Altered Patterns of Dynorphin lmmunoreactivity Suggest
... junction of CA3 and CA2 (arrow). No specific staining is evident in the granule cell (G) layer or supragranular region of the molecular (M) layer. Scale bar, 500 pm. B, Within the polymorph layer, reaction product is concentrated in clumps (arrowheads) of punctate structures near the proximal portio ...
... junction of CA3 and CA2 (arrow). No specific staining is evident in the granule cell (G) layer or supragranular region of the molecular (M) layer. Scale bar, 500 pm. B, Within the polymorph layer, reaction product is concentrated in clumps (arrowheads) of punctate structures near the proximal portio ...
NIH Public Access
... neurons respond to the same FM harmonic in the emitted pulse and the returning echo (Dear et al., 1993, Feng et al., 1978; Hagemann et al., 2010; Sullivan 1982a). In the mustached bat (Pteronotus parnellii) however, delay-tuned neurons respond to different FM harmonics in the pulse and echo. The mus ...
... neurons respond to the same FM harmonic in the emitted pulse and the returning echo (Dear et al., 1993, Feng et al., 1978; Hagemann et al., 2010; Sullivan 1982a). In the mustached bat (Pteronotus parnellii) however, delay-tuned neurons respond to different FM harmonics in the pulse and echo. The mus ...
Neuronal-Derived Nitric Oxide and Somatodendritically Released
... The classical model of neurovascular coupling (NVC) implies that activity-dependent axonal glutamate release at synapses evokes the production and release of vasoactive signals from both neurons and astrocytes, which dilate arterioles, increasing in turn cerebral blood flow (CBF) to areas with incre ...
... The classical model of neurovascular coupling (NVC) implies that activity-dependent axonal glutamate release at synapses evokes the production and release of vasoactive signals from both neurons and astrocytes, which dilate arterioles, increasing in turn cerebral blood flow (CBF) to areas with incre ...
Slides 7.1 - Bellevue ISD
... IX Glossopharyngeal nerve – sensory for taste; motor fibers to the pharynx X Vagus nerves – sensory and motor fibers for pharynx, larynx, and viscera XI Accessory nerve – motor fibers to neck and upper back ...
... IX Glossopharyngeal nerve – sensory for taste; motor fibers to the pharynx X Vagus nerves – sensory and motor fibers for pharynx, larynx, and viscera XI Accessory nerve – motor fibers to neck and upper back ...
The central nervous system.
... teleosts, the terminal nerve ganglion cells lie in or near the ventral olfactory bulb. These ganglion cells have a peripheral dendrite which sometimes reaches into the olfactory mucosa and a central axon which always projects beyond the olfactory bulbs into the ventral telencephalon, preoptic region ...
... teleosts, the terminal nerve ganglion cells lie in or near the ventral olfactory bulb. These ganglion cells have a peripheral dendrite which sometimes reaches into the olfactory mucosa and a central axon which always projects beyond the olfactory bulbs into the ventral telencephalon, preoptic region ...
Clustered Organization of Neurons with Similar Extra
... together with histological reconstruction of the electrode track through the cortical layers (Figure 3, right panels). Regardless of whether the penetration was tangential, oblique, or normal to the cortical surface, two general characteristics of the neuronal distribution were observed. First, we f ...
... together with histological reconstruction of the electrode track through the cortical layers (Figure 3, right panels). Regardless of whether the penetration was tangential, oblique, or normal to the cortical surface, two general characteristics of the neuronal distribution were observed. First, we f ...
Relationship of Prefrontal Connections to Inhibitory Systems in Superior Temporal
... of sections for each marker. Sections from one series were processed simultaneously under uniform conditions. The tissue was washed with 0.1 M PBS (pH 7.4) and preblocked with 10% normal goat serum (with 0.2% Triton-X) for 1 h, and incubated for 2--3 days in primary antibody for PV (1:2000; mouse mo ...
... of sections for each marker. Sections from one series were processed simultaneously under uniform conditions. The tissue was washed with 0.1 M PBS (pH 7.4) and preblocked with 10% normal goat serum (with 0.2% Triton-X) for 1 h, and incubated for 2--3 days in primary antibody for PV (1:2000; mouse mo ...
Where do mirror neurons come from?
... Associative learning is a form of learning that results from exposure to a relationship between two events. ‘Conditioning procedures’ arrange different types of relationship between events. Research examining the effects of conditioning procedures on animal behaviour has shown that associative learn ...
... Associative learning is a form of learning that results from exposure to a relationship between two events. ‘Conditioning procedures’ arrange different types of relationship between events. Research examining the effects of conditioning procedures on animal behaviour has shown that associative learn ...
The physiological role of orexin/hypocretin neurons in the regulation
... that binds to two closely related orphan GPCRs. Because the injection of the ligands induced feeding behavior, they named the ligands “orexin” after the Greek word orexis, which means appetite (Sakurai et al., 1998). At the same time, de Lecea et al. (1998) isolated cDNAs selectively expressed withi ...
... that binds to two closely related orphan GPCRs. Because the injection of the ligands induced feeding behavior, they named the ligands “orexin” after the Greek word orexis, which means appetite (Sakurai et al., 1998). At the same time, de Lecea et al. (1998) isolated cDNAs selectively expressed withi ...
Delayed Puberty but Normal Fertility in Mice With Selective Deletion
... plays a pivotal role in the regulation of reproduction. Indeed, insulin has been shown to activate GnRH and LH secretion in vitro (8, 9). Mice that lack insulin signaling in brain neurons (NIRKO mice) exhibit hypothalamic hypogonadism (10) and a delay in puberty (11). Moreover, diabetic rats display ...
... plays a pivotal role in the regulation of reproduction. Indeed, insulin has been shown to activate GnRH and LH secretion in vitro (8, 9). Mice that lack insulin signaling in brain neurons (NIRKO mice) exhibit hypothalamic hypogonadism (10) and a delay in puberty (11). Moreover, diabetic rats display ...
Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone Directly Activates Noradrenergic
... activation of LC neurons is unknown. Moreover, given the apparent absence of mRNA for CRH receptors in LC neurons, the exact location of action of CRH within the cerulear region is debated. Using in vitro intracellular recordings from rat brainstem, we examined whether CRH exerts a direct effect on ...
... activation of LC neurons is unknown. Moreover, given the apparent absence of mRNA for CRH receptors in LC neurons, the exact location of action of CRH within the cerulear region is debated. Using in vitro intracellular recordings from rat brainstem, we examined whether CRH exerts a direct effect on ...
Neural Responses to Facial Expression and Face Identity in the
... substantia innominata (SI); only a few recordings were made from the caudal half of the amygdala where the lateral and basal nuclei lie ventral to the central nucleus. The sharpened cannulae containing the electrodes were advanced through the dura 5 mm into the brain. The electrodes were then advanc ...
... substantia innominata (SI); only a few recordings were made from the caudal half of the amygdala where the lateral and basal nuclei lie ventral to the central nucleus. The sharpened cannulae containing the electrodes were advanced through the dura 5 mm into the brain. The electrodes were then advanc ...
The Mammalian Diving Response: An Enigmatic Reflex to Preserve
... myoglobin stores (2, 173), and thus lack concentrations required for extended underwater submersion. However, myoglobin increases with age to adult stores in all species, being completed especially after extended foraging behavior underwater (173). It is thought that physical activity, thermal deman ...
... myoglobin stores (2, 173), and thus lack concentrations required for extended underwater submersion. However, myoglobin increases with age to adult stores in all species, being completed especially after extended foraging behavior underwater (173). It is thought that physical activity, thermal deman ...
Subcortical loops through the basal ganglia
... basal ganglia [23,25,26,39]. Traditionally, these connections are considered to be the principal routes whereby information processing within the basal ganglia influences brainstem motor mechanisms, particularly in the context of oculomotor control [40]. In addition to their descending projections t ...
... basal ganglia [23,25,26,39]. Traditionally, these connections are considered to be the principal routes whereby information processing within the basal ganglia influences brainstem motor mechanisms, particularly in the context of oculomotor control [40]. In addition to their descending projections t ...
The occipitoparietal pathway of the macaque monkey: comparison
... observations could be interpreted as supporting the anatomicalhierarchical model, the evidence is still inconclusive, mainly because comparisons have been made between areas belonging to the occipitoparietal and occipitotemporal pathways, which process different modalities of vision. For example, bo ...
... observations could be interpreted as supporting the anatomicalhierarchical model, the evidence is still inconclusive, mainly because comparisons have been made between areas belonging to the occipitoparietal and occipitotemporal pathways, which process different modalities of vision. For example, bo ...
The orbitofrontal cortex: Neuronal activity in the behaving monkey
... testing (see below) responded as soon as the object was shown to the animal (count period 4). Neurons which did not respond in count period 4, but did respond as the object approached the mouth in the latter part of count period 5 and during count period 6, could have activity that was related to be ...
... testing (see below) responded as soon as the object was shown to the animal (count period 4). Neurons which did not respond in count period 4, but did respond as the object approached the mouth in the latter part of count period 5 and during count period 6, could have activity that was related to be ...
Different Subthreshold Mechanisms Underlie Song Selectivity in
... Scharff and Nottebohm, 1991; Brainard and Doupe, 2000) and may facilitate song perception (Scharff et al., 1998) is thought to derive auditory input from HVc (Vates et al., 1996). In agreement with this idea, in vivo intracellular recordings from X-projecting neurons reveal that they have song-selec ...
... Scharff and Nottebohm, 1991; Brainard and Doupe, 2000) and may facilitate song perception (Scharff et al., 1998) is thought to derive auditory input from HVc (Vates et al., 1996). In agreement with this idea, in vivo intracellular recordings from X-projecting neurons reveal that they have song-selec ...
Transgenic mice overexpressing the full
... density of catecholaminergic (tyrosine hydroxylase positive) neurons in locus coeruleus and substantia nigra. Furthermore, treatment of TgNTRK3 mice with diazepam significantly attenuated the anxiety-like behaviors in the plus maze. These results provide evidence for the involvement of TrkC in the d ...
... density of catecholaminergic (tyrosine hydroxylase positive) neurons in locus coeruleus and substantia nigra. Furthermore, treatment of TgNTRK3 mice with diazepam significantly attenuated the anxiety-like behaviors in the plus maze. These results provide evidence for the involvement of TrkC in the d ...
The Diversity of Cortical Interneurons
... over a few classes, regardless of the enormous amount of information they have to deal with. The functional repertoire of pyramidal cells is supported by the rich diversity of GABAergic interneurons. It's been shown that adding novel interneuron types to the old network even in small numbers can cre ...
... over a few classes, regardless of the enormous amount of information they have to deal with. The functional repertoire of pyramidal cells is supported by the rich diversity of GABAergic interneurons. It's been shown that adding novel interneuron types to the old network even in small numbers can cre ...
A dendritic disinhibitory circuit mechanism for pathway
... read the word. One possible solution to this task is for a decisionmaking area to locally open its gate for the deliberate pathway (colour-naming) while closing its gate for the more automatic pathway (word-reading). Using computational models, we propose that the dendritic disinhibitory circuit can ...
... read the word. One possible solution to this task is for a decisionmaking area to locally open its gate for the deliberate pathway (colour-naming) while closing its gate for the more automatic pathway (word-reading). Using computational models, we propose that the dendritic disinhibitory circuit can ...
cerebellum
... There are two kinds of synaptic inputs: • Mossy fibers: – Arise from numerous regions – Ascend through cerebellar WM to form excitatory synapses onto dendrites of granule cells – Granule cells send axons into the molecular layer, which bifurcate, forming parallel fibers that run parallel to the fol ...
... There are two kinds of synaptic inputs: • Mossy fibers: – Arise from numerous regions – Ascend through cerebellar WM to form excitatory synapses onto dendrites of granule cells – Granule cells send axons into the molecular layer, which bifurcate, forming parallel fibers that run parallel to the fol ...
Neurofilament and Calcium-Binding Proteins in the
... 1995a). In particular, gradients of in the density of calbindin-immunoreactive neurons has been reported in the visual cortex of the macaque monkey, where the primary visual areas show much lower densities compared to visual association areas located in the parietal and temporal cortex (Kondo et al. ...
... 1995a). In particular, gradients of in the density of calbindin-immunoreactive neurons has been reported in the visual cortex of the macaque monkey, where the primary visual areas show much lower densities compared to visual association areas located in the parietal and temporal cortex (Kondo et al. ...
Self-referential forces are sufficient to explain different dendritic
... about the influence of other environmental cues on neuronal shape and circuitry. Keywords: dendrite, morphology, simulation, growth cone, computational, model ...
... about the influence of other environmental cues on neuronal shape and circuitry. Keywords: dendrite, morphology, simulation, growth cone, computational, model ...
Impact of prefrontal cortex in nicotine
... acquisition system (Fudan University, Shanghai, China) and stored in a computer for offline analysis. All data analyses were performed using programs written in Visual Basic for Applications in Microsoft Excel (Shi et al., 2004). Bursting was identified according to the “80/ 160 ms” definition propo ...
... acquisition system (Fudan University, Shanghai, China) and stored in a computer for offline analysis. All data analyses were performed using programs written in Visual Basic for Applications in Microsoft Excel (Shi et al., 2004). Bursting was identified according to the “80/ 160 ms” definition propo ...
Diverse functions of perineuronal nets
... around dendrites is absent. A loss of CS proteoglycans such as phosphacan and neurocan is also reported. These results indicate that tenascin-R is essential for ECM proteoglycans to form the lattice-like structure (Weber et al. 1999, Haunso et al. 2000). It appears that precise timing of the CS prot ...
... around dendrites is absent. A loss of CS proteoglycans such as phosphacan and neurocan is also reported. These results indicate that tenascin-R is essential for ECM proteoglycans to form the lattice-like structure (Weber et al. 1999, Haunso et al. 2000). It appears that precise timing of the CS prot ...