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... these defects cannot account for the R1–R6 targeting errors. In further support of this finding, the projections of nonstop mutant R cell axons into a wild-type target in third instar larvae, as visualized by mAb24B10, were largely indistinguishable from wild type (data not shown). Thus, we conclude ...
... these defects cannot account for the R1–R6 targeting errors. In further support of this finding, the projections of nonstop mutant R cell axons into a wild-type target in third instar larvae, as visualized by mAb24B10, were largely indistinguishable from wild type (data not shown). Thus, we conclude ...
Action recognition in the premotor cortex
... 'grasping' mirror neurons. Some grasping mirror neurons stopped firing almost immediately as the hand grabbed the object, others continued to discharge for a while after the end of the action. An example of a grasping mirror neuron is shown in Fig. 1. Each trial started with the stimulus presentatio ...
... 'grasping' mirror neurons. Some grasping mirror neurons stopped firing almost immediately as the hand grabbed the object, others continued to discharge for a while after the end of the action. An example of a grasping mirror neuron is shown in Fig. 1. Each trial started with the stimulus presentatio ...
Parallel Processing of Appetitive Short- and Long
... [22, 24] and in ab neurons to form LTM [24], suggesting an independence of these two memory phases. However, several results suggest that aversive STM and LTM are not processed by fully independent neuronal pathways. Thus, a more efficient rescue of rut STM or LTM defect is observed when RUT is expr ...
... [22, 24] and in ab neurons to form LTM [24], suggesting an independence of these two memory phases. However, several results suggest that aversive STM and LTM are not processed by fully independent neuronal pathways. Thus, a more efficient rescue of rut STM or LTM defect is observed when RUT is expr ...
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... in the firing rate of subthalamic neurons, which is far less pronounced than the increase observed in animals with nigrostriatal damage. These data suggest that an additional, if not alternative, explanation for the PD-related subthalamic hyperactivity should be considered. As mentioned above, emerg ...
... in the firing rate of subthalamic neurons, which is far less pronounced than the increase observed in animals with nigrostriatal damage. These data suggest that an additional, if not alternative, explanation for the PD-related subthalamic hyperactivity should be considered. As mentioned above, emerg ...
Differential effects of nicotine on the activity of substantia nigra and
... firing rate and coefficient of variation (CV = standard deviation of firing frequency/mean firing frequency ´ 100) were calculated from 200-500 successive APs using LabView (National Instr.). A digital frequency meter was used for calculation of the number of spikes within consecutive time intervals ...
... firing rate and coefficient of variation (CV = standard deviation of firing frequency/mean firing frequency ´ 100) were calculated from 200-500 successive APs using LabView (National Instr.). A digital frequency meter was used for calculation of the number of spikes within consecutive time intervals ...
Word Definition 12 Cranial Nerve innervation of
... Association Cortex in relation to Papez' Circuit ...
... Association Cortex in relation to Papez' Circuit ...
Characterization of peripheral osmoreceptors - diss.fu
... The hypothalamus controls neuroendocrine responses by manipulating the release of natriuretic and antidiuretic hormones such as vasopressin (VP, (Swaab, Pool et al. 1975; Verbalis, Baldwin et al. 1986). VP is synthesized in magnocellular ...
... The hypothalamus controls neuroendocrine responses by manipulating the release of natriuretic and antidiuretic hormones such as vasopressin (VP, (Swaab, Pool et al. 1975; Verbalis, Baldwin et al. 1986). VP is synthesized in magnocellular ...
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... of the circadian rhythm? a) The recipients would have rhythmic activity with a variety of periods ranging from 20 to 24 hours. b) The recipients would have rhythmic activity with a period of about 24 hours. c) The recipients would have no rhythmic activity. d) The recipients would have rhythmic acti ...
... of the circadian rhythm? a) The recipients would have rhythmic activity with a variety of periods ranging from 20 to 24 hours. b) The recipients would have rhythmic activity with a period of about 24 hours. c) The recipients would have no rhythmic activity. d) The recipients would have rhythmic acti ...
Nucleus Gracilis: An Integrator for Visceral and Somatic Information
... mechanical cutaneous stimuli. The NG lesions did not have a significant effect on the responses to noxious mechanical cutaneous stimuli. The findings imply that the NG is involved in mediating noxious visceral and innocuous cutaneous inputs into the VPL nucleus of the thalamus. The results also indi ...
... mechanical cutaneous stimuli. The NG lesions did not have a significant effect on the responses to noxious mechanical cutaneous stimuli. The findings imply that the NG is involved in mediating noxious visceral and innocuous cutaneous inputs into the VPL nucleus of the thalamus. The results also indi ...
Taste
... be detected. • The threshold for taste varies widely in different individuals. • It also depends on the substance tasted; the next table shows the taste threshold for some compounds ...
... be detected. • The threshold for taste varies widely in different individuals. • It also depends on the substance tasted; the next table shows the taste threshold for some compounds ...
Cation-Chloride Cotransporters and Neuronal Function
... the impact or versatility of their functions. What is often ignored is that ion transporters are as important as channels in the generation of electrical signals. During the recent years, there has been a sharp increase in the interest of neurobiologists in plasmalemmal ion-transport mechanisms, esp ...
... the impact or versatility of their functions. What is often ignored is that ion transporters are as important as channels in the generation of electrical signals. During the recent years, there has been a sharp increase in the interest of neurobiologists in plasmalemmal ion-transport mechanisms, esp ...
Nerve Cells and Insect Behavior—Studies on Crickets1 This report
... As shown in Figure 7 the nervous system is divided into discrete ganglia. Moreover, each ganglion (and even nerve cells) has a bilateral and a mirror image arrangement (Huber, 1989). This facilitates studies of segmental motoneuronal (Bentley, 1969; Hennig, 1989) and neuromuscular interactions respo ...
... As shown in Figure 7 the nervous system is divided into discrete ganglia. Moreover, each ganglion (and even nerve cells) has a bilateral and a mirror image arrangement (Huber, 1989). This facilitates studies of segmental motoneuronal (Bentley, 1969; Hennig, 1989) and neuromuscular interactions respo ...
Table of Contents - The Mind Project
... PKD-like conditions in the rats, and later to take electrical and chemical readings of what is happening in and around dopamine neurons. Students are testing a well-known theory; they collect data, and then interpret that data to see if it supports their hypothesis. www.mind.ilstu.edu ...
... PKD-like conditions in the rats, and later to take electrical and chemical readings of what is happening in and around dopamine neurons. Students are testing a well-known theory; they collect data, and then interpret that data to see if it supports their hypothesis. www.mind.ilstu.edu ...
Critical Time Window of Neuronal Cholesterol Synthesis during
... Defects in cholesterol synthesis can have devastating effects on the developing nervous system, including corpus callosum agenesis (Waterham, 2002). Even during development, when the blood– brain barrier has not fully formed yet, the brain normally synthesizes the majority of its cholesterol locally ...
... Defects in cholesterol synthesis can have devastating effects on the developing nervous system, including corpus callosum agenesis (Waterham, 2002). Even during development, when the blood– brain barrier has not fully formed yet, the brain normally synthesizes the majority of its cholesterol locally ...
Gustatory processing is dynamic and distributed Donald B
... Functional anatomy of the gustatory system Figure 1a shows a schematic diagram of the principle gustatory pathways [2,3]. Transduction of chemical information occurs in the oral cavity when chemicals make contact with taste receptor cells [4••,5••]. Primary gustatory neurons course within the CNS cr ...
... Functional anatomy of the gustatory system Figure 1a shows a schematic diagram of the principle gustatory pathways [2,3]. Transduction of chemical information occurs in the oral cavity when chemicals make contact with taste receptor cells [4••,5••]. Primary gustatory neurons course within the CNS cr ...
Visual and Oculomotor Functions of Monkey Subthalamic Nucleus
... The subthalamic nucleus (STN) is in a crucial position to influence the output of the basal ganglia. It projects to the internal and external segments of the globus pallidus (Carpenter et al. 198 1a; Groenewegen and Berendse 1990; Kita and Kitai 1987; Nauta and Cole 1978; Parent and Smith 1987; Smit ...
... The subthalamic nucleus (STN) is in a crucial position to influence the output of the basal ganglia. It projects to the internal and external segments of the globus pallidus (Carpenter et al. 198 1a; Groenewegen and Berendse 1990; Kita and Kitai 1987; Nauta and Cole 1978; Parent and Smith 1987; Smit ...
Mental Processes -- How the Mind Arises from the Brain Roger Ellman
... intelligence, self-awareness, and so forth, but the lesser functions found in most animals such as purposive behavior and control of voluntary actions of the body. Furthermore, it is also an involuntary control system that monitors and controls all of the bodily functions so as to make the total bio ...
... intelligence, self-awareness, and so forth, but the lesser functions found in most animals such as purposive behavior and control of voluntary actions of the body. Furthermore, it is also an involuntary control system that monitors and controls all of the bodily functions so as to make the total bio ...
The Familial Dysautonomia disease gene, Ikbkap/Elp1, is required
... while the hippocampus was relatively enlarged with respect to the reduced hemisphere (Table 2), which we attribute to the absence of Cre expression in the hippocampus (Fig.1g and S1a,b). Given the critical role that CNS regulatory structures play in autonomic nervous system (ANS) output, we examined ...
... while the hippocampus was relatively enlarged with respect to the reduced hemisphere (Table 2), which we attribute to the absence of Cre expression in the hippocampus (Fig.1g and S1a,b). Given the critical role that CNS regulatory structures play in autonomic nervous system (ANS) output, we examined ...
Uncovering the Forgotten Effect of Superior Cervical Ganglia on
... Figure 2: A schematic drawing of cervical ganglia and related anatomical structures of a rabbit in the right upper corner (SSG: Superior cervical sympathetic ganglion, MSG: Middle cervical sympathetic ganglion, ISG: Inferior cervical sympathetic ganglion, STG: Stellate ganglion). At the base, histol ...
... Figure 2: A schematic drawing of cervical ganglia and related anatomical structures of a rabbit in the right upper corner (SSG: Superior cervical sympathetic ganglion, MSG: Middle cervical sympathetic ganglion, ISG: Inferior cervical sympathetic ganglion, STG: Stellate ganglion). At the base, histol ...
Simulation of signal flow in 3D reconstructions of an anatomically
... morphology and connectivity patterns established among diverse neuronal cell types. The single neuron represents the elemental functional unit of these networks. Depending on their dendrite morphology, as well as their synaptic innervations and conductance distributions, neurons perform (non-) linea ...
... morphology and connectivity patterns established among diverse neuronal cell types. The single neuron represents the elemental functional unit of these networks. Depending on their dendrite morphology, as well as their synaptic innervations and conductance distributions, neurons perform (non-) linea ...
PDF file - Izhikevich
... where tj is the time of the arrival (after axonal conduction delay) of the last spike of the jth presynaptic neuron. That is, the last firing of a presynaptic neuron overrides the effect of previous firings. Such an implementation is consistent with the empirical data reported by Sjostrom et al. (20 ...
... where tj is the time of the arrival (after axonal conduction delay) of the last spike of the jth presynaptic neuron. That is, the last firing of a presynaptic neuron overrides the effect of previous firings. Such an implementation is consistent with the empirical data reported by Sjostrom et al. (20 ...
Can regenerating axons recapitulate developmental
... the neural pathway1,2. Basic fibroblast growth factors (bFGFs) and WNT proteins stimulate differentiation into anterior neural structures, whereas retinoids stimulate posterior neural fates 3–6. In the developing spinal cord, the floor plate and nearby notochord secrete sonic hedgehog (SHH), which s ...
... the neural pathway1,2. Basic fibroblast growth factors (bFGFs) and WNT proteins stimulate differentiation into anterior neural structures, whereas retinoids stimulate posterior neural fates 3–6. In the developing spinal cord, the floor plate and nearby notochord secrete sonic hedgehog (SHH), which s ...
The Nervous System
... Fill in the blanks with: reflexes, saltatory conduction, neurotransmitter, or action potential. 1. A(n) _______________ is an all or none response. 2. _______________ occurs only in myelinated axons. 3. _______________ are rapid, involuntary responses. 4. The axon terminal has tiny vesicles filled w ...
... Fill in the blanks with: reflexes, saltatory conduction, neurotransmitter, or action potential. 1. A(n) _______________ is an all or none response. 2. _______________ occurs only in myelinated axons. 3. _______________ are rapid, involuntary responses. 4. The axon terminal has tiny vesicles filled w ...
Clarke`s column neurons as the focus of a corticospinal corollary circuit
... the sensory relay properties of Clarke’s column have long been appreciated9, the possibility that this set of spinocerebellar neurons has additional integrative functions in spinal sensory processing has not been explored in detail. Proprioceptive sensory information of peripheral origin provides on ...
... the sensory relay properties of Clarke’s column have long been appreciated9, the possibility that this set of spinocerebellar neurons has additional integrative functions in spinal sensory processing has not been explored in detail. Proprioceptive sensory information of peripheral origin provides on ...
Lemniscal recurrent and transcortical influences on
... lemniscal ascending activity affecting the nucleus by a transcortical route,51 and to dorsal column reflexes generated in primary afferent terminals by presynaptic depolarization.5., 30. and 50. Thus, electrical volleys applied to the ML should induce a double discharge in the DCN, the first being p ...
... lemniscal ascending activity affecting the nucleus by a transcortical route,51 and to dorsal column reflexes generated in primary afferent terminals by presynaptic depolarization.5., 30. and 50. Thus, electrical volleys applied to the ML should induce a double discharge in the DCN, the first being p ...