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Physiology of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH): Beyond
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Mice Lacking M1 and M3 Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptors Have
... The cholinergic system has extensive projections to the olfactory bulb (OB) where it produces a state-dependent regulation of sensory gating. Previous work has shown a prominent role of muscarinic acetylcholine (ACh) receptors (mAChRs) in regulating the excitability of OB neurons, in particular the ...
... The cholinergic system has extensive projections to the olfactory bulb (OB) where it produces a state-dependent regulation of sensory gating. Previous work has shown a prominent role of muscarinic acetylcholine (ACh) receptors (mAChRs) in regulating the excitability of OB neurons, in particular the ...
Neurodynamical modeling of arbitrary visuomotor tasks
... In Chapter 2, we present a neurophysiological model of visuomotor mappings which contains populations of neurons which are selective to the stimuli, the motor responses and the associations (published in the European Journal of Neuroscience (Loh & Deco 2005)). It is meant to cover the whole processi ...
... In Chapter 2, we present a neurophysiological model of visuomotor mappings which contains populations of neurons which are selective to the stimuli, the motor responses and the associations (published in the European Journal of Neuroscience (Loh & Deco 2005)). It is meant to cover the whole processi ...
Segregated cholinergic transmission in the ventral tegmental area
... (Supplementary Fig. 3). In both PPN- and LDT-injected rats, we detected fluorescentlylabeled axons in the VTA, the borders of which were defined by the distribution of tyrosine hydroxylase-immunopositive (TH+) neurons (Fig. 1b and 2b). Labeled axons were mapped across the full extent of the VTA and ...
... (Supplementary Fig. 3). In both PPN- and LDT-injected rats, we detected fluorescentlylabeled axons in the VTA, the borders of which were defined by the distribution of tyrosine hydroxylase-immunopositive (TH+) neurons (Fig. 1b and 2b). Labeled axons were mapped across the full extent of the VTA and ...
The projection of the lateral geniculate nucleus to area 17 of the rat
... identified, for most of the spines appeared as isolated profiles that could not be traced back to their dendritic shafts. One example of a degenerating axon terminal synapsing with an axon initial segment was encountered. Small, degenerating myelinated axons were prevalent in layers VI, V and IV, bu ...
... identified, for most of the spines appeared as isolated profiles that could not be traced back to their dendritic shafts. One example of a degenerating axon terminal synapsing with an axon initial segment was encountered. Small, degenerating myelinated axons were prevalent in layers VI, V and IV, bu ...
response preparation and inhibition: the role of the
... Oscillatory neural activity in the frequency range of 14 –30 Hz occurring at both pre- and post-central cortical sites (Murthy and Fetz, 1992; Sanes and Donoghue, 1993; MacKay and Mendonca, 1995; Baker et al., 1997, 1999) is known as the beta rhythm. While its functional role remains only partly exp ...
... Oscillatory neural activity in the frequency range of 14 –30 Hz occurring at both pre- and post-central cortical sites (Murthy and Fetz, 1992; Sanes and Donoghue, 1993; MacKay and Mendonca, 1995; Baker et al., 1997, 1999) is known as the beta rhythm. While its functional role remains only partly exp ...
increase in osmiophilia of axonal membranes of crayfish as a result
... In control experiments, the animals were prepared in the same manner, in the sense that the sternal artery was dissected, cannulated, and perfused with heparin followed by Van Harreveld saline, and the electrodes were placed in contact with the nerve cord but the stimulator was left off . The fixati ...
... In control experiments, the animals were prepared in the same manner, in the sense that the sternal artery was dissected, cannulated, and perfused with heparin followed by Van Harreveld saline, and the electrodes were placed in contact with the nerve cord but the stimulator was left off . The fixati ...
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... * Each injection contained 0 1 mg NGF. All injections started with 6-day embryos. t This embryo received injections on day 6 (1 injection), day 7 (2 injections) and day (2 injections). ...
... * Each injection contained 0 1 mg NGF. All injections started with 6-day embryos. t This embryo received injections on day 6 (1 injection), day 7 (2 injections) and day (2 injections). ...
Selective Loss of Catecholaminergic Wake–Active Neurons in a
... in 4% paraformaldehyde and then cryopreserved before coronal sectioning (40 m) from the medulla through the basal forebrain approximating murine coordinates 0.0 bregma to ⫺6 mm bregma (Franklin and Paxinos, 1997). Sections were stored as 1:6 or 1:3 series in 0.1% sodium azide in PBS at 4°C before u ...
... in 4% paraformaldehyde and then cryopreserved before coronal sectioning (40 m) from the medulla through the basal forebrain approximating murine coordinates 0.0 bregma to ⫺6 mm bregma (Franklin and Paxinos, 1997). Sections were stored as 1:6 or 1:3 series in 0.1% sodium azide in PBS at 4°C before u ...
Autonomic nervous system
... resting and digesting. It releases acetylcholine, which slows heart and respiratory rates, constricts pupils, and stimulates the GI system. It has no effect on most blood vessels. © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for s ...
... resting and digesting. It releases acetylcholine, which slows heart and respiratory rates, constricts pupils, and stimulates the GI system. It has no effect on most blood vessels. © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for s ...
Review Article Regeneration of Zebrafish CNS
... zebrafish CNS [27, 28]. Generation of apicobasal polarity of neuroepithelial cells is crucial for CNS development. The proliferating neuronal progenitors shift their position from apical to pial side following a process called “interkinetic nuclear migration” (INM). The initiation of neurogenesis in ...
... zebrafish CNS [27, 28]. Generation of apicobasal polarity of neuroepithelial cells is crucial for CNS development. The proliferating neuronal progenitors shift their position from apical to pial side following a process called “interkinetic nuclear migration” (INM). The initiation of neurogenesis in ...
Autonomic nervous system
... resting and digesting. It releases acetylcholine, which slows heart and respiratory rates, constricts pupils, and stimulates the GI system. It has no effect on most blood vessels. © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for s ...
... resting and digesting. It releases acetylcholine, which slows heart and respiratory rates, constricts pupils, and stimulates the GI system. It has no effect on most blood vessels. © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for s ...
Sensors for impossible stimuli may solve the stereo correspondence
... Theorem D). For sufficiently narrow-band cells, the stimulus disparity, modulo the preferred spatial period of the cell, can be read off from the peak of this sinusoid. If the sinusoid peaks for cells tuned to a phase disparity of Dfpref, then the stimulus disparity is lDfpref/2p ± nl, where l is th ...
... Theorem D). For sufficiently narrow-band cells, the stimulus disparity, modulo the preferred spatial period of the cell, can be read off from the peak of this sinusoid. If the sinusoid peaks for cells tuned to a phase disparity of Dfpref, then the stimulus disparity is lDfpref/2p ± nl, where l is th ...
Poly(A) Binding Protein Nuclear 1 regulates the
... Pabpn1 knock down interferes with homeostatic plasticity Given the above regulation of both Camk2a and Gria2, we next determined whether Pabpn1 and polyadenylation play a role in homeostatic plasticity. We elicited homeostatic plasticity using a 24 hours treatment of bicuculline a gammaaminobutyric ...
... Pabpn1 knock down interferes with homeostatic plasticity Given the above regulation of both Camk2a and Gria2, we next determined whether Pabpn1 and polyadenylation play a role in homeostatic plasticity. We elicited homeostatic plasticity using a 24 hours treatment of bicuculline a gammaaminobutyric ...
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... repulsion through Unc5 receptors in multiple systems (Yamagishi et al., 2011). Similarly, Draxin, an axon guidance molecule expressed in the dorsal neural tube, acts on the same neurons that respond to Ntn1 and can bind to both Dcc and Unc5 family members (Islam et al., 2009). It is tempting to spec ...
... repulsion through Unc5 receptors in multiple systems (Yamagishi et al., 2011). Similarly, Draxin, an axon guidance molecule expressed in the dorsal neural tube, acts on the same neurons that respond to Ntn1 and can bind to both Dcc and Unc5 family members (Islam et al., 2009). It is tempting to spec ...
PDF - Oxford Academic - Oxford University Press
... Neurocan and Brevican are differentially expressed by two subsets of astrocytes in the spinal cord dorsal root entry zone (DREZ) following dorsal root lesion (Beggah et al., Neuroscience 133: 749^762, 2005). However, direct evidence for a growth-inhibitory role of these proteoglycans in vivo is stil ...
... Neurocan and Brevican are differentially expressed by two subsets of astrocytes in the spinal cord dorsal root entry zone (DREZ) following dorsal root lesion (Beggah et al., Neuroscience 133: 749^762, 2005). However, direct evidence for a growth-inhibitory role of these proteoglycans in vivo is stil ...
ABSTRACT The Auditory Brainstem Response: History and Future
... on the scalp. The resulting output is a series of waves that occur within 10 milliseconds of the stimulus presentation. The positive vertex waves – those pointing upwards – are numbered I to VII, and each one generally corresponds to a specific point of activity along the central auditory pathway ( ...
... on the scalp. The resulting output is a series of waves that occur within 10 milliseconds of the stimulus presentation. The positive vertex waves – those pointing upwards – are numbered I to VII, and each one generally corresponds to a specific point of activity along the central auditory pathway ( ...
Reflex Testing in The Laboratory
... called the dendrite; the portion that sends the signal away from the cell body is called an axon (#5, above). When axons and dendrites from other cells have to communicate, they do so through a microscopic space called a synapse. In some instances, input has to be sent to the brain for interpretatio ...
... called the dendrite; the portion that sends the signal away from the cell body is called an axon (#5, above). When axons and dendrites from other cells have to communicate, they do so through a microscopic space called a synapse. In some instances, input has to be sent to the brain for interpretatio ...
VIP in Neurological Diseases: More Than A Neuropeptide
... cells, showing a therapeutic potential for a variety of immune disorders [5]. It acts as a potent immunomodulatory factor, regulating the balance between anti-and proinflammatory mediators, and restoring immune tolerance by inducing regulatory T cells with suppressive activity against autorreactive ...
... cells, showing a therapeutic potential for a variety of immune disorders [5]. It acts as a potent immunomodulatory factor, regulating the balance between anti-and proinflammatory mediators, and restoring immune tolerance by inducing regulatory T cells with suppressive activity against autorreactive ...
The History of the EEG
... system. Data were recorded against the average signals of both earlobes ((A1 + A2) /2) which turned out to be the most suitable reference for coherence analysis. The electrooculogram (EOG) was recorded from two electrodes located at the left later outer cantus and above the right eye. Electrode impe ...
... system. Data were recorded against the average signals of both earlobes ((A1 + A2) /2) which turned out to be the most suitable reference for coherence analysis. The electrooculogram (EOG) was recorded from two electrodes located at the left later outer cantus and above the right eye. Electrode impe ...
Brain Research, 178 (1979) 363-380 363 © Elsevier/North
... the distribution of receptive field size was not random. There was a greater incidence of very large receptive fields in two regions. The first region was the most anterior part of IT (see Fig. 1C and D). Within this area 67 ~ of the 56 receptive fields were larger than 60 ° × 60 °. The second regio ...
... the distribution of receptive field size was not random. There was a greater incidence of very large receptive fields in two regions. The first region was the most anterior part of IT (see Fig. 1C and D). Within this area 67 ~ of the 56 receptive fields were larger than 60 ° × 60 °. The second regio ...
PARK9-Associated ATP13A2 Localizes to Intracellular
... ATP13A2 loss-of-function on the viability and integrity of dopaminergic neurons, we employed mir-30adapted short hairpin RNA (shRNA) constructs to silence the expression of endogenous ATP13A2. To validate shRNA constructs, we demonstrate by Western blot analysis the successful knockdown of fulllengt ...
... ATP13A2 loss-of-function on the viability and integrity of dopaminergic neurons, we employed mir-30adapted short hairpin RNA (shRNA) constructs to silence the expression of endogenous ATP13A2. To validate shRNA constructs, we demonstrate by Western blot analysis the successful knockdown of fulllengt ...
Genesis and Control of the Respiratory Rhythm in Adult
... On the basis of recordings of the activity of brain stem neurons that were rhythmically active in phase with respiration, six different types of neurons have been defined on the basis of their firing patterns, their membrane potential changes, and their synaptic inputs (1, 17). As shown in Fig. 2A, ...
... On the basis of recordings of the activity of brain stem neurons that were rhythmically active in phase with respiration, six different types of neurons have been defined on the basis of their firing patterns, their membrane potential changes, and their synaptic inputs (1, 17). As shown in Fig. 2A, ...
Stimulus (physiology)
In physiology, a stimulus (plural stimuli) is a detectable change in the internal or external environment. The ability of an organism or organ to respond to external stimuli is called sensitivity. When a stimulus is applied to a sensory receptor, it normally elicits or influences a reflex via stimulus transduction. These sensory receptors can receive information from outside the body, as in touch receptors found in the skin or light receptors in the eye, as well as from inside the body, as in chemoreceptors and mechanorceptors. An internal stimulus is often the first component of a homeostatic control system. External stimuli are capable of producing systemic responses throughout the body, as in the fight-or-flight response. In order for a stimulus to be detected with high probability, its level must exceed the absolute threshold; if a signal does reach threshold, the information is transmitted to the central nervous system (CNS), where it is integrated and a decision on how to react is made. Although stimuli commonly cause the body to respond, it is the CNS that finally determines whether a signal causes a reaction or not.