Disc1Point Mutations in Mice Affect Development of the Cerebral
... dividing (BrdU ⫹ and Ki67 ⫺) divided by the total number of BrdU ⫹ cells. Only a small significant increase in the percentage of BrdU ⫹/Ki67 ⫺ cells was observed with the L100P mutants, but not the Q31L mutants, when compared to WT. All data are presented as mean ⫾ SEM; *p ⬍ 0.05, **p ⬍ 0.01 vs WT. ...
... dividing (BrdU ⫹ and Ki67 ⫺) divided by the total number of BrdU ⫹ cells. Only a small significant increase in the percentage of BrdU ⫹/Ki67 ⫺ cells was observed with the L100P mutants, but not the Q31L mutants, when compared to WT. All data are presented as mean ⫾ SEM; *p ⬍ 0.05, **p ⬍ 0.01 vs WT. ...
Obesity and Appetite Control
... [58]. While peripheral administration of GLP-1 in rats leads to increased c-fos expression in the ARC [28], intracerebroventricular (ICV) administration results in increased cfos expression in the PVN, NTS, and AP [59]. Ascending NTS-PVN projections contain GLP-1 [60] are implicated in controlling f ...
... [58]. While peripheral administration of GLP-1 in rats leads to increased c-fos expression in the ARC [28], intracerebroventricular (ICV) administration results in increased cfos expression in the PVN, NTS, and AP [59]. Ascending NTS-PVN projections contain GLP-1 [60] are implicated in controlling f ...
Thalamic Circuit Diversity: Modulation of the Driver/Modulator
... in the somatosensory thalamus (Figure 2, first order/higher order, orange neuron). Using anatomical techniques, they demonstrated that large synaptic terminals from both the trigeminal nucleus and layer V of the barrel cortex innervated the proximal dendrites of single neurons in the medial subdivis ...
... in the somatosensory thalamus (Figure 2, first order/higher order, orange neuron). Using anatomical techniques, they demonstrated that large synaptic terminals from both the trigeminal nucleus and layer V of the barrel cortex innervated the proximal dendrites of single neurons in the medial subdivis ...
01 Mills
... Peripheral and central chemoreceptors provide inputs to the respiratory centres. The peripheral chemoreceptors lie in the carotid and aortic bodies. The carotid bodies are more important in stimulating ventilation, while the aortic bodies are also capable of responding to hypotension. The peripheral ...
... Peripheral and central chemoreceptors provide inputs to the respiratory centres. The peripheral chemoreceptors lie in the carotid and aortic bodies. The carotid bodies are more important in stimulating ventilation, while the aortic bodies are also capable of responding to hypotension. The peripheral ...
Predictions not commands: active inference in the motor system
... how causes interact: e.g. that objects maintain a constant size irrespective of their distance from the observer. This inferential process is fundamentally Bayesian, as it involves the construction of a posterior probability density from a prior distribution over causes and sensory data. The brain c ...
... how causes interact: e.g. that objects maintain a constant size irrespective of their distance from the observer. This inferential process is fundamentally Bayesian, as it involves the construction of a posterior probability density from a prior distribution over causes and sensory data. The brain c ...
cortical input to the basal forebrain
... *Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07102, U.S.A. †Department of Pharmacology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands ‡University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, U.S.A. §Department of Basic Health Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee ...
... *Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07102, U.S.A. †Department of Pharmacology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands ‡University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, U.S.A. §Department of Basic Health Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee ...
Plastic Effect of Tetanic Stimulation on Auditory Evoked Potentials
... of genes), and cellular level (e.g. structure and function of synapses) which in turn can induce changes at the neural network level (strength of connections, maps of sound stimulus characteristics) (see Figure 1). These levels interact with each other to allow for different forms of plastic change. ...
... of genes), and cellular level (e.g. structure and function of synapses) which in turn can induce changes at the neural network level (strength of connections, maps of sound stimulus characteristics) (see Figure 1). These levels interact with each other to allow for different forms of plastic change. ...
Downloadable Full Text - DSpace@MIT
... (mPFC) and nucleus accumbens (NAc), which play important roles in a broad range of motivated behaviors and neuropsychiatric disorders1-3. Although DA neuron activity often correlates with a reward prediction error (i.e. the difference between expected and actual rewards) these cells also can signal ...
... (mPFC) and nucleus accumbens (NAc), which play important roles in a broad range of motivated behaviors and neuropsychiatric disorders1-3. Although DA neuron activity often correlates with a reward prediction error (i.e. the difference between expected and actual rewards) these cells also can signal ...
Long lnterfascicular Axon Growth from Embryonic Neurons
... cells formed compact masses, which were elongated along the axis of the host tract. All these types of donor tissue contained neurons that grew axons in each of the host tracts. E 18 superior collicular cells survived poorly, and did not produce axons. ...
... cells formed compact masses, which were elongated along the axis of the host tract. All these types of donor tissue contained neurons that grew axons in each of the host tracts. E 18 superior collicular cells survived poorly, and did not produce axons. ...
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... oscillations and absence seizures, both of which are generated in the thalamocortical system schematized in Figure 1. Sensory inputs from visual, auditory, and somatosensory receptors do not reach the cerebral cortex directly, but synapse first on thalamocortical (TC) relay ...
... oscillations and absence seizures, both of which are generated in the thalamocortical system schematized in Figure 1. Sensory inputs from visual, auditory, and somatosensory receptors do not reach the cerebral cortex directly, but synapse first on thalamocortical (TC) relay ...
Intrinsic and synaptic plasticity in the vestibular system
... loss of spontaneous firing in neurons of the vestibular nucleus which then returns to control values within about a week, even in the absence of vestibular nerve recovery [42,43]. This robust plasticity almost certainly underlies the restoration of oculomotor and postural stability observed in human ...
... loss of spontaneous firing in neurons of the vestibular nucleus which then returns to control values within about a week, even in the absence of vestibular nerve recovery [42,43]. This robust plasticity almost certainly underlies the restoration of oculomotor and postural stability observed in human ...
The Peripheral Nervous System
... Sensory • General somatic senses – include touch, pain, temperature, vibration, pressure. • Proprioceptive senses – detect stretch in tendons and muscle provide information on body position, orientation and movement of body in space ...
... Sensory • General somatic senses – include touch, pain, temperature, vibration, pressure. • Proprioceptive senses – detect stretch in tendons and muscle provide information on body position, orientation and movement of body in space ...
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... network similar to those of Tritonia, because the animals share apparently homologous networks for these behaviors (Jing and Gillette, 1995; Jing et al., 1997; Jing and Gillette, 1998). In this animal, 5-HT stimulates multiple aspects of behavioral activity, including feeding behavior (Palovick et a ...
... network similar to those of Tritonia, because the animals share apparently homologous networks for these behaviors (Jing and Gillette, 1995; Jing et al., 1997; Jing and Gillette, 1998). In this animal, 5-HT stimulates multiple aspects of behavioral activity, including feeding behavior (Palovick et a ...
Noise and Coupling Affect Signal Detection and Bursting in a
... and autonomous SR that of a single neuron. In CR, the ability of noise to produce a synchronous, periodic response in the system is dependent on the noise characteristics and coupling between the neurons. When analyzed in the frequency domain, a sharp peak is produced as the system becomes more peri ...
... and autonomous SR that of a single neuron. In CR, the ability of noise to produce a synchronous, periodic response in the system is dependent on the noise characteristics and coupling between the neurons. When analyzed in the frequency domain, a sharp peak is produced as the system becomes more peri ...
SOM
... class (or output ) d of an example x. So only x is given. – Self Organising Maps (SOM) are neural network models for unsupervised learning, which combine a competitive learning principle with a topological structuring of neurons such that adjacent neurons tend to have similar weight vectors. PMR5406 ...
... class (or output ) d of an example x. So only x is given. – Self Organising Maps (SOM) are neural network models for unsupervised learning, which combine a competitive learning principle with a topological structuring of neurons such that adjacent neurons tend to have similar weight vectors. PMR5406 ...
Hippocampus : Neurotransmission and Plasticity in the Nervous
... regions, the dentate gyrus (DG) and the Cornu Ammonis (CA). The nerve cells of the main layer of the DG and CA regions, the granule cells and pyramidal cells respectively, are organized in a tri-synaptic lamellaire circuit. The granule and pyramidal cells are glutamatergic excitatory. The granule ce ...
... regions, the dentate gyrus (DG) and the Cornu Ammonis (CA). The nerve cells of the main layer of the DG and CA regions, the granule cells and pyramidal cells respectively, are organized in a tri-synaptic lamellaire circuit. The granule and pyramidal cells are glutamatergic excitatory. The granule ce ...
view - E-LIB Bremen - Universität Bremen
... likely that they will fire together in the future, even if only a subset of the cell assembly gets excited by an incomplete stimulus. For example, if we observe a bird singing a characteristic song, we will later be able to identify the type of bird if we only hear its song. Around 20 years after Heb ...
... likely that they will fire together in the future, even if only a subset of the cell assembly gets excited by an incomplete stimulus. For example, if we observe a bird singing a characteristic song, we will later be able to identify the type of bird if we only hear its song. Around 20 years after Heb ...
ANS: c, p. 46, F, LO=2.1, (1)
... a) has become less positive in charge. b) has received, in its dendrites, appropriate inputs from other neurons. Correct. A neuron fires after the dendrites receive enough stimulation to trigger the cell body to generate an action potential. c) is unable to transmit information to another neuron. d) ...
... a) has become less positive in charge. b) has received, in its dendrites, appropriate inputs from other neurons. Correct. A neuron fires after the dendrites receive enough stimulation to trigger the cell body to generate an action potential. c) is unable to transmit information to another neuron. d) ...
Soghomonian J.J., Sethares C., and Peters, A
... Much of the cognitive decline shown by aging primates can be attributed to dysfunction of prefrontal cortex and, as shown previously, about 30% of asymmetric (excitatory) and symmetric (inhibitory) axodendritic synapses are lost from the neuropil of layer 2/3 in prefrontal area 46 with age (Peters e ...
... Much of the cognitive decline shown by aging primates can be attributed to dysfunction of prefrontal cortex and, as shown previously, about 30% of asymmetric (excitatory) and symmetric (inhibitory) axodendritic synapses are lost from the neuropil of layer 2/3 in prefrontal area 46 with age (Peters e ...
Axonal Dopamine Receptors Activate Peripheral Spike
... (STG) has peripheral spike initiation zones at a considerable distance from its target muscles that generate prolonged tonic spiking in the presence of serotonin in response to centrally generated bursts (Meyrand et al., 1992). In this case, the serotonin-sensitive peripheral spike-initiation zone i ...
... (STG) has peripheral spike initiation zones at a considerable distance from its target muscles that generate prolonged tonic spiking in the presence of serotonin in response to centrally generated bursts (Meyrand et al., 1992). In this case, the serotonin-sensitive peripheral spike-initiation zone i ...
Are there differences between the secretion characteristics of NGF
... been demonstrated for neurotrophin-mediated neurotrophin secretion occurring as a consequence of Trk receptor activation (Canossa et al., 1997). However, discordant results have been reported for high potassium-mediated secretion of BDNF from virus-transduced primary cultures of hippocampal neurons ...
... been demonstrated for neurotrophin-mediated neurotrophin secretion occurring as a consequence of Trk receptor activation (Canossa et al., 1997). However, discordant results have been reported for high potassium-mediated secretion of BDNF from virus-transduced primary cultures of hippocampal neurons ...
Down - 서울대 : Biointelligence lab
... “When an axon of a cell A is near enough to excite cell B or repeatedly or persistently takes part in firing it, some growth or metabolic change takes place in both cells such that A’s efficiency, as one of the cells firing B, is increased.” Brain mechanisms and how they can be related to behavi ...
... “When an axon of a cell A is near enough to excite cell B or repeatedly or persistently takes part in firing it, some growth or metabolic change takes place in both cells such that A’s efficiency, as one of the cells firing B, is increased.” Brain mechanisms and how they can be related to behavi ...
Spatiotemporal Profiles of Proprioception Processed by
... Muscle spindles in the jaw-closing muscles, which are innervated by trigeminal mesencephalic neurons (MesV neurons), control the strength of occlusion and the position of the mandible. The mechanisms underlying cortical processing of proprioceptive information are critical to understanding how senso ...
... Muscle spindles in the jaw-closing muscles, which are innervated by trigeminal mesencephalic neurons (MesV neurons), control the strength of occlusion and the position of the mandible. The mechanisms underlying cortical processing of proprioceptive information are critical to understanding how senso ...
Dynamic Computation of Incentive Salience: “Wanting” What Was
... this even if the actual salt UCS is absent and has never yet been retasted as “liked” (Krieckhaus and Wolf, 1968; Fudim, 1978; Berridge and Schulkin, 1989; Schulkin, 1991), and even if they remain incapable of more cognitive act– outcome inferences before retasting (Dickinson, 1986; Dickinson and Da ...
... this even if the actual salt UCS is absent and has never yet been retasted as “liked” (Krieckhaus and Wolf, 1968; Fudim, 1978; Berridge and Schulkin, 1989; Schulkin, 1991), and even if they remain incapable of more cognitive act– outcome inferences before retasting (Dickinson, 1986; Dickinson and Da ...
Stimulus (physiology)
In physiology, a stimulus (plural stimuli) is a detectable change in the internal or external environment. The ability of an organism or organ to respond to external stimuli is called sensitivity. When a stimulus is applied to a sensory receptor, it normally elicits or influences a reflex via stimulus transduction. These sensory receptors can receive information from outside the body, as in touch receptors found in the skin or light receptors in the eye, as well as from inside the body, as in chemoreceptors and mechanorceptors. An internal stimulus is often the first component of a homeostatic control system. External stimuli are capable of producing systemic responses throughout the body, as in the fight-or-flight response. In order for a stimulus to be detected with high probability, its level must exceed the absolute threshold; if a signal does reach threshold, the information is transmitted to the central nervous system (CNS), where it is integrated and a decision on how to react is made. Although stimuli commonly cause the body to respond, it is the CNS that finally determines whether a signal causes a reaction or not.