lecture outline - St. Louis Community College
... Lungs are the only organs that float in water. The largest lung lies on the right side and has three lobes; the smaller left lung has only two lobes. If you yelled for 8 years, 7 months and 6 days, you would have produced enough sound energy to heat one cup of coffee. A sneeze creates a forc ...
... Lungs are the only organs that float in water. The largest lung lies on the right side and has three lobes; the smaller left lung has only two lobes. If you yelled for 8 years, 7 months and 6 days, you would have produced enough sound energy to heat one cup of coffee. A sneeze creates a forc ...
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... enriched housing cage had four levels linked by ramps (Fig. 1B). Hanging chains and wind chimes hung over the entrance of two levels and produced unique sounds with rat movements. A rat’s movement onto two of the three ramps triggered delivery of a ramp-specific tone (lowest ramp ⫽ 2.1 kHz; highest ...
... enriched housing cage had four levels linked by ramps (Fig. 1B). Hanging chains and wind chimes hung over the entrance of two levels and produced unique sounds with rat movements. A rat’s movement onto two of the three ramps triggered delivery of a ramp-specific tone (lowest ramp ⫽ 2.1 kHz; highest ...
A transcription factor network controls cell migration
... post fertilization (hpf), resulting in large deficits in all subtypes of pineal cells (Masai et al., 1997); despite the loss of these cells, the parapineal organ can still form in Flh mutants (Snelson et al., 2008a). In contrast, parapineal development is dramatically affected in Tbx2b mutants, whic ...
... post fertilization (hpf), resulting in large deficits in all subtypes of pineal cells (Masai et al., 1997); despite the loss of these cells, the parapineal organ can still form in Flh mutants (Snelson et al., 2008a). In contrast, parapineal development is dramatically affected in Tbx2b mutants, whic ...
Spinal cord and simple reflex arc
... segment: What surrounds the middle? (cont.) • Peripheral portions of spinal cord are made of white matter – Organized in dorsal, ventral and lateral columns – Bundles/fasciculi of myelinated axons make up the columns. – Tracts are CNS fasciculi with common functions. • Ascending/afferent to brain (b ...
... segment: What surrounds the middle? (cont.) • Peripheral portions of spinal cord are made of white matter – Organized in dorsal, ventral and lateral columns – Bundles/fasciculi of myelinated axons make up the columns. – Tracts are CNS fasciculi with common functions. • Ascending/afferent to brain (b ...
The functional anatomy of basal ganglia disorders
... interneurons. Striatal interneurons can be subdivided by histochemical or immunohistochemical identification of which neurotransmitter or neuropeptide is contained within them. The best characterized subpopulations of striatal interneurons are cholinergic interneurons 11 and another group that conta ...
... interneurons. Striatal interneurons can be subdivided by histochemical or immunohistochemical identification of which neurotransmitter or neuropeptide is contained within them. The best characterized subpopulations of striatal interneurons are cholinergic interneurons 11 and another group that conta ...
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... nonlemniscal pathway begins at the earliest level of the ascending auditory pathway in the GCD of the cochlear nucleus. ...
... nonlemniscal pathway begins at the earliest level of the ascending auditory pathway in the GCD of the cochlear nucleus. ...
Cerebellar control of visceral responses–possible mechanisms
... excitation of fastigial neurons and adjacent nervous pathways. Such excitations are, for natural reasons, far from delicate and complex neuronal activity patterns displayed during normal cerebellar operation. In the physiological situations the fastigial neurons show a pattern of continuous discharg ...
... excitation of fastigial neurons and adjacent nervous pathways. Such excitations are, for natural reasons, far from delicate and complex neuronal activity patterns displayed during normal cerebellar operation. In the physiological situations the fastigial neurons show a pattern of continuous discharg ...
Structural and functional architecture of respiratory networks in the
... shaping inspiratory and expiratory motor patterns are distributed among three adjacent structural compartments in the ventrolateral medulla: the Bötzinger complex (BötC), pre-Bötzinger complex (pre-BötC) and rostral ventral respiratory group (rVRG). The respiratory rhythm and inspiratory – expir ...
... shaping inspiratory and expiratory motor patterns are distributed among three adjacent structural compartments in the ventrolateral medulla: the Bötzinger complex (BötC), pre-Bötzinger complex (pre-BötC) and rostral ventral respiratory group (rVRG). The respiratory rhythm and inspiratory – expir ...
Visual Processing in the Primate Brain
... 2000), this leads to parallel processing in which independent, specialized cells and circuits extract specific types of information simultaneously from the same position in visual space. Such parallel processing is evidenced at multiple levels of visual processing, from the retina (Wassle, 2004) to ...
... 2000), this leads to parallel processing in which independent, specialized cells and circuits extract specific types of information simultaneously from the same position in visual space. Such parallel processing is evidenced at multiple levels of visual processing, from the retina (Wassle, 2004) to ...
Ethanol Neurotoxicity in the Developing Cerebellum
... within the cerebellum and leads to various impairments in brain function [1,2]. In humans, synaptogenesis begins during the third trimester of pregnancy and continues through the first few years of life. In rodents, this period corresponds to postnatal days four to nine (P4–P9). Although neuronal de ...
... within the cerebellum and leads to various impairments in brain function [1,2]. In humans, synaptogenesis begins during the third trimester of pregnancy and continues through the first few years of life. In rodents, this period corresponds to postnatal days four to nine (P4–P9). Although neuronal de ...
Modeling multiple time scale firing rate adaptation in a neural
... facilitation produces phase lags. In the case of Eq. (4) gkτ is proportional to the amount of negative feedback provided by the adaptation current, which is quantified by measured phase leads. As an example, consider the firing rate response of a Hodgkin-Huxley (HH) conductance-based neuron with a s ...
... facilitation produces phase lags. In the case of Eq. (4) gkτ is proportional to the amount of negative feedback provided by the adaptation current, which is quantified by measured phase leads. As an example, consider the firing rate response of a Hodgkin-Huxley (HH) conductance-based neuron with a s ...
Neuronal innervation of the exocrine defence glands in stick insects
... with secretory epithelium [15, 19, 21, 28–32]. They release secretions from the gland through a smaller ejaculatory duct with an opening in the anterior prothorax just behind the head [15, 19, 21, 29, 32, 33]. In O. peruana, the large glands extend internally into the mesothoracic segment [19]. The ...
... with secretory epithelium [15, 19, 21, 28–32]. They release secretions from the gland through a smaller ejaculatory duct with an opening in the anterior prothorax just behind the head [15, 19, 21, 29, 32, 33]. In O. peruana, the large glands extend internally into the mesothoracic segment [19]. The ...
Pontine respiratory activity involved in inspiratory/expiratory phase
... that medullary late-I neurons which initiate IOS receive excitatory inputs from pontine IE or late-I neurons (Cohen & Shaw 2004). However, the pontine input to late-I neurons was suppressed by BHR feedback. Thus, it was suggested that ponto-medullary interaction may become important only under condi ...
... that medullary late-I neurons which initiate IOS receive excitatory inputs from pontine IE or late-I neurons (Cohen & Shaw 2004). However, the pontine input to late-I neurons was suppressed by BHR feedback. Thus, it was suggested that ponto-medullary interaction may become important only under condi ...
Effects of insulin under normal and low glucose on retinal
... has been obtained for the concept of a metabolic couFIGURE 2. Normalized average changes (n = 8 trials) of the pling between neurons and glia whereby metabolites, b-wave (left) and ONR-ON amplitudes (right) under 2 and primarily lactate produced from glucose by glial cells, 1 mM glucose, respectivel ...
... has been obtained for the concept of a metabolic couFIGURE 2. Normalized average changes (n = 8 trials) of the pling between neurons and glia whereby metabolites, b-wave (left) and ONR-ON amplitudes (right) under 2 and primarily lactate produced from glucose by glial cells, 1 mM glucose, respectivel ...
judasMRT99
... A subpopulation of cerebral cortical neurons constitutively express nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and, upon demand, produce a novel messenger molecule nitric oxide (NO) with a variety of proposed roles in the developing, adult, and diseased brain. With respect to the intensity of their histochemical ( ...
... A subpopulation of cerebral cortical neurons constitutively express nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and, upon demand, produce a novel messenger molecule nitric oxide (NO) with a variety of proposed roles in the developing, adult, and diseased brain. With respect to the intensity of their histochemical ( ...
location and function of serotonin in the central and peripheral
... diapause behaviour. Depending on e.g. the availability of food, temperature, and photoperiod, the beetle will either reproduce or enter diapause. Reproduction requires a high juvenile hormone titre in the hemolymph (de Wilde et al. 1968). Diapause is initiated when the juvenile hormone titre in the ...
... diapause behaviour. Depending on e.g. the availability of food, temperature, and photoperiod, the beetle will either reproduce or enter diapause. Reproduction requires a high juvenile hormone titre in the hemolymph (de Wilde et al. 1968). Diapause is initiated when the juvenile hormone titre in the ...
Ethanol Potentiation of Glycine-Induced Responses in Dissociated
... Whole-cell current decays were fit by a Chebychev algorithm (pCLAMP). Statistical analyses of concentration-response data were performed using a nonlinear curve-fitting program (Sigma Plot; Jandel Scientific, San Rafael, CA). Data were statistically compared using Student’s t test at a significance ...
... Whole-cell current decays were fit by a Chebychev algorithm (pCLAMP). Statistical analyses of concentration-response data were performed using a nonlinear curve-fitting program (Sigma Plot; Jandel Scientific, San Rafael, CA). Data were statistically compared using Student’s t test at a significance ...
Physiology of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH): Beyond
... Submit Manuscript | http://medcraveonline.com ...
... Submit Manuscript | http://medcraveonline.com ...
Tsutsui (2004) Neural mechanisms of three
... their two-dimensional (2D) images projected onto the retinas. The purpose of this paper is to give an overview of the psychological background and recent physiological findings concerning three-dimensional vision. Psychophysical and computational studies have suggested that in the visual system the ...
... their two-dimensional (2D) images projected onto the retinas. The purpose of this paper is to give an overview of the psychological background and recent physiological findings concerning three-dimensional vision. Psychophysical and computational studies have suggested that in the visual system the ...
the inferior colliculus of the rat: quantitative
... Most ascending auditory tracts converge on the inferior colliculus (IC), which is a major relay en route to the medial geniculate body (MGB; Malmierca et al., 2002; Malmierca and Merchán, 2004). Afferent projections to the IC are both excitatory and inhibitory (Oliver, 1984a, 1987; Shneiderman and H ...
... Most ascending auditory tracts converge on the inferior colliculus (IC), which is a major relay en route to the medial geniculate body (MGB; Malmierca et al., 2002; Malmierca and Merchán, 2004). Afferent projections to the IC are both excitatory and inhibitory (Oliver, 1984a, 1987; Shneiderman and H ...
the evolution of body and brain, and of sensory
... vertebrates) in the six-layered dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus. The latter is the source of the thalamocortical fibers that target the primary visual cortex. Processing of the optic input starts at the retinal level, most important of which is the momentous achievement of turning the absence of p ...
... vertebrates) in the six-layered dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus. The latter is the source of the thalamocortical fibers that target the primary visual cortex. Processing of the optic input starts at the retinal level, most important of which is the momentous achievement of turning the absence of p ...
Delayed Puberty but Normal Fertility in Mice With Selective Deletion
... diabetic rats display reproductive abnormalities, which can be ameliorated by central administration of insulin (12-14). In humans, type 1 diabetes also disrupts puberty and reproduction (15, 16). Although insulin was originally thought to be acting directly on GnRH neurons (8, 9, 17, 18), a recent ...
... diabetic rats display reproductive abnormalities, which can be ameliorated by central administration of insulin (12-14). In humans, type 1 diabetes also disrupts puberty and reproduction (15, 16). Although insulin was originally thought to be acting directly on GnRH neurons (8, 9, 17, 18), a recent ...
Stimulus (physiology)
In physiology, a stimulus (plural stimuli) is a detectable change in the internal or external environment. The ability of an organism or organ to respond to external stimuli is called sensitivity. When a stimulus is applied to a sensory receptor, it normally elicits or influences a reflex via stimulus transduction. These sensory receptors can receive information from outside the body, as in touch receptors found in the skin or light receptors in the eye, as well as from inside the body, as in chemoreceptors and mechanorceptors. An internal stimulus is often the first component of a homeostatic control system. External stimuli are capable of producing systemic responses throughout the body, as in the fight-or-flight response. In order for a stimulus to be detected with high probability, its level must exceed the absolute threshold; if a signal does reach threshold, the information is transmitted to the central nervous system (CNS), where it is integrated and a decision on how to react is made. Although stimuli commonly cause the body to respond, it is the CNS that finally determines whether a signal causes a reaction or not.