Ascending projections from spinal cord and brainstem to
... projections to the thalamus in any species and only one retrograde tracing study in cat (Katter et al., 1991) shows plottings of the first two sacral segments after an injection in the thalamus in one case. In this study, no cells in the lateral sacral cord were reported, but the injection in this on ...
... projections to the thalamus in any species and only one retrograde tracing study in cat (Katter et al., 1991) shows plottings of the first two sacral segments after an injection in the thalamus in one case. In this study, no cells in the lateral sacral cord were reported, but the injection in this on ...
Essential Roles for GSK-3s and GSK-3
... studies showed that formation of multiple long axons was induced in hippocampal cultures in which GSK-3 activity was inhibited (Jiang et al., 2005; Yoshimura et al., 2005), consistent with the idea that global elimination of GSK-3 activity enhances axon growth. Thus, from the published work to date, ...
... studies showed that formation of multiple long axons was induced in hippocampal cultures in which GSK-3 activity was inhibited (Jiang et al., 2005; Yoshimura et al., 2005), consistent with the idea that global elimination of GSK-3 activity enhances axon growth. Thus, from the published work to date, ...
α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor
... Studies have shown that after neuronal injury, reactive astrocytes can facilitate neuronal destruction by synthesizing and releasing pro-inflammatory cytokines, which can damage local neurons [2]. Reactive astrocytes can also actively contribute to secondary degeneration after CNS insults or in resp ...
... Studies have shown that after neuronal injury, reactive astrocytes can facilitate neuronal destruction by synthesizing and releasing pro-inflammatory cytokines, which can damage local neurons [2]. Reactive astrocytes can also actively contribute to secondary degeneration after CNS insults or in resp ...
Full Text - Cerebral Cortex
... neurons have also been shown to respond to reward, reinforcement and error (Niki and Watanabe, 1979; Watanabe, 1989). Because the OFC is more related to motivational operations than the LPFC (Fuster, 1997), and delay-related activity changes of primate OFC neurons have not been examined sufficiently ...
... neurons have also been shown to respond to reward, reinforcement and error (Niki and Watanabe, 1979; Watanabe, 1989). Because the OFC is more related to motivational operations than the LPFC (Fuster, 1997), and delay-related activity changes of primate OFC neurons have not been examined sufficiently ...
OSBP coupled with ER-resident protein FAN is essential
... within which cholesterol molecules are embedded. The distribution of both phospholipids and cholesterol in cellular membranes is distinct and highly dynamic. Phospholipids are asymmetrically distributed in the leaflets of many bilayer membranes, including the plasma membrane, the endosomal membrane, ...
... within which cholesterol molecules are embedded. The distribution of both phospholipids and cholesterol in cellular membranes is distinct and highly dynamic. Phospholipids are asymmetrically distributed in the leaflets of many bilayer membranes, including the plasma membrane, the endosomal membrane, ...
Organization of the Honey Bee Mushroom Body
... acquired behaviors, there has been almost no attempt to determine what structural features mushroom bodies have in common in different taxa. One goal of the present account is to rectify this omission by showing that the organization of certain cell types into a discrete integrative neuropil called ...
... acquired behaviors, there has been almost no attempt to determine what structural features mushroom bodies have in common in different taxa. One goal of the present account is to rectify this omission by showing that the organization of certain cell types into a discrete integrative neuropil called ...
Contrast-dependence of surround suppression in
... Fig. 1. Presumptive anatomical substrates for the RF center and surround of V1 neurons, and the recurrent network model. (a) Diagram of the different components of the RF center and surround of a typical V1 neuron: (i) the high-contrast summation RF (sRFhigh; white area inside dashed circle), and (i ...
... Fig. 1. Presumptive anatomical substrates for the RF center and surround of V1 neurons, and the recurrent network model. (a) Diagram of the different components of the RF center and surround of a typical V1 neuron: (i) the high-contrast summation RF (sRFhigh; white area inside dashed circle), and (i ...
BDNF-induced local protein synthesis and synaptic
... element on the 30 UTR of the Arc mRNA showed a moderate ability to target these transcripts to dendrites (Kobayashi et al., 2005). However, it is currently unknown whether hnRNPA2 is required for Arc mRNA trafficking along dendrites in vivo and the identity of the trans-acting factors that recognize ...
... element on the 30 UTR of the Arc mRNA showed a moderate ability to target these transcripts to dendrites (Kobayashi et al., 2005). However, it is currently unknown whether hnRNPA2 is required for Arc mRNA trafficking along dendrites in vivo and the identity of the trans-acting factors that recognize ...
Executive Control Over Cognition: Stronger and Earlier Rule
... areas (Freedman et al., 2003; Nieder and Miller, 2004; Muhammad et al., 2006), raising the question what unique contribution prefrontal cortex makes to distributed information processing in cortical networks. One possibility is that prefrontal cortex generates neural signals that become rapidly comm ...
... areas (Freedman et al., 2003; Nieder and Miller, 2004; Muhammad et al., 2006), raising the question what unique contribution prefrontal cortex makes to distributed information processing in cortical networks. One possibility is that prefrontal cortex generates neural signals that become rapidly comm ...
Patterns of GABAergic Immunoreactivity Define Subdivisions of the
... which aligned them with the long dendritic axis of immunonegative tufted (but not radiate) cell dendrites (Winer and Wenstrup, '92a). Finally, in GAD preparations, perikarya in the dorsal nuclei were significantly smaller in area (about 12%) than immunostained ventral division neurons (Table 11, sav ...
... which aligned them with the long dendritic axis of immunonegative tufted (but not radiate) cell dendrites (Winer and Wenstrup, '92a). Finally, in GAD preparations, perikarya in the dorsal nuclei were significantly smaller in area (about 12%) than immunostained ventral division neurons (Table 11, sav ...
Pansynaptic Enlargement at Adult Cortical
... dyes with similar absorption and emission peaks to the AF488 and AF568 used to fill neurons (Supplementary Fig. S3A,B). The size of the PSF is usually measured by the full-width half-maximum (FWHM) and increases with imaging wavelength. Therefore, the signal from the AF568 dye limits the resolution a ...
... dyes with similar absorption and emission peaks to the AF488 and AF568 used to fill neurons (Supplementary Fig. S3A,B). The size of the PSF is usually measured by the full-width half-maximum (FWHM) and increases with imaging wavelength. Therefore, the signal from the AF568 dye limits the resolution a ...
View Full Page PDF
... (slow-wave) sleep (4, 19, 207, 240). During large-amplitude EEG slow oscillations, virtually all cell types in the cerebral cortex repetitively switch between two membrane potential states: an up state (where neurons are depolarized at about ⫺65 mV and fire at a low rate) and a down state (where neu ...
... (slow-wave) sleep (4, 19, 207, 240). During large-amplitude EEG slow oscillations, virtually all cell types in the cerebral cortex repetitively switch between two membrane potential states: an up state (where neurons are depolarized at about ⫺65 mV and fire at a low rate) and a down state (where neu ...
[Frontiers in Bioscience 8, s438-451, May 1, 2003] 438 AROUSAL
... that accordingly has a net-like (reticular) appearance. The neurons have long radiating dendrites that extend out through passing fibers and thus have the capacity to receive input from those fibers and their multiple sources. From the medulla through the pons and into the midbrain, the reticular ne ...
... that accordingly has a net-like (reticular) appearance. The neurons have long radiating dendrites that extend out through passing fibers and thus have the capacity to receive input from those fibers and their multiple sources. From the medulla through the pons and into the midbrain, the reticular ne ...
The Motor System
... Lesion of the right ventral horn at L2-4 produces LMN signs (weakness and atrophy) of the right hip flexion, adduction, and knee extension muscles. Lesion of the ventral horn will damage the cell bodies of LMNs. L2-4 is the origin of femoral and obturator nerves which innervate the muscles of hip fl ...
... Lesion of the right ventral horn at L2-4 produces LMN signs (weakness and atrophy) of the right hip flexion, adduction, and knee extension muscles. Lesion of the ventral horn will damage the cell bodies of LMNs. L2-4 is the origin of femoral and obturator nerves which innervate the muscles of hip fl ...
Biophysics of Extracellular Action Potentials
... large neurons in the deep layers. If the detection and clustering algorithm is sensitive enough to include low-amplitude spikes then bias is moderate. If only high amplitude units (> 200 µV) are picked up, then recording will be significantly biased towards the deep layers. The majority of spikes in ...
... large neurons in the deep layers. If the detection and clustering algorithm is sensitive enough to include low-amplitude spikes then bias is moderate. If only high amplitude units (> 200 µV) are picked up, then recording will be significantly biased towards the deep layers. The majority of spikes in ...
Neurophysiological and Computational Principles of Cortical
... (slow-wave) sleep (4, 19, 207, 240). During large-amplitude EEG slow oscillations, virtually all cell types in the cerebral cortex repetitively switch between two membrane potential states: an up state (where neurons are depolarized at about ⫺65 mV and fire at a low rate) and a down state (where neu ...
... (slow-wave) sleep (4, 19, 207, 240). During large-amplitude EEG slow oscillations, virtually all cell types in the cerebral cortex repetitively switch between two membrane potential states: an up state (where neurons are depolarized at about ⫺65 mV and fire at a low rate) and a down state (where neu ...
Distribution of neurons in functional areas of the mouse cerebral
... visual cortex. Remarkably, while the distribution of neurons across functional areas does not accompany the distribution of surface area, it mirrors closely the distribution of cortical volumes—with the exception of the visual areas, which hold more neurons than expected for their volume. Across the ...
... visual cortex. Remarkably, while the distribution of neurons across functional areas does not accompany the distribution of surface area, it mirrors closely the distribution of cortical volumes—with the exception of the visual areas, which hold more neurons than expected for their volume. Across the ...
Takehiro Matsumora, Kowa Koida and Hidehiko Komatsu
... Initially, the color selectivity of the recorded neuron was determined in a fixation task (see FIXATION TASK for details) and sample color sets for the subsequent discrimination task were tailored to the color selectivity of that neuron. The center color in the sample color set (color #4) was select ...
... Initially, the color selectivity of the recorded neuron was determined in a fixation task (see FIXATION TASK for details) and sample color sets for the subsequent discrimination task were tailored to the color selectivity of that neuron. The center color in the sample color set (color #4) was select ...
Representation of Events in Nerve Nets and Finite Automata
... actions are a response to certain stimuli means, in the simplest case, that the actions are performed when those stimuli occur and not when they do not occur. Since both the stimuli and the actions may be very complicated, the relationship between the two is very complicated. In order to simplify ou ...
... actions are a response to certain stimuli means, in the simplest case, that the actions are performed when those stimuli occur and not when they do not occur. Since both the stimuli and the actions may be very complicated, the relationship between the two is very complicated. In order to simplify ou ...
Critical role of extracellularly secreted neuronal pentraxin 1 in
... death mechanisms require de novo synthesis of both RNA and lethal proteins [5,23], and low neuronal activity triggers the intrinsic program of apoptotic cell death in mature neurons [5]. However, how induction of NP1 expression leads to the propagation of neuronal death or survival of neurons in the ...
... death mechanisms require de novo synthesis of both RNA and lethal proteins [5,23], and low neuronal activity triggers the intrinsic program of apoptotic cell death in mature neurons [5]. However, how induction of NP1 expression leads to the propagation of neuronal death or survival of neurons in the ...
Dopaminergic and Glutamatergic Dysfunctions
... A large number of disparate environmental factors contribute to the risk for schizophrenia. Markers of social adversity such as migration, unemployment, urban upbringing, lack of close friends, and childhood abuse are all associated with a wellestablished increased risk for schizophrenia that cannot ...
... A large number of disparate environmental factors contribute to the risk for schizophrenia. Markers of social adversity such as migration, unemployment, urban upbringing, lack of close friends, and childhood abuse are all associated with a wellestablished increased risk for schizophrenia that cannot ...
Coincidence Detection or Temporal Integration?
... In cats, SII cortex receives direct projections from the ventrobasal complex (Spreafico et al., 1981; Burton and Kopf, 1984). We recorded neurons in SII cortex instead of primary somatosensory (SI) cortex because receptive fields in SII cortex are larger, and this increased the probability of encoun ...
... In cats, SII cortex receives direct projections from the ventrobasal complex (Spreafico et al., 1981; Burton and Kopf, 1984). We recorded neurons in SII cortex instead of primary somatosensory (SI) cortex because receptive fields in SII cortex are larger, and this increased the probability of encoun ...
Axon Guidance by Growth Cones and Branches: Common
... ported from the cell body into the neurites. Actin filaments play an essential role in driving motility and guidance of the growth cone (Luo 2002). In veil-like lamellipodia, actin filaments form a meshwork, but within filopodia, the spiky fingerlike protrusions from the growth cone periphery that ...
... ported from the cell body into the neurites. Actin filaments play an essential role in driving motility and guidance of the growth cone (Luo 2002). In veil-like lamellipodia, actin filaments form a meshwork, but within filopodia, the spiky fingerlike protrusions from the growth cone periphery that ...
Mechanics of Relaxation of the Human Heart
... tightly linked to ESV. First, the amount of potential energy stored during contraction and released during relaxation is negatively related to the end-systolic length/volume; second, the decay of mechanical activity could be accelerated at short end-systolic length (length-dependent inactivation) (T ...
... tightly linked to ESV. First, the amount of potential energy stored during contraction and released during relaxation is negatively related to the end-systolic length/volume; second, the decay of mechanical activity could be accelerated at short end-systolic length (length-dependent inactivation) (T ...
Stimulus (physiology)
In physiology, a stimulus (plural stimuli) is a detectable change in the internal or external environment. The ability of an organism or organ to respond to external stimuli is called sensitivity. When a stimulus is applied to a sensory receptor, it normally elicits or influences a reflex via stimulus transduction. These sensory receptors can receive information from outside the body, as in touch receptors found in the skin or light receptors in the eye, as well as from inside the body, as in chemoreceptors and mechanorceptors. An internal stimulus is often the first component of a homeostatic control system. External stimuli are capable of producing systemic responses throughout the body, as in the fight-or-flight response. In order for a stimulus to be detected with high probability, its level must exceed the absolute threshold; if a signal does reach threshold, the information is transmitted to the central nervous system (CNS), where it is integrated and a decision on how to react is made. Although stimuli commonly cause the body to respond, it is the CNS that finally determines whether a signal causes a reaction or not.