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Molecules and mechanisms of dendrite development in Drosophila
Molecules and mechanisms of dendrite development in Drosophila

... seek to understand the developmental origin of arbor shape and to shed light on the significance of particular morphologies for nervous system connectivity and function. Dendrite morphogenesis consists of a series of interrelated steps, which include outgrowth and branching, guidance and targeting, ...
The Prefrontal Cortex and Flexible Behavior
The Prefrontal Cortex and Flexible Behavior

... or higher cell density (Barbas 1986; Barbas and RempelClower 1997; Rempel-Clower and Barbas 2000), such as the connection from D′ to G′ (Fig. 3). In the reverse direction, projection neurons originate mostly from the upper layers (II–III) of areas with more layers, or higher cell density, and their ...
Cholinergic Elements in the Zebrafish Central Nervous System
Cholinergic Elements in the Zebrafish Central Nervous System

... participates in the neural circuits of control of sleep, learning, and memory (Deutsch, 1971; Sitaram et al., 1978; Hagan and Morris, 1988; Hasselmo and Bower, 1993; Jones, 1993; Levin and Simon, 1998; Perry et al., 1999; Van der Zee and Luiten, 1999). In fish, ACh takes part in the alteration of the ...
Downloadable Full Text - DSpace@MIT
Downloadable Full Text - DSpace@MIT

... (mPFC) and nucleus accumbens (NAc), which play important roles in a broad range of motivated behaviors and neuropsychiatric disorders1-3. Although DA neuron activity often correlates with a reward prediction error (i.e. the difference between expected and actual rewards) these cells also can signal ...
Control of Gonadotropin Secretion by Follicle
Control of Gonadotropin Secretion by Follicle

... this tail. GnRH-IIr more closely resembles the type II receptors of amphibians and fish than it does the type I receptor of humans. This receptor is specific for cGnRH-II and is expressed ubiquitously in human tissues (27). Previously, cGnRH-II has been reported in various tissues in monkeys and hum ...
Reward-Related Neuronal Activity During Go - Research
Reward-Related Neuronal Activity During Go - Research

... cortex appears to be involved in the control of voluntary, goal-directed behavior by motivational outcomes. This study investigated how orbitofrontal neurons process information about rewards in a task that depends on intact orbitofrontal functions. In a delayed go-nogo task, animals executed or wit ...
Functional Connectivity of the Secondary Somatosensory Cortex of
Functional Connectivity of the Secondary Somatosensory Cortex of

... sensory information to S2 because S2 neurons responded to peripheral stimulation at a longer latency than S1 neurons in rats (Brett-Green et al., 2003, 2004; Benison et al., 2007). In contrast, other studies support a parallel processing of somatic information. Retrograde tracing investigations have ...
L1CAM/Neuroglian controls the axon–axon interactions establishing
L1CAM/Neuroglian controls the axon–axon interactions establishing

... or all three subtypes of MB neurons (Fig. 1 A). Interestingly, the majority of  NB clones did not show any alteration of axonal projections (Fig. 2, D, E, and J). However, in 20% of these clones, we observed defects including the formation of ball-like structures below the calyx resembling the ph ...
involvement of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis activated by
involvement of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis activated by

... bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BST) are key structures of the extended amygdala, which is suggested to be involved in drug addiction and reward. We have previously reported that the Ce plays a crucial role in the negative affective component of morphine withdrawal. In the present study, we exa ...
Vestibular Signals in the Parasolitary Nucleus
Vestibular Signals in the Parasolitary Nucleus

... nucleus solitarius and tractus solitarius. It is located dorsal and lateral to these structures. It extends rostrocaudally for about 2 mm and in its most rostral extent lies wedged between the medial and descending vestibular nuclei (MVN and DVN). Rather than being directly a part of a baroceptive r ...
The organization of the central control of micturition in cats and
The organization of the central control of micturition in cats and

... ventral horn throughout the length of the spinal cord, whereas those innervating the muscles of the extremities are located in the lateral part of the ventral horn of the cervical and lumbosacral enlargements. Sympathetic preganglionic motoneurons are present in the lateral horn of the thoracic and ...
Smell and Taste: The Chemical Senses
Smell and Taste: The Chemical Senses

... and by Bowman's glands, which lie under the epithelium and have ducts that open onto the epithelial surface. The mucus is thought to provide the appropriate molecular and ionic environment for odor detection. It also contains soluble odorant-binding proteins, produced by a gland that empties into th ...
An EM Study of the Dorsal Nucleus of the Lateral Lemniscus
An EM Study of the Dorsal Nucleus of the Lateral Lemniscus

... acepromazine maleate (1.1 mg/kg). The surface of the tegmentum overlying DNLL was surgically exposed. Saline solutions of ‘H-leucine (‘HLeu; 50-200 mCi/ml; specific activity, 58 Ci/mmol; ICN Radiochemicals #20036) mixed with either 10% HRP (Boehringer Mannheim) or 0.7-1.2% wheat germ agglutinin conj ...
Physiology of Ejaculation
Physiology of Ejaculation

... dense sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve fibers, which innervates the organs involved in emission. This plexus consists of fibers that flank the rectum and can be found posterolateral to the seminal vesicles. Sympathetic innervation originates from the intermediolateral cell column (IML) and the ...
Autonomic Nervous System
Autonomic Nervous System

... postganglionic neuron sends a nerve impulse to an effector organ. On the plane with you are people from other preganglionic flights who all want to go to Miami as well. Is using two different flights the most direct way for you to get from Indianapolis to Florida? Of course not. But it is the most c ...
indirect projections from the suprachiasmatic nucleus to major
indirect projections from the suprachiasmatic nucleus to major

... ventral division: P 4.16 and P 4.3); ventral tegmental area (P 5.3 and P 5.6) and substantia nigra pars compacta (P 5.8 and P 6.04); dorsal raphe nucleus (P 7.8, P 8.2 and P 8.8); pedunculopontine (P 7.64 and P 8.3) and laterodorsal tegmental nuclei (P 8.8 and P 9.16); and locus coeruleus (dendritic ...
Membrane Phospholipid Asymmetry Counters the
Membrane Phospholipid Asymmetry Counters the

... Genetic manipulation of ORP levels alters cholesterol distribution and homeostasis in cells. For example, RNA interference (RNAi) depletion of ORP9L leads to profound cholesterol accumulation in lysosomal membranes (Ngo and Ridgway 2009). Similarly, knocking down ORP5 causes cholesterol accumulation ...
Feedforward and feedback inhibition in neostriatal GABAergic spiny
Feedforward and feedback inhibition in neostriatal GABAergic spiny

... circuit consists of a relatively small population of GABAergic interneurons that receives ...
Pheromone signaling in the fruit fly Drosophila
Pheromone signaling in the fruit fly Drosophila

... Subsequent efforts to find homologous ORs in insects were unsuccessful until 1999, when three groups separately managed to identify candidate Drosophila OR genes (Clyne et al. 1999, Gao and Chess 1999, Vosshall et al. 1999). In D. melanogaster there is a total of 62 olfactory receptors that are enc ...
Specificity in Inhibitory Systems Associated with Prefrontal Pathways to
Specificity in Inhibitory Systems Associated with Prefrontal Pathways to

... The prefrontal cortex selects relevant signals and suppresses irrelevant stimuli for a given task through mechanisms that are not understood. We addressed this issue using as a model system the pathways from the functionally distinct prefrontal areas 10 and 32 to auditory association cortex, and inv ...
Complete nervous system 11
Complete nervous system 11

... field that controls the voluntary movements of the eyes and eyelids. The sensory areas are located in several areas of the cerebrum and interpret sensory input, producing feelings or sensations. ...
Stereotyped responses of Drosophila peptidergic neuronal
Stereotyped responses of Drosophila peptidergic neuronal

... transformation to the adult that occurs during metamorphosis. Pupal ecdysis consists of a sequence of behavioral subroutines, which starts with the preparatory behavior of pre-ecdysis, during which the hardened larval cuticle of the puparium is loosened from the underlying pupal cuticle through slow ...
Comparative neuronal morphology of the
Comparative neuronal morphology of the

... Although there are many representative freehand and camera lucida drawings of cerebellar cortex neurons (Ramón y Cajal, 1909, 1911; Chan-Palay and Palay, 1970, 1972; Palay and ChanPalay, 1974; Braak and Braak, 1983; Bishop, 1993; Lainé and Axelrad, 1996), very few cerebellar neurons have been digita ...
Magel2 Is Required for Leptin-Mediated Depolarization of POMC
Magel2 Is Required for Leptin-Mediated Depolarization of POMC

... Phosphorylation of STAT3 and Induction of c-Fos Expression in the Arcuate Nucleus We next examined the activation of the leptin receptor by measuring levels of phosphorylated Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 (pSTAT3) [28,29] in the ARC following a single ip leptin (2.5 mg/kg) injec ...
Cholecystokinin Modulates Migration of
Cholecystokinin Modulates Migration of

... pituitary (Pit) were captured from E14.5 and E17.5 mouse frozen sections (see Fig. 1C,E) using a PALM LCM system (Zeiss, Oberkochen, Germany). The laser-microdissected tissues were popped into a sterile Microfuge cap containing 1 ␮l of 0.1% Triton X-100 and subsequently centrifuged for 1 min at 7500 ...
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Circumventricular organs

Circumventricular organs (CVOs) are structures in the brain that are characterized by their extensive vasculature and lack of a normal blood brain barrier (BBB). The CVOs allow for the linkage between the central nervous system and peripheral blood flow; additionally they are an integral part of neuroendocrine function. The lack of a blood brain barrier allows the CVOs to act as an alternative route for peptides and hormones in the neural tissue to the peripheral blood stream, while still protecting it from toxic substances. CVOs can be classified into (a) sensory and (b) secretory organs. The sensory organs include the area postrema (AP), the subfornical organ (SFO) and the vascular organ of lamina terminalis. They have the ability to sense plasma molecules and then pass that information into other regions of the brain. Through this, they provide direct information to the autonomic nervous system from the systemic circulation. The secretory organs include the subcommissural organ (SCO), the posterior pituitary, the pineal gland, the median eminence and the intermediate lobe of the pituitary gland. These organs are responsible for secreting hormones and glycoproteins into the peripheral vascular system using feedback from both the brain environment and external stimuli.All of the circumventricular organs, besides the SCO, contain extensive vasculature and fenestrated capillaries which leads to a ‘leaky’ BBB at the site of the organs. Furthermore, all CVOs contain neural tissue, allowing them to play a role in the neuroendocrine system. It is highly debated if the choroid plexus can be included as a CVO. It has a high concentration of fenestrated capillaries, but its lack of neural tissue and its primary role of producing cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) usually excludes the choroid plexus from the CVO classification.Research has also linked CVOs to body fluid regulation, cardiovascular functions, immune responses, thirst, feeding behavior and reproductive behavior.
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