Fast Propagation of Firing Rates through Layered Networks of Noisy
... statistics), averaging times of tens of milliseconds are required to read out rate-coded signals (Gautrais and Thorpe, 1998). On the other hand, it is known that neural computation can be very fast. For instance, humans can categorize complex visual scenes in as little as 150 msec (Thorpe et al., 19 ...
... statistics), averaging times of tens of milliseconds are required to read out rate-coded signals (Gautrais and Thorpe, 1998). On the other hand, it is known that neural computation can be very fast. For instance, humans can categorize complex visual scenes in as little as 150 msec (Thorpe et al., 19 ...
Plasma osmolality ≈ 290 mosmoles. kg H 2 O
... paraventricular nuclei supraoptic It is transported to and neurons released from the posterior pituitary ...
... paraventricular nuclei supraoptic It is transported to and neurons released from the posterior pituitary ...
SIADH, DI and Cerebral Salt Wasting
... • Also localized in hypothalamus – Secreted in response to increased pressure or stretch – Similar effects to ANP – BNP levels are elevated in patients with SAH – Acute intracranial disease may cause release of cardiac BNP, and hypothalamic damage may also ...
... • Also localized in hypothalamus – Secreted in response to increased pressure or stretch – Similar effects to ANP – BNP levels are elevated in patients with SAH – Acute intracranial disease may cause release of cardiac BNP, and hypothalamic damage may also ...
Unit 7 Nervous System - Lemon Bay High School
... Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings ...
... Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings ...
Principles of Neural Science
... THE BASAL GANGLIA CONSIST of four nuclei, portions of which play a major role in normal voluntary movement. Unlike most other components of the motor system, however, they do not have direct input or output connections with the spinal cord. These nuclei receive their primary input from the cerebral ...
... THE BASAL GANGLIA CONSIST of four nuclei, portions of which play a major role in normal voluntary movement. Unlike most other components of the motor system, however, they do not have direct input or output connections with the spinal cord. These nuclei receive their primary input from the cerebral ...
Brain stem excitatory and inhibitory signaling pathways regulating
... resistance (120, 132), by influencing smooth muscle tone, lung interstitium pericytes, and alveolar myofibroblasts (116). However, it is not clear whether individual AVPNs provide parallel innervation to airway smooth muscle, submucosal glands, and local blood vessels. A relative simultaneity of air ...
... resistance (120, 132), by influencing smooth muscle tone, lung interstitium pericytes, and alveolar myofibroblasts (116). However, it is not clear whether individual AVPNs provide parallel innervation to airway smooth muscle, submucosal glands, and local blood vessels. A relative simultaneity of air ...
Neurons in Anterior Cingulate Cortex Multiplex
... ond fixation epoch began. Breaks of fixation monkey is free to shift gaze to one of eight targets. After saccade, all targets change color. Seven (LV targets) turn red, and one (HV (deviations of greater than the 2° fixation win- target) turns another color. Subsequent saccades have no effect on rew ...
... ond fixation epoch began. Breaks of fixation monkey is free to shift gaze to one of eight targets. After saccade, all targets change color. Seven (LV targets) turn red, and one (HV (deviations of greater than the 2° fixation win- target) turns another color. Subsequent saccades have no effect on rew ...
Local network regulation of orexin neurons in the lateral hypothalamus
... most common causes of health problems in modern society. Thus, the discovery that orexin (hypocretin) neurons play a pivotal role in sleep/wake regulation, energy balance, and consummatory behaviors has sparked immense interest in understanding the regulatory mechanisms of these neurons. The local n ...
... most common causes of health problems in modern society. Thus, the discovery that orexin (hypocretin) neurons play a pivotal role in sleep/wake regulation, energy balance, and consummatory behaviors has sparked immense interest in understanding the regulatory mechanisms of these neurons. The local n ...
Paper: Neural substrates for expectation
... INTRODUCTION • Fear conditioning may be instructed by UCS signals that are inhibited by expectation, rather than by a simple sensory representation of the UCS. • Responses of amygdala neurons to aversive (or appetitive) stimuli are modulated by expectation. • It is not clear whether this occurs dur ...
... INTRODUCTION • Fear conditioning may be instructed by UCS signals that are inhibited by expectation, rather than by a simple sensory representation of the UCS. • Responses of amygdala neurons to aversive (or appetitive) stimuli are modulated by expectation. • It is not clear whether this occurs dur ...
Neurotransmitter Function
... This potential is about -70mV. The potential fluctuates depending on the flow and concentration of ions inside and outside the cell. • depolarized or hyperpolarized ...
... This potential is about -70mV. The potential fluctuates depending on the flow and concentration of ions inside and outside the cell. • depolarized or hyperpolarized ...
Stereoscopic Mechanisms in Monkey Visual Cortex: Binocular
... drives these neurons to a maintained level of activity, which shifts, in response to correlated images, toward facilitation or suppression as a function of positional disparity. These neurons may operate in the neural processing leading to stereopsis, both coarse and fine, and also provide signals f ...
... drives these neurons to a maintained level of activity, which shifts, in response to correlated images, toward facilitation or suppression as a function of positional disparity. These neurons may operate in the neural processing leading to stereopsis, both coarse and fine, and also provide signals f ...
Neurophysiology/special senses/smell and taste Lect. Dr. Zahid M
... concentration of an odor-producing substance must be changed by about 30% before a difference can be detected. Adaptation It is common knowledge that when one is continuously exposed to even the most disagreeable odor, perception of the odor decreases and eventually ceases. This sometimes beneficent ...
... concentration of an odor-producing substance must be changed by about 30% before a difference can be detected. Adaptation It is common knowledge that when one is continuously exposed to even the most disagreeable odor, perception of the odor decreases and eventually ceases. This sometimes beneficent ...
17. Pathways and Integrative Functions
... The posterior funiculus–medial lemniscal pathway (or posterior column pathway) projects through the spinal cord, brainstem, and diencephalon before terminating within the cerebral cortex (figure 17.2). Its name derives from two components: the tracts within the spinal cord, collectively called the p ...
... The posterior funiculus–medial lemniscal pathway (or posterior column pathway) projects through the spinal cord, brainstem, and diencephalon before terminating within the cerebral cortex (figure 17.2). Its name derives from two components: the tracts within the spinal cord, collectively called the p ...
I Know What You Are Doing: A - Università degli Studi di Parma
... holding versus placing and holding) in both full vision and hidden conditions. As for all mirror neurons presented in this article, this neuron also responded while the monkey performed an action similar to the one effective when observed (Figure 4E1). When the monkey performed other types of hand a ...
... holding versus placing and holding) in both full vision and hidden conditions. As for all mirror neurons presented in this article, this neuron also responded while the monkey performed an action similar to the one effective when observed (Figure 4E1). When the monkey performed other types of hand a ...
slides
... – highly subjective to person experiencing it – pain of some type is the most frequent reason for physician consultation in the US, causing half of all Americans to seek medical care annually – pain that stops without treatment or responds to simple measures is called acute – pain is part of the bod ...
... – highly subjective to person experiencing it – pain of some type is the most frequent reason for physician consultation in the US, causing half of all Americans to seek medical care annually – pain that stops without treatment or responds to simple measures is called acute – pain is part of the bod ...
themes - Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology
... rons in the vagal efferent pathways. However, because the number of enteric neurons is significantly greater than the number of vagal efferent fibers, it became clear that the preganglionic efferents cannot possibly provide direct input to all of the enteric neurons. Moreover, functional and morphol ...
... rons in the vagal efferent pathways. However, because the number of enteric neurons is significantly greater than the number of vagal efferent fibers, it became clear that the preganglionic efferents cannot possibly provide direct input to all of the enteric neurons. Moreover, functional and morphol ...
striatum
... Ventral striatum Ventral pallidum / subst. Nigra Thalamus (mediodorsal nc.) – Prefrontal cortex Circuit might be crucial for the learning and executionof reward – related behavior ...
... Ventral striatum Ventral pallidum / subst. Nigra Thalamus (mediodorsal nc.) – Prefrontal cortex Circuit might be crucial for the learning and executionof reward – related behavior ...
New Roles for the External Globus Pallidus in Basal Ganglia Circuits
... occurs early enough, it can oppose action initiation (Schmidt et al., 2013). However, the Stop cue only causes a transient increase in STN-SNr firing, which is likely sufficient to pause, but not completely cancel, an action-in-preparation. Instead, successful, complete cancellation seems to additio ...
... occurs early enough, it can oppose action initiation (Schmidt et al., 2013). However, the Stop cue only causes a transient increase in STN-SNr firing, which is likely sufficient to pause, but not completely cancel, an action-in-preparation. Instead, successful, complete cancellation seems to additio ...
Topographical organization of the pedunculopontine nucleus
... collaterals that innervate the medial reticular formation in the cat (Nakamura et al., 1989). Furthermore, the activation of the PPN can elicit an excitatory effect on SN neurons in the rat (Scarnati et al., 1984, 1987), evoking monosynaptic glutamatergic and cholinergic excitatory postsynaptic pote ...
... collaterals that innervate the medial reticular formation in the cat (Nakamura et al., 1989). Furthermore, the activation of the PPN can elicit an excitatory effect on SN neurons in the rat (Scarnati et al., 1984, 1987), evoking monosynaptic glutamatergic and cholinergic excitatory postsynaptic pote ...
Neurosteroids: Expression of Steroidogenic Enzymes and
... (Mensah-Nyagan et al., 1994). In situ hybridization studies have revealed that the mRNAs encoding for 3bHSD in the rat brain are localized in the olfactive bulb, nucleus accumbens, hippocampus, area of medulla bordering the fourth ventricle as well as in the thalamus, hypothalamus, and cerebellum (D ...
... (Mensah-Nyagan et al., 1994). In situ hybridization studies have revealed that the mRNAs encoding for 3bHSD in the rat brain are localized in the olfactive bulb, nucleus accumbens, hippocampus, area of medulla bordering the fourth ventricle as well as in the thalamus, hypothalamus, and cerebellum (D ...
Center-Surround Interactions in the Middle Temporal Visual Area of
... every 100 m to obtain adequate spatial sampling. In situations where this was not possible, multi-unit activity was recorded. Once the location of the receptive field was found, its borders were mapped with a light bar using the minimal response technique (Barlow et al. 1967). This region will be s ...
... every 100 m to obtain adequate spatial sampling. In situations where this was not possible, multi-unit activity was recorded. Once the location of the receptive field was found, its borders were mapped with a light bar using the minimal response technique (Barlow et al. 1967). This region will be s ...
Dopamine is produced in the rat spinal cord and regulates
... Dopamine (DA) neurons in the mammalian central nervous system are thought to be restricted to the brain. DA-mediated regulation of urinary activity is considered to occur through an interaction between midbrain DA neurons and the pontine micturition center. Here we show that DA is produced in the ra ...
... Dopamine (DA) neurons in the mammalian central nervous system are thought to be restricted to the brain. DA-mediated regulation of urinary activity is considered to occur through an interaction between midbrain DA neurons and the pontine micturition center. Here we show that DA is produced in the ra ...
fulltext
... and control various aspects of neuronal activity to decipher their correlation to behavior. The Vesicular Glutamate Transporter 2 (VGLUT2) packages glutamate into presynaptic vesicles for axonal terminal release. In this thesis, VGLUT2 was used to specifically target cell populations within the basa ...
... and control various aspects of neuronal activity to decipher their correlation to behavior. The Vesicular Glutamate Transporter 2 (VGLUT2) packages glutamate into presynaptic vesicles for axonal terminal release. In this thesis, VGLUT2 was used to specifically target cell populations within the basa ...
Reduced Levels of Acetylcholine Receptor Expression in Chick
... AChR channel kinetics and the maintenance of AChR protein and a3 subunit mRNA levels (Marshall, 1985; Jacob and Berg, 1987, 1988; Boyd et al., 1988). Recent studies of developing chick parasympathetic ciliary ganglion neurons in situ suggest that innervation inducesan increasein AChR expression.Norm ...
... AChR channel kinetics and the maintenance of AChR protein and a3 subunit mRNA levels (Marshall, 1985; Jacob and Berg, 1987, 1988; Boyd et al., 1988). Recent studies of developing chick parasympathetic ciliary ganglion neurons in situ suggest that innervation inducesan increasein AChR expression.Norm ...
Intrinsic Connections of Macaque of Cells Outside Lamina 4c` Striate
... spreading efferents in laminae 2/3A and 1. It is possible to produce a prominent patch of retrogradely labeled neurons in lamina 5A by making an injection into 3B/4A (Figs. 28 and 6) or into lamina 4B (Fig. 9A). If lamina 2/3A is injected, one observes (Fig. 6) a column of labeled neurons that lies ...
... spreading efferents in laminae 2/3A and 1. It is possible to produce a prominent patch of retrogradely labeled neurons in lamina 5A by making an injection into 3B/4A (Figs. 28 and 6) or into lamina 4B (Fig. 9A). If lamina 2/3A is injected, one observes (Fig. 6) a column of labeled neurons that lies ...