Vestibular System: The Many Facets of a
... a virtual rotation as subjects walked in the dark. Depending on head orientation, the authors could either steer walking or produce balance disturbances, concluding that the brain resolves the canal signal according to head posture into world-referenced orthogonal components. Each of these component ...
... a virtual rotation as subjects walked in the dark. Depending on head orientation, the authors could either steer walking or produce balance disturbances, concluding that the brain resolves the canal signal according to head posture into world-referenced orthogonal components. Each of these component ...
The Morphology of Physiologically Identified GABAergic Neurons in
... latencies being associated with forelimb receptive fields and the longer with hindlimb receptive fields. For forelimb units, latencies to stimulation of the contralateral median nerve ranged from 6.6 to 11 msec (mean, 8.4 msec). Two units responded to ipsilateral median nerve stimulation, one at 6.8 ...
... latencies being associated with forelimb receptive fields and the longer with hindlimb receptive fields. For forelimb units, latencies to stimulation of the contralateral median nerve ranged from 6.6 to 11 msec (mean, 8.4 msec). Two units responded to ipsilateral median nerve stimulation, one at 6.8 ...
Resonance properties of different neuronal populations in the
... 1. Introduction 1.1 Different frequency band oscillations in brain regions Neural oscillation is rhythmic or repetitive neural activity in the central nervous system. Neural tissue can generate oscillatory activity in many ways, driven either by mechanisms localized with individual neurons or by int ...
... 1. Introduction 1.1 Different frequency band oscillations in brain regions Neural oscillation is rhythmic or repetitive neural activity in the central nervous system. Neural tissue can generate oscillatory activity in many ways, driven either by mechanisms localized with individual neurons or by int ...
Differential Spatial Organization of Otolith Signals in Frog Vestibular
... (Straka et al. 2001). Thus it is possible that 2° canal and 2° otolith neurons of all types are segmentally organized (Baker 1998; Straka et al. 2001; Suwa et al. 1999). Although rhombomeres generally are evident only during embryonic stages, all cranial nerve efferent neurons in ranid frogs reside ...
... (Straka et al. 2001). Thus it is possible that 2° canal and 2° otolith neurons of all types are segmentally organized (Baker 1998; Straka et al. 2001; Suwa et al. 1999). Although rhombomeres generally are evident only during embryonic stages, all cranial nerve efferent neurons in ranid frogs reside ...
Spike-timing-dependent plasticity: common themes
... the network layer will automatically become more correlated than others to break the symmetry. However, the process of symmetry breaking can be time consuming and the correlated group of neurons are not always adjacent to each other on the network neuron making visualization difficult. The group of co ...
... the network layer will automatically become more correlated than others to break the symmetry. However, the process of symmetry breaking can be time consuming and the correlated group of neurons are not always adjacent to each other on the network neuron making visualization difficult. The group of co ...
The effect of selective attention on auditory frequency
... processed in close vicinity at AC. The tonotopy set limits to the frequency resolution, but under selective attention the frequency-based segregation succeeds even in conditions where the signal and noise are overlapping in frequency. The aim of the study was to explore these underlying short-term n ...
... processed in close vicinity at AC. The tonotopy set limits to the frequency resolution, but under selective attention the frequency-based segregation succeeds even in conditions where the signal and noise are overlapping in frequency. The aim of the study was to explore these underlying short-term n ...
Human and Rodent Homologies in Action Control - Research
... view (Hull, 1943), the association of contiguously active sensory and motor processes is strengthened by a reinforcement-related signal that does not itself form part of the associative structure and acts merely as a catalyst to increase the associative strength between S and R. On this latter view, ...
... view (Hull, 1943), the association of contiguously active sensory and motor processes is strengthened by a reinforcement-related signal that does not itself form part of the associative structure and acts merely as a catalyst to increase the associative strength between S and R. On this latter view, ...
Drosophila as a Model Organism for the Study of
... the functional and molecular features of mammalian neurons: axons with their transport machinery, pumps, and voltage-gated channels that underlie action potential transmission, presynaptic terminals with all the machinery for synaptic vesicle release and recycling, dendrites, postsynapses with local ...
... the functional and molecular features of mammalian neurons: axons with their transport machinery, pumps, and voltage-gated channels that underlie action potential transmission, presynaptic terminals with all the machinery for synaptic vesicle release and recycling, dendrites, postsynapses with local ...
Program - Albion
... When we learn new information we use only a tiny fraction of the neurons in our brain for that particular memory trace. This sparse encoding makes it difficult to study the cellular and molecular changes associated with learning. In this lecture I will discuss recent results from our lab and oth ...
... When we learn new information we use only a tiny fraction of the neurons in our brain for that particular memory trace. This sparse encoding makes it difficult to study the cellular and molecular changes associated with learning. In this lecture I will discuss recent results from our lab and oth ...
Newborn infants` auditory system is sensitive to Western music
... discrimination tasks (Tiitinen et al., 1994; Amenedo and Escera, 2000; Novitski et al., 2004). In infants, change-related responses to auditory stimuli are present already at birth (e.g., Alho et al., 1990; He et al., 2007, 2009; Novitski et al., 2007) and even during the fetal period (Huotilainen e ...
... discrimination tasks (Tiitinen et al., 1994; Amenedo and Escera, 2000; Novitski et al., 2004). In infants, change-related responses to auditory stimuli are present already at birth (e.g., Alho et al., 1990; He et al., 2007, 2009; Novitski et al., 2007) and even during the fetal period (Huotilainen e ...
365 Brainy Fact-A
... about 2.5 square feet, has 25 billion neurons, is interconnected by over 100,000 kilometers of axons and receives 300 ...
... about 2.5 square feet, has 25 billion neurons, is interconnected by over 100,000 kilometers of axons and receives 300 ...
Chapter 2 Thyroid Gland (Sample Chapter) - Body Restoration
... mentioned in the hypothyroid section, you could have an underfunctioning gland. If over 98.4 and symptoms match, you could have an over-functioning thyroid. There are many other causes of altered body temperature so do not rely on this as a sole diagnosis. ...
... mentioned in the hypothyroid section, you could have an underfunctioning gland. If over 98.4 and symptoms match, you could have an over-functioning thyroid. There are many other causes of altered body temperature so do not rely on this as a sole diagnosis. ...
Balanced Excitatory and Inhibitory Inputs to Cortical Neurons
... Koch, 1993; Holt et al., 1996; Shadlen and Newsome, 1998), which is often represented as Poisson-like spike trains. Background synaptic input with balanced excitation and inhibition has been suggested to generate the irregular firing, although other mechanisms are also possible (Reyes, 2003; Durstew ...
... Koch, 1993; Holt et al., 1996; Shadlen and Newsome, 1998), which is often represented as Poisson-like spike trains. Background synaptic input with balanced excitation and inhibition has been suggested to generate the irregular firing, although other mechanisms are also possible (Reyes, 2003; Durstew ...
View PDF - MRC BNDU - University of Oxford
... Cell density per segment was obtained by dividing the estimated number of neurons per segment in each animal by the total segment volume, then taking the mean across animals. For sections processed by both in situ hybridization and IHC, we could not use an optical fractionator as the silver grains r ...
... Cell density per segment was obtained by dividing the estimated number of neurons per segment in each animal by the total segment volume, then taking the mean across animals. For sections processed by both in situ hybridization and IHC, we could not use an optical fractionator as the silver grains r ...
Auditory working memory: contributions of lateral prefrontal cortex
... prefrontal cortex (lPFC) as a primary area for visual working memory, while another line of research has found the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) to be involved. This dissertation used auditory cues and found similar patterns of activity for processing auditory working memory information withi ...
... prefrontal cortex (lPFC) as a primary area for visual working memory, while another line of research has found the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) to be involved. This dissertation used auditory cues and found similar patterns of activity for processing auditory working memory information withi ...
Glucose-sensing neurons: Are they physiologically relevant?
... sensitive to sulfonylurea drugs [43]. Sulfonylureas (SUR) close the CFTR channel while ATP opens it [44]. This is consistent with our observation that a decrease in ATP closes a chloride channel in these neurons causing them to depolarize and increase their action potential frequency. Tolbutamide ex ...
... sensitive to sulfonylurea drugs [43]. Sulfonylureas (SUR) close the CFTR channel while ATP opens it [44]. This is consistent with our observation that a decrease in ATP closes a chloride channel in these neurons causing them to depolarize and increase their action potential frequency. Tolbutamide ex ...
Is the Lateral Septum's Inhibitory Influence on the Amygdala Mediated... GABA-ergic Neurons? Mason Austin
... This makes evolutionary sense, given its highly adaptive function, providing the impulse for the fight or flight responses that are necessary to escape predators, avoid natural hazards, and challenge competitors in order to pass on genetic material. As useful as fear may be however, it also comes at ...
... This makes evolutionary sense, given its highly adaptive function, providing the impulse for the fight or flight responses that are necessary to escape predators, avoid natural hazards, and challenge competitors in order to pass on genetic material. As useful as fear may be however, it also comes at ...
Chapter 14 Regulation of Breathing
... Located in the aortic arch and bifurcations of common carotid arteries ...
... Located in the aortic arch and bifurcations of common carotid arteries ...
Role of the Basal Ganglia in the Control of Purposive - lsr
... which is a ventral extension of the CD-PUT (199). Although the basal ganglia have limited routes for their inputs and outputs, individual nuclei are often connected with each other, and therefore, it is difficult to understand, solely based on the known anatomical connections, how the information is ...
... which is a ventral extension of the CD-PUT (199). Although the basal ganglia have limited routes for their inputs and outputs, individual nuclei are often connected with each other, and therefore, it is difficult to understand, solely based on the known anatomical connections, how the information is ...
Common Mechanisms Underlying Growth Cone Guidance and Axon
... changes in growth cone morphology and behavior may be manifested at decision regions related to target recognition or branch points. Growth cones in fixed tissue were shown to exhibit dramatic differences in their morphologies, depending on their locations. In tracts and pathways simple forms predom ...
... changes in growth cone morphology and behavior may be manifested at decision regions related to target recognition or branch points. Growth cones in fixed tissue were shown to exhibit dramatic differences in their morphologies, depending on their locations. In tracts and pathways simple forms predom ...
Signal Transduction in Plant–Insect Interactions: From Membrane
... impulses can propagate to adjacent excitable cells. The change in transmembrane potential can create a wave of depolarization which can affect the adjoining resting membrane. Action potentials in higher plants are the information carriers in intracellular and intercellular communication during envir ...
... impulses can propagate to adjacent excitable cells. The change in transmembrane potential can create a wave of depolarization which can affect the adjoining resting membrane. Action potentials in higher plants are the information carriers in intracellular and intercellular communication during envir ...
Neuron
... parietal cortex (PPC) of two monkeys performing analogs of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, which is most commonly used to test cognitive flexibility in humans. We successfully trained the monkeys to promptly perform set shifting, mostly within a single trial, and found shift-related activity: PPC n ...
... parietal cortex (PPC) of two monkeys performing analogs of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, which is most commonly used to test cognitive flexibility in humans. We successfully trained the monkeys to promptly perform set shifting, mostly within a single trial, and found shift-related activity: PPC n ...
The relation of emotions to placebo responses
... The intensity of pain is often measured by a visual analogue scale consisting of a 10 cm line anchored with the words ‘no pain’ and ‘worst pain imaginable’. Alternatively, pain can be indicated by having the subject state vocally a number between 0 and 10, indicating the intensity of pain. The unple ...
... The intensity of pain is often measured by a visual analogue scale consisting of a 10 cm line anchored with the words ‘no pain’ and ‘worst pain imaginable’. Alternatively, pain can be indicated by having the subject state vocally a number between 0 and 10, indicating the intensity of pain. The unple ...
The relation of emotions to placebo responses
... The intensity of pain is often measured by a visual analogue scale consisting of a 10 cm line anchored with the words ‘no pain’ and ‘worst pain imaginable’. Alternatively, pain can be indicated by having the subject state vocally a number between 0 and 10, indicating the intensity of pain. The unple ...
... The intensity of pain is often measured by a visual analogue scale consisting of a 10 cm line anchored with the words ‘no pain’ and ‘worst pain imaginable’. Alternatively, pain can be indicated by having the subject state vocally a number between 0 and 10, indicating the intensity of pain. The unple ...
Stimulus (physiology)
In physiology, a stimulus (plural stimuli) is a detectable change in the internal or external environment. The ability of an organism or organ to respond to external stimuli is called sensitivity. When a stimulus is applied to a sensory receptor, it normally elicits or influences a reflex via stimulus transduction. These sensory receptors can receive information from outside the body, as in touch receptors found in the skin or light receptors in the eye, as well as from inside the body, as in chemoreceptors and mechanorceptors. An internal stimulus is often the first component of a homeostatic control system. External stimuli are capable of producing systemic responses throughout the body, as in the fight-or-flight response. In order for a stimulus to be detected with high probability, its level must exceed the absolute threshold; if a signal does reach threshold, the information is transmitted to the central nervous system (CNS), where it is integrated and a decision on how to react is made. Although stimuli commonly cause the body to respond, it is the CNS that finally determines whether a signal causes a reaction or not.