Functional anatomy of neural circuits regulating fear and extinction
... neurons. (A) Schematic representation of a c-Fos-PSD-95:Venus-Arc transgenization cassette. (B) Western blot analysis of PSD-95:Venus expression in transgenic cortical neurons cultured in vitro under basal conditions and after increased neuronal network activity (50 µM bicuculline treatment). (C ) I ...
... neurons. (A) Schematic representation of a c-Fos-PSD-95:Venus-Arc transgenization cassette. (B) Western blot analysis of PSD-95:Venus expression in transgenic cortical neurons cultured in vitro under basal conditions and after increased neuronal network activity (50 µM bicuculline treatment). (C ) I ...
Behavioural Brain Research Learning processing in the basal ganglia
... decades a growing body of evidence has shown that Parkinson’s and Huntington’s disease patients also present marked cognitive disabilities [78,112,127,142,155]. It also became evident that the malfunctioning of components of the basal ganglia contributes to cognitive disabilities in mental diseases ...
... decades a growing body of evidence has shown that Parkinson’s and Huntington’s disease patients also present marked cognitive disabilities [78,112,127,142,155]. It also became evident that the malfunctioning of components of the basal ganglia contributes to cognitive disabilities in mental diseases ...
Structure and Function of the Brain Serotonin System
... the size and characteristics of the axons, the wide number of pathways used, the general and precise patterns of innervation, and the evidence for both junctional and nonjunctional contacts. The anatomic distribution of the 5-HT receptor subtypes are reviewed. In addition there is evidence that the ...
... the size and characteristics of the axons, the wide number of pathways used, the general and precise patterns of innervation, and the evidence for both junctional and nonjunctional contacts. The anatomic distribution of the 5-HT receptor subtypes are reviewed. In addition there is evidence that the ...
Cauda Equina Syndrome and Nitric Oxide Synthase
... staining could be detected. First, somatic NOS-IR involving spinal cord neurons of various types was found in the superficial (laminae I-II) and deep (laminae III-VI) dorsal horn layers along the rostrocaudal axis of all segments studied (Fig. 3A). However, considerable differences could be detected ...
... staining could be detected. First, somatic NOS-IR involving spinal cord neurons of various types was found in the superficial (laminae I-II) and deep (laminae III-VI) dorsal horn layers along the rostrocaudal axis of all segments studied (Fig. 3A). However, considerable differences could be detected ...
Patterns of GABAergic Immunoreactivity Define Subdivisions of the
... thalamic interneurons. This suggests that other, extrinsic sources, such as the thalamic reticular nucleus, may be the source of such endings. A second point is that the form and density of the puncta is regionally specific within the medial geniculate complex. These local patterns might have a sign ...
... thalamic interneurons. This suggests that other, extrinsic sources, such as the thalamic reticular nucleus, may be the source of such endings. A second point is that the form and density of the puncta is regionally specific within the medial geniculate complex. These local patterns might have a sign ...
Supranuclear control of ocular motility
... causes excitation of neurons in the caudate nucleus, which in turn suppresses the nigro-collicular inhibition so that the superior colliculus can release saccadic command. An additional descending projection from the FEF obviates the basal ganglia and the superior colliculus, traveling directly to t ...
... causes excitation of neurons in the caudate nucleus, which in turn suppresses the nigro-collicular inhibition so that the superior colliculus can release saccadic command. An additional descending projection from the FEF obviates the basal ganglia and the superior colliculus, traveling directly to t ...
Co-activation of VTA DA and GABA neurons mediates nicotine
... becoming a priority in pharmacological research.3 Nicotine, the principal, if not sole, addictive component of tobacco smoke,4 exerts its reinforcing effects through its action on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), a heterogeneous family of pentameric, ligand-gated ion channels.5 nAChRs sit ...
... becoming a priority in pharmacological research.3 Nicotine, the principal, if not sole, addictive component of tobacco smoke,4 exerts its reinforcing effects through its action on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), a heterogeneous family of pentameric, ligand-gated ion channels.5 nAChRs sit ...
The prefrontal cortex encompasses a large and heterogeneous set of
... Architectonic areas of the prefrontal cortex in macaque monkeys, first mapped on the basis of cellular features, and the distribution of myelin (Brodmann, 1905; Vogt and Vogt, 1919; Walker, 1940; Von Bonin and Bailey, 1947; Sanides, 1970; Barbas and Pandya, 1989; Preuss and Goldman-Rakic, 1991; More ...
... Architectonic areas of the prefrontal cortex in macaque monkeys, first mapped on the basis of cellular features, and the distribution of myelin (Brodmann, 1905; Vogt and Vogt, 1919; Walker, 1940; Von Bonin and Bailey, 1947; Sanides, 1970; Barbas and Pandya, 1989; Preuss and Goldman-Rakic, 1991; More ...
Histochemical and lmmunocytochemical Compartments of the
... 100-800 pm in diameter, which, serial section analysisshows, are continuous from section to section and thus form parts of anteroposteriorly oriented rodlike structures (Figs. 2-4). The rods occupy both parts of the L and correlate very closely with the clusters of large cells that can be seenin the ...
... 100-800 pm in diameter, which, serial section analysisshows, are continuous from section to section and thus form parts of anteroposteriorly oriented rodlike structures (Figs. 2-4). The rods occupy both parts of the L and correlate very closely with the clusters of large cells that can be seenin the ...
Implication of novel neurotransmitter systems in the regulation of
... which release their neurohormone content into the portal circulation of the hypophysis in a pulsatile manner. The episodic hormone release from the GnRH axon terminals results in a rhythmic discharge of the two gonadotropins, luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), by the go ...
... which release their neurohormone content into the portal circulation of the hypophysis in a pulsatile manner. The episodic hormone release from the GnRH axon terminals results in a rhythmic discharge of the two gonadotropins, luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), by the go ...
amygdala projections to central amygdaloid nucleus subdivisions
... amygdala (CeN) is most known for its role in responses to fear stimuli. Recent evidence also shows that the CeN is required for directing attention and behaviors when the salience of competing stimuli is in flux. To examine how information flows through this key output region of the primate amygdala ...
... amygdala (CeN) is most known for its role in responses to fear stimuli. Recent evidence also shows that the CeN is required for directing attention and behaviors when the salience of competing stimuli is in flux. To examine how information flows through this key output region of the primate amygdala ...
Bursting Neurons Signal Input Slope
... on the rising phase of the 4 Hz signal (Fig. 2 B). These results gave the first indication that bursting neurons signal positive slope. Examination of the individual conductances provides insight into how selectivity to upstrokes is achieved: each spike of the burst produces a cumulative elevation o ...
... on the rising phase of the 4 Hz signal (Fig. 2 B). These results gave the first indication that bursting neurons signal positive slope. Examination of the individual conductances provides insight into how selectivity to upstrokes is achieved: each spike of the burst produces a cumulative elevation o ...
View/Open - eDiss - Georg-August
... units by sorting algorithms. Tungsten wires exhibited stable recordings with higher signal-to-noise ratio than copper wires. Due to the tight temporal coupling of auditory activity to the stimulus spike collisions were frequent and collision analysis retrieved 10–15% of additional spikes. Physiologi ...
... units by sorting algorithms. Tungsten wires exhibited stable recordings with higher signal-to-noise ratio than copper wires. Due to the tight temporal coupling of auditory activity to the stimulus spike collisions were frequent and collision analysis retrieved 10–15% of additional spikes. Physiologi ...
Projection patterns from the amygdaloid nuclear complex to
... injected into the lateral wing subdivision (Fig. 1C, R106; Fig. 1D, R127) at intermediate levels of the DR. Individual cases representing midline (Fig. 2A, R119) or lateral wing (Fig. 2B, R127) injections are depicted to show the distribution of retrogradely labeled cells along the rostrocaudal exte ...
... injected into the lateral wing subdivision (Fig. 1C, R106; Fig. 1D, R127) at intermediate levels of the DR. Individual cases representing midline (Fig. 2A, R119) or lateral wing (Fig. 2B, R127) injections are depicted to show the distribution of retrogradely labeled cells along the rostrocaudal exte ...
The Nervous System
... 1 Resting membrane is polarized. In the resting state, the external face of the membrane is slightly positive; its internal face is slightly negative. The chief extracellular ion is sodium (Na+), whereas the chief intracellular ion is potassium (K+). The membrane is relatively impermeable to both io ...
... 1 Resting membrane is polarized. In the resting state, the external face of the membrane is slightly positive; its internal face is slightly negative. The chief extracellular ion is sodium (Na+), whereas the chief intracellular ion is potassium (K+). The membrane is relatively impermeable to both io ...
The neural encoding of self-generated and externally applied
... normally respond to passive stimulation of neck proprioceptors (Roy and Cullen 2001, 2002, 2003). Instead, such integration is observed only at the next stage in the cerebellum (Brooks and Cullen 20 ...
... normally respond to passive stimulation of neck proprioceptors (Roy and Cullen 2001, 2002, 2003). Instead, such integration is observed only at the next stage in the cerebellum (Brooks and Cullen 20 ...
Galanin in Alzheimer s disease: Neuroinhibitory or neuroprotective?
... preclinical AD stage [37] or mild AD revealed no evidence for GAL hyperinnervation of this CBF region during the prodromal or early stages of AD [38]. Taken together, these findings indicate that GAL fiber and receptor overexpression occurs within the anterior portion of the NB during the late stage ...
... preclinical AD stage [37] or mild AD revealed no evidence for GAL hyperinnervation of this CBF region during the prodromal or early stages of AD [38]. Taken together, these findings indicate that GAL fiber and receptor overexpression occurs within the anterior portion of the NB during the late stage ...
Wnt/Planar Cell Polarity Signaling Controls the Anterior–Posterior
... just proximal to the TH-positive cell body. andanteriordirections(E).G,Lp/Lpmiceformaxonswithinthedescendingregionthatdisplayclearfasciculationdefectsandgrowinlarge Fifty to 100 TH-positive neurons were mea- circles. Cell body orientation is also affected in Fzd3⫺/⫺ mice. Although during their medio ...
... just proximal to the TH-positive cell body. andanteriordirections(E).G,Lp/Lpmiceformaxonswithinthedescendingregionthatdisplayclearfasciculationdefectsandgrowinlarge Fifty to 100 TH-positive neurons were mea- circles. Cell body orientation is also affected in Fzd3⫺/⫺ mice. Although during their medio ...
Structural and functional architecture of respiratory networks in the
... Neural circuits controlling breathing in mammals are organized within serially arrayed and functionally interacting brainstem compartments extending from the pons to the lower medulla. The core circuit components that constitute the neural machinery for generating respiratory rhythm and shaping insp ...
... Neural circuits controlling breathing in mammals are organized within serially arrayed and functionally interacting brainstem compartments extending from the pons to the lower medulla. The core circuit components that constitute the neural machinery for generating respiratory rhythm and shaping insp ...
Binding and Cytotoxic Effects of Clostdium botulinum Type A, C1
... intraperitoneal injection, 10 LD5o ml-l (250 pg ml-l) of toxin was used; 0.5 mI of the mixtures was injected and the mice were observed for 6 d. For intravenous injection, 2 x lo5 LDS0ml-l (5 pg ml-l) was used, and 0.1 ml of the mixtures was injected. The average time to death and the percentage of ...
... intraperitoneal injection, 10 LD5o ml-l (250 pg ml-l) of toxin was used; 0.5 mI of the mixtures was injected and the mice were observed for 6 d. For intravenous injection, 2 x lo5 LDS0ml-l (5 pg ml-l) was used, and 0.1 ml of the mixtures was injected. The average time to death and the percentage of ...
Auditory Neurons in the Dorsal Cortex of the Inferior Colliculus
... the auditory nerve. The cochlear nucleus is subdivided into ventral and dorsal divisions (VCN and DCN, respectively). The ventral division can be further subdivided into the anterior ventral cochlear nucleus (AVCN), and the posterior ventral cochlear nucleus (PVCN). Each division of the CN receives ...
... the auditory nerve. The cochlear nucleus is subdivided into ventral and dorsal divisions (VCN and DCN, respectively). The ventral division can be further subdivided into the anterior ventral cochlear nucleus (AVCN), and the posterior ventral cochlear nucleus (PVCN). Each division of the CN receives ...
Effect of sodium fluoride on the grey matter of spinal cord in the
... of protected rats. (a) Ventral horn showing many more or less normal motor neurons (thick arrows). Some have long processes (arrowheads). However, some shrunken cells with loss of nuclear details (curved arrows) could be observed. A fewer number of astrocytes (dashed arrows), a small thin walled blo ...
... of protected rats. (a) Ventral horn showing many more or less normal motor neurons (thick arrows). Some have long processes (arrowheads). However, some shrunken cells with loss of nuclear details (curved arrows) could be observed. A fewer number of astrocytes (dashed arrows), a small thin walled blo ...
On the Biological Plausibility of Grandmother Cells
... On this view, psychological theory should only concern itself with a computational description in which one considers the goals and the strategies for carrying out mental processes. That is, according to Broadbent, findings from neuroscience do not (and never will) matter when developing theories in ...
... On this view, psychological theory should only concern itself with a computational description in which one considers the goals and the strategies for carrying out mental processes. That is, according to Broadbent, findings from neuroscience do not (and never will) matter when developing theories in ...
A Confocal Laser Microscopic Study of Enkephalin
... hypothesized to have a net inhibitory effect on nociceptive transmission at the level of the dorsal horn (Fields et al., 199 1). Oncells, in contrast, are inhibited by systemic morphine and are activated during periods of increased responsiveness to noxious stimuli, evidence that these neurons have ...
... hypothesized to have a net inhibitory effect on nociceptive transmission at the level of the dorsal horn (Fields et al., 199 1). Oncells, in contrast, are inhibited by systemic morphine and are activated during periods of increased responsiveness to noxious stimuli, evidence that these neurons have ...