Primitive Roles for Inhibitory Interneurons in Developing Frog Spinal
... Processing for neuron anatomy. Once physiological testing was completed, the tadpoles were fixed in 2% glutaraldehyde in 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.2 at ⬃4°C). Dye-filling was successful through passive diffusion. After rinsing with 0.1 M PBS, the animals were: (1) washed in 1% Triton-X in PBS for ...
... Processing for neuron anatomy. Once physiological testing was completed, the tadpoles were fixed in 2% glutaraldehyde in 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.2 at ⬃4°C). Dye-filling was successful through passive diffusion. After rinsing with 0.1 M PBS, the animals were: (1) washed in 1% Triton-X in PBS for ...
multiple reward signals in the brain
... The phasic activation of dopamine neurons has a time course of tens of milliseconds. It is possible that this facet of the physiology of these neurons describes only one aspect of dopamine function in the brain. Feeding, drinking, punishment, stress and social behaviour result in a slower modificati ...
... The phasic activation of dopamine neurons has a time course of tens of milliseconds. It is possible that this facet of the physiology of these neurons describes only one aspect of dopamine function in the brain. Feeding, drinking, punishment, stress and social behaviour result in a slower modificati ...
The Central Nervous System
... Several neurons send information to one other Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings ...
... Several neurons send information to one other Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings ...
Summary of Results and Discussion
... Previous studies by Josephson and Meier reported no alterations of Nogo-A expression at 24 hours after KA injection, and no alterations or strong upregulation after 7-5 days (Table 1.1; Josephson et al., 2001; Meier et al., 2003). The doses used in the three studies were similar (10 mg/kg Josephson ...
... Previous studies by Josephson and Meier reported no alterations of Nogo-A expression at 24 hours after KA injection, and no alterations or strong upregulation after 7-5 days (Table 1.1; Josephson et al., 2001; Meier et al., 2003). The doses used in the three studies were similar (10 mg/kg Josephson ...
Short title: Thalamocortical computations during tactile sensation
... that are required to construct a realistic computational model of the thalamocortical circuit. Our ...
... that are required to construct a realistic computational model of the thalamocortical circuit. Our ...
Contribution of Pedunculopontine Tegmental Nucleus Neurons to
... cerebellar peduncle, and reached PPTN. PPTN was located 3–5 mm lateral from midline and 3–7 mm deeper than where auditory responses were observed. We recorded single units in that location and confirmed high-frequency tonic fiber activity (⬎20 Hz) within 3–5 mm from single units, since PPTN is close ...
... cerebellar peduncle, and reached PPTN. PPTN was located 3–5 mm lateral from midline and 3–7 mm deeper than where auditory responses were observed. We recorded single units in that location and confirmed high-frequency tonic fiber activity (⬎20 Hz) within 3–5 mm from single units, since PPTN is close ...
Turtle Dorsal Cortex Pyramidal Neurons Comprise Two Distinct Cell
... Procedures used in this study were approved by Washington University’s Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee and conform to the guidelines of the National Institutes of Health on the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. Red-eared slider turtles (Trachemys scripta elegans, 150–200 g weight, 12–1 ...
... Procedures used in this study were approved by Washington University’s Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee and conform to the guidelines of the National Institutes of Health on the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. Red-eared slider turtles (Trachemys scripta elegans, 150–200 g weight, 12–1 ...
Morphological Studies of Wobbler Mouse Dorsal Root Ganglia
... such as oxidative stress due to mitochondrial dysfunction, protein aggregation, neuroinflammation in different parts of the central nervous system and impaired axonal transport [26]. Up till now, none of the cellular defects found have led to a strategy to modify disease progression in animal models ...
... such as oxidative stress due to mitochondrial dysfunction, protein aggregation, neuroinflammation in different parts of the central nervous system and impaired axonal transport [26]. Up till now, none of the cellular defects found have led to a strategy to modify disease progression in animal models ...
A computational account for the ontogeny of mirror neurons via
... In the early 1990s, mirror neurons were discovered in the ventral premotor cortex of the macaque monkey (Di Pellegrino et al., 1992). These neurons fired both when the monkeys grabbed an object and when they watched another primate grab that same object. Mirror neuron-like activity has been observed ...
... In the early 1990s, mirror neurons were discovered in the ventral premotor cortex of the macaque monkey (Di Pellegrino et al., 1992). These neurons fired both when the monkeys grabbed an object and when they watched another primate grab that same object. Mirror neuron-like activity has been observed ...
Kv2 Channels Form Delayed-Rectifier Potassium Channels In Situ
... direct functional analysis in situ. We reduced Kv2 channel function by overexpressing a dominant-negative Kv2 subunit in embryonic neurons at early stages of differentiation; this dominant-negative subunit coassembles with either Kv2.1 or Kv2.2 subunits to produce nonfunctional channels (Blaine and ...
... direct functional analysis in situ. We reduced Kv2 channel function by overexpressing a dominant-negative Kv2 subunit in embryonic neurons at early stages of differentiation; this dominant-negative subunit coassembles with either Kv2.1 or Kv2.2 subunits to produce nonfunctional channels (Blaine and ...
Frontiers in Zoology - Deep Metazoan Phylogeny
... retrocerebral organ, a structure with an unknown putative sensory function [2]. The ventral ganglion is an elongate structure lying between the basement membrane and the epidermis. Two main connectives link it with the brain ganglia and two other nerve tracts continue caudally (Fig. 2A, B) [19,23]. ...
... retrocerebral organ, a structure with an unknown putative sensory function [2]. The ventral ganglion is an elongate structure lying between the basement membrane and the epidermis. Two main connectives link it with the brain ganglia and two other nerve tracts continue caudally (Fig. 2A, B) [19,23]. ...
Review Process
... granules. If both doses trigger oscillations through the same mechanism, this might suggest that the fusion mechanism is not critically dependent on calcium i.e. provides indirect evidence that the pH of the lysosome is more important here. How is the overlap between the lysosomes and secretory gran ...
... granules. If both doses trigger oscillations through the same mechanism, this might suggest that the fusion mechanism is not critically dependent on calcium i.e. provides indirect evidence that the pH of the lysosome is more important here. How is the overlap between the lysosomes and secretory gran ...
09 - Pierce College
... b. Increase surface area of cerebellum c. Increase surface area of cerebrum d. Allow brain to expand and contract as you think! 28. Area of the brain that controls most skeletal muscles is located here: a. Frontal lobe b. Parietal lobes c. Temporal lobes Putman/Pierce College Biol 241 09px Practice ...
... b. Increase surface area of cerebellum c. Increase surface area of cerebrum d. Allow brain to expand and contract as you think! 28. Area of the brain that controls most skeletal muscles is located here: a. Frontal lobe b. Parietal lobes c. Temporal lobes Putman/Pierce College Biol 241 09px Practice ...
Fusion of Lysosomes with Secretory organelles leads
... granules. If both doses trigger oscillations through the same mechanism, this might suggest that the fusion mechanism is not critically dependent on calcium i.e. provides indirect evidence that the pH of the lysosome is more important here. How is the overlap between the lysosomes and secretory gran ...
... granules. If both doses trigger oscillations through the same mechanism, this might suggest that the fusion mechanism is not critically dependent on calcium i.e. provides indirect evidence that the pH of the lysosome is more important here. How is the overlap between the lysosomes and secretory gran ...
A Model of Surround Suppression Through Cortical Feedback
... f (x) is the same logistic function given above. However, the excitatory and inhibitory populations have different offset, gain, and maximum firing rate values obtained from the literature, as discussed below. All five V1 regions send feedforward projections to the V2 region. The feedforward project ...
... f (x) is the same logistic function given above. However, the excitatory and inhibitory populations have different offset, gain, and maximum firing rate values obtained from the literature, as discussed below. All five V1 regions send feedforward projections to the V2 region. The feedforward project ...
Neurophysiological involvement in hypervolemic hyponatremia
... neurohumoral reflex in body hydromineral homeostasis, and modulate the activity of AVP neurons directly and indirectly via other osmosensors [9]. In superfused explants of rat hypothalamus, changes in firing rate and frequency of spontaneous EPSPs but not IPSPs of the MNCs are positively correlated ...
... neurohumoral reflex in body hydromineral homeostasis, and modulate the activity of AVP neurons directly and indirectly via other osmosensors [9]. In superfused explants of rat hypothalamus, changes in firing rate and frequency of spontaneous EPSPs but not IPSPs of the MNCs are positively correlated ...
Understanding Opioid Reward Howard L. Fields and Elyssa B
... heterogeneity in VTA neurons and that there are numerous opioid synaptic actions within the VTA. Here we review the role VTA neurons play in opioid reward and reinforcement, and the synaptic and neural circuit mechanisms by which opioids control VTA neuronal activity. How are we using the term rewar ...
... heterogeneity in VTA neurons and that there are numerous opioid synaptic actions within the VTA. Here we review the role VTA neurons play in opioid reward and reinforcement, and the synaptic and neural circuit mechanisms by which opioids control VTA neuronal activity. How are we using the term rewar ...
Genetic Diversity of Principal Neurons in the Hippocampus
... cells (GCs) in the dentate gyrus (DG) to pyramidal neurons in CA3 and then pyramidal neurons in CA1, provides an attractive system to investigate the notion of subpopulations of selectively interconnected neurons in cortical structures. Thus, there is a wealth of anatomical and functional informatio ...
... cells (GCs) in the dentate gyrus (DG) to pyramidal neurons in CA3 and then pyramidal neurons in CA1, provides an attractive system to investigate the notion of subpopulations of selectively interconnected neurons in cortical structures. Thus, there is a wealth of anatomical and functional informatio ...
the brainstem control of saccadic eye movements
... head is upright and stationary, the range of torsional eye positions is small. Bursts of activity are associated with downward saccades and, during fixation intervals, steady rates of discharge are linearly related to the vertical position of the eye (FIG. 4b). Listing’s law does not hold for rotati ...
... head is upright and stationary, the range of torsional eye positions is small. Bursts of activity are associated with downward saccades and, during fixation intervals, steady rates of discharge are linearly related to the vertical position of the eye (FIG. 4b). Listing’s law does not hold for rotati ...
Role of the Basal Ganglia in the Control of Purposive - lsr
... the two input stations, receiving signals from a wide area in the cerebral cortex and part of the thalamus, whereas the GPi and SNr are the two major output stations, sending signals to part of the thalamus and brain stem motor areas. The STN, GPe, and SNc are mostly connected with other basal gangl ...
... the two input stations, receiving signals from a wide area in the cerebral cortex and part of the thalamus, whereas the GPi and SNr are the two major output stations, sending signals to part of the thalamus and brain stem motor areas. The STN, GPe, and SNc are mostly connected with other basal gangl ...
Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Mediates Activity
... polyvinylpyrrolidone in ethanol and precipitated onto the internal wall of the plastic tube. Slices were bombarded with one cartridge per insert under 120 psi helium pressure through a nylon mesh that served to reduce the mechanical effects of the gas blast. Confocal microscopy. Confocal images were ...
... polyvinylpyrrolidone in ethanol and precipitated onto the internal wall of the plastic tube. Slices were bombarded with one cartridge per insert under 120 psi helium pressure through a nylon mesh that served to reduce the mechanical effects of the gas blast. Confocal microscopy. Confocal images were ...
Kalirin, a Multifunctional Rho Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factor
... Kalirin isoforms are drawn to scale. Bars indicate the regions to which antibodies or probes were made. B, C, Hippocampal extracts spectrin-like region common to most iso(50 g of protein) prepared from rats of the indicated ages were subjected to Western blot analysis using the affinity-purified fo ...
... Kalirin isoforms are drawn to scale. Bars indicate the regions to which antibodies or probes were made. B, C, Hippocampal extracts spectrin-like region common to most iso(50 g of protein) prepared from rats of the indicated ages were subjected to Western blot analysis using the affinity-purified fo ...
Dynamics of Learning and Recall ... Recurrent Synapses and Cholinergic Modulation
... Hippocampal region CA3 contains extensive recurrent excitation, mediatedby synapsesof the longitudinal associationfibers that arise from region CA3 pyramidal cells and terminate on other pyramidal cells along the septotemporalaxis of the hippocampus(seeAmaral and Witter, 1989, for review). Extensive ...
... Hippocampal region CA3 contains extensive recurrent excitation, mediatedby synapsesof the longitudinal associationfibers that arise from region CA3 pyramidal cells and terminate on other pyramidal cells along the septotemporalaxis of the hippocampus(seeAmaral and Witter, 1989, for review). Extensive ...
the medial division of the medial geniculate body of the cat
... that the degree of radiate or tufted dendritic branching is less well developed, but neither type of cell predominates. Moreover, all of the cell types are overlapping in distribution, although the large ones tend to be more common rostrally in the medial division. Likewise, there is no clear-cut re ...
... that the degree of radiate or tufted dendritic branching is less well developed, but neither type of cell predominates. Moreover, all of the cell types are overlapping in distribution, although the large ones tend to be more common rostrally in the medial division. Likewise, there is no clear-cut re ...
segregation of stimulus phase and intensity coding in the cochlear
... where previously there had been none. This was especially true for high frequency neurons. In cases where there is a weak modulation of the period histogram, the criterion of a positive phase shift with increased frequency can be used to discern physiologically related phase locking. This method is ...
... where previously there had been none. This was especially true for high frequency neurons. In cases where there is a weak modulation of the period histogram, the criterion of a positive phase shift with increased frequency can be used to discern physiologically related phase locking. This method is ...