main types of afferent fibers in the cerebellum, the mossy fibers and climbing fibers, both form excitatory s ...
The human medial geniculate body
... view of the narrow tuning curves of the cells and their pattern of tonotopic organization [3]. Other parts (for example, the medial division) contain neurons with much broader, often polysensory tuning curves, and an unknown number of representations of the basilar membrane [l]. Moreover. the patter ...
... view of the narrow tuning curves of the cells and their pattern of tonotopic organization [3]. Other parts (for example, the medial division) contain neurons with much broader, often polysensory tuning curves, and an unknown number of representations of the basilar membrane [l]. Moreover. the patter ...
Physiological patterns in the hippocampo
... wave/ripple dynamics allow large ensembles of hippocampal neurons to “readdress” and alter the synaptic connectivity of neocortical circuits (Chrobak and Buzsáki, 1998b). Thus, the sharp wave/ ripple pattern may support an off-line memory consolidation process. Several findings seem to support this ...
... wave/ripple dynamics allow large ensembles of hippocampal neurons to “readdress” and alter the synaptic connectivity of neocortical circuits (Chrobak and Buzsáki, 1998b). Thus, the sharp wave/ ripple pattern may support an off-line memory consolidation process. Several findings seem to support this ...
Physiological Patterns in the Hippocampo
... wave/ripple dynamics allow large ensembles of hippocampal neurons to “readdress” and alter the synaptic connectivity of neocortical circuits (Chrobak and Buzsáki, 1998b). Thus, the sharp wave/ ripple pattern may support an off-line memory consolidation process. Several findings seem to support this ...
... wave/ripple dynamics allow large ensembles of hippocampal neurons to “readdress” and alter the synaptic connectivity of neocortical circuits (Chrobak and Buzsáki, 1998b). Thus, the sharp wave/ ripple pattern may support an off-line memory consolidation process. Several findings seem to support this ...
35-2 The Nervous System
... coordinates functions throughout the body and responds to internal and external stimuli. ...
... coordinates functions throughout the body and responds to internal and external stimuli. ...
Chapter 35: Kandel - krigolson teaching
... Box 35–1 Muscle Spindles Muscle spindles are small encapsulated sensory receptors that have a spindle-like or fusiform shape and are located within the fleshy part of a muscle. Their main function is to signal changes in the length of the muscle within which they reside. Changes in length of muscles ...
... Box 35–1 Muscle Spindles Muscle spindles are small encapsulated sensory receptors that have a spindle-like or fusiform shape and are located within the fleshy part of a muscle. Their main function is to signal changes in the length of the muscle within which they reside. Changes in length of muscles ...
Proopiomelanocortin Neurons in Nucleus Tractus Solitarius Are
... information for homeostatic reflexes enters the brain. Vagal afferents from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract synapse within subregions of the NTS, and the activation of these afferents inhibits food intake (Schwartz, 2000; Broberger and Hokfelt, 2001). The NTS, in turn, is reciprocally connected to r ...
... information for homeostatic reflexes enters the brain. Vagal afferents from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract synapse within subregions of the NTS, and the activation of these afferents inhibits food intake (Schwartz, 2000; Broberger and Hokfelt, 2001). The NTS, in turn, is reciprocally connected to r ...
Chapter 14b - Dr. Jerry Cronin
... Organization and Anatomy of the Sympathetic Division Suprarenal Medullae Neuroendocrine cells of suprarenal medullae Secrete neurotransmitters epinephrine (E) and norepinephrine (NE) Epinephrine: – also called adrenaline – is 75–80% of secretory output ...
... Organization and Anatomy of the Sympathetic Division Suprarenal Medullae Neuroendocrine cells of suprarenal medullae Secrete neurotransmitters epinephrine (E) and norepinephrine (NE) Epinephrine: – also called adrenaline – is 75–80% of secretory output ...