Hepatocyte Growth Factor (HGF): Neurotrophic Functions and
... Neurological diseases are disorders of brain, spinal cord and peripheral nerves throughout the body, which evoke abnormality of neurological functions such as the inability to speak, decreased sensation, loss of balance, weakness, mental function problems, visual changes, abnormal reflexes, and walk ...
... Neurological diseases are disorders of brain, spinal cord and peripheral nerves throughout the body, which evoke abnormality of neurological functions such as the inability to speak, decreased sensation, loss of balance, weakness, mental function problems, visual changes, abnormal reflexes, and walk ...
The Cellular Basis of a Corollary Discharge
... neural signals, termed corollary discharges or efference copies, are forwarded from motor to sensory areas. Neurons mediating these signals have proved difficult to identify. We show that a single, multisegmental interneuron is responsible for the pre- and postsynaptic inhibition of auditory neurons ...
... neural signals, termed corollary discharges or efference copies, are forwarded from motor to sensory areas. Neurons mediating these signals have proved difficult to identify. We show that a single, multisegmental interneuron is responsible for the pre- and postsynaptic inhibition of auditory neurons ...
Pain Physiology SLS
... . Quinlan J, Carter K. Acute pain management in patients with persistent pain. Curr Opin Support Palliat Care 2012; 6(2):188 ...
... . Quinlan J, Carter K. Acute pain management in patients with persistent pain. Curr Opin Support Palliat Care 2012; 6(2):188 ...
Dopamine D2 Receptor Priming Enhances Dopaminergic Response
... implicated in psychosis as being increased in its activity (Schmitt et al. 2009). This increased activity has been debated, but most agree that this neurotransmitter plays a primary role in both motor behavior and drug reinforcement. In our laboratory, we have used a rodent model of increased dopami ...
... implicated in psychosis as being increased in its activity (Schmitt et al. 2009). This increased activity has been debated, but most agree that this neurotransmitter plays a primary role in both motor behavior and drug reinforcement. In our laboratory, we have used a rodent model of increased dopami ...
Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland
... The anterior pituitary hormones enter the systemic circulation and bind to their receptors on other target organs. In the case of TSH, the target organ is the thyroid gland. Clearly, robust control systems must be in place to prevent over or under-secretion of hypothalamic and anterior pituitary hor ...
... The anterior pituitary hormones enter the systemic circulation and bind to their receptors on other target organs. In the case of TSH, the target organ is the thyroid gland. Clearly, robust control systems must be in place to prevent over or under-secretion of hypothalamic and anterior pituitary hor ...
HCN channels are a novel therapeutic target for cognitive
... performing the water maze task, the mice were handled for a week. For initial characterization of Nf19a–/9a–mice, training consisted of 4 trials per day, divided in two sessions of two trials with a 1 h interval (Figure 1) or two trials per day for LTG-treated mice. At the start of the first session ...
... performing the water maze task, the mice were handled for a week. For initial characterization of Nf19a–/9a–mice, training consisted of 4 trials per day, divided in two sessions of two trials with a 1 h interval (Figure 1) or two trials per day for LTG-treated mice. At the start of the first session ...
Antinociceptive Action of Nitrous Oxide Is Mediated
... animals. The investigator’s forearms could be inserted through two circular openings on the side of the chamber, which were sealed with rubber flap iris diaphragm air seals. The chamber was large enough to contain the tail-flick and hot-plate devices. Antinociceptive testing was always performed aft ...
... animals. The investigator’s forearms could be inserted through two circular openings on the side of the chamber, which were sealed with rubber flap iris diaphragm air seals. The chamber was large enough to contain the tail-flick and hot-plate devices. Antinociceptive testing was always performed aft ...
Visually induced and spontaneous behavior in the zebrafish
... Behavior is often conceived as resulting from a stimulus-response association. Under this paradigm, understanding the nervous system is reduced to finding the relation between a sensory input and a motor output. Yet, in naturally behaving animals, motor actions influence sensory perceptions just as ...
... Behavior is often conceived as resulting from a stimulus-response association. Under this paradigm, understanding the nervous system is reduced to finding the relation between a sensory input and a motor output. Yet, in naturally behaving animals, motor actions influence sensory perceptions just as ...
Immunocytochemical Distribution of the
... (Munro and others 1993), both of which are G protein--coupled receptors. The discovery of the endogenous cannabinoids anandamide (Devane and others 1992) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (Mechoulam and others 1995) and the development of selective synthetic ligands that bind to the 2 receptor types (Rinal ...
... (Munro and others 1993), both of which are G protein--coupled receptors. The discovery of the endogenous cannabinoids anandamide (Devane and others 1992) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (Mechoulam and others 1995) and the development of selective synthetic ligands that bind to the 2 receptor types (Rinal ...
electrophysiological and synaptic properties of rat superior and
... predominantly by the baroreceptor and Starling reflexes. While these shortterm mechanisms reliably correct acute perturbations in blood pressure (as occur during postural changes)), they do not play a significant role in blood pressure regulation over longer periods of time (Schlaich et al., 2004), ...
... predominantly by the baroreceptor and Starling reflexes. While these shortterm mechanisms reliably correct acute perturbations in blood pressure (as occur during postural changes)), they do not play a significant role in blood pressure regulation over longer periods of time (Schlaich et al., 2004), ...
Differential innervation of superficial versus deep - HAL
... Double immunofluorescent labeling of PHA-L and the serotonin transporter (5-HTT) allowed detection of serotonergic fibers among bulbo-spinal projections. Anterograde tracing showed that RMg neurons project preferentially into the deep laminae V-VI whereas LPGi neuron projections are confined to the sup ...
... Double immunofluorescent labeling of PHA-L and the serotonin transporter (5-HTT) allowed detection of serotonergic fibers among bulbo-spinal projections. Anterograde tracing showed that RMg neurons project preferentially into the deep laminae V-VI whereas LPGi neuron projections are confined to the sup ...
Reticular Formation
... Simultaneously recorded surface EEG, EEG 1.2 mm into the cortex in a lightly anesthetized cat. Stimulation of the midbrain reticular formation (MRF) at 300 Hz at the bar produced an alerting response. (Reproduced, with permission, from Steriade M, Amzica F, Contreras D: Synchronization of fast (30– ...
... Simultaneously recorded surface EEG, EEG 1.2 mm into the cortex in a lightly anesthetized cat. Stimulation of the midbrain reticular formation (MRF) at 300 Hz at the bar produced an alerting response. (Reproduced, with permission, from Steriade M, Amzica F, Contreras D: Synchronization of fast (30– ...
Relating normalization to neuronal populations across cortical areas
... the same brain area under identical conditions exhibit a range of normalization, ranging from suppression by nonpreferred stimuli (strong normalization) to additive responses to combinations of stimuli (no normalization; for examples, see Lee and Maunsell, 2009; Busse et al., 2009). Normalization ha ...
... the same brain area under identical conditions exhibit a range of normalization, ranging from suppression by nonpreferred stimuli (strong normalization) to additive responses to combinations of stimuli (no normalization; for examples, see Lee and Maunsell, 2009; Busse et al., 2009). Normalization ha ...
MAY 5, 2000 Submitted to the Annual Review of Neuroscience AN
... signals throughout much of the rest of the brain, affecting not only visual processes, but also other sensory modalities, as well as systems responsible for response execution, memory retrieval, emotional evaluation, etc.. The aggregate effect of these bias signals is to guide the flow of neural act ...
... signals throughout much of the rest of the brain, affecting not only visual processes, but also other sensory modalities, as well as systems responsible for response execution, memory retrieval, emotional evaluation, etc.. The aggregate effect of these bias signals is to guide the flow of neural act ...
Frontal Eye Field Neurons Reflect Covert, Serial Shifts of Attention
... number of shifts of attention. To capture these attentional shifts in the spiking activity, we defined two analysis windows based on either standard, static, time windows or LFP cycles. To be as conservative as possible we tested a wide range of time windows and found the best (i.e., the strongest e ...
... number of shifts of attention. To capture these attentional shifts in the spiking activity, we defined two analysis windows based on either standard, static, time windows or LFP cycles. To be as conservative as possible we tested a wide range of time windows and found the best (i.e., the strongest e ...
Feeding Stimulants Activate an Identified Dopaminergic Interneuron
... functionally linked in different combinations and in different temporal patterns. Additional motor plasticity can arise from variability in the rate of rhythmic activity (i.e., cycle period) and in the intensity of action potential bursts (i.e., graded changes in intraburst action potential number a ...
... functionally linked in different combinations and in different temporal patterns. Additional motor plasticity can arise from variability in the rate of rhythmic activity (i.e., cycle period) and in the intensity of action potential bursts (i.e., graded changes in intraburst action potential number a ...
Cell-intrinsic drivers of dendrite morphogenesis
... External sensory (ES) neurons. These neurons originate from a single precursor cell after a series of asymmetrical divisions, ultimately forming the Drosophila external sensory organ. ES neurons have been used to analyze the Drosophila peripheral nervous system, and deficits in ES neurons can be stu ...
... External sensory (ES) neurons. These neurons originate from a single precursor cell after a series of asymmetrical divisions, ultimately forming the Drosophila external sensory organ. ES neurons have been used to analyze the Drosophila peripheral nervous system, and deficits in ES neurons can be stu ...
DEPARTAMENTO DE CIÊNCIAS DA VIDA
... Both the injury signals induced and the regeneration enhancers expressed after a central nervous system (CNS) injury are thought to be defective. During the past decade, there have been intensive efforts in trying to understand why axons fail to regenerate in the adult mammalian CNS aiming at findin ...
... Both the injury signals induced and the regeneration enhancers expressed after a central nervous system (CNS) injury are thought to be defective. During the past decade, there have been intensive efforts in trying to understand why axons fail to regenerate in the adult mammalian CNS aiming at findin ...
Down - 서울대 : Biointelligence lab
... This activity packet is stable after removal of the external stimulus when the rotational nodes are inactive Between 20 t 40 , a clockwise rotation activity was applied The activity packet moved in the clockwise direction linearly in this time Movement stops after rotation cell firing ...
... This activity packet is stable after removal of the external stimulus when the rotational nodes are inactive Between 20 t 40 , a clockwise rotation activity was applied The activity packet moved in the clockwise direction linearly in this time Movement stops after rotation cell firing ...
Neurobiological mechanisms of puberty in higher primates
... pulsatility in this neuronal network, the so-called GnRH pulse generator, is intrinsic to the GnRH neurons themselves (Wetsel et al., 1992; Terasawa et al., 1999, 2002), the ability of rat retrochiasmatic hypothalamic explants (where GnRH axons have been severed from their cell bodies) to sustain pu ...
... pulsatility in this neuronal network, the so-called GnRH pulse generator, is intrinsic to the GnRH neurons themselves (Wetsel et al., 1992; Terasawa et al., 1999, 2002), the ability of rat retrochiasmatic hypothalamic explants (where GnRH axons have been severed from their cell bodies) to sustain pu ...
... cellular protein, was subjected to an intracerebral inoculation with a BSE isolate. Neuropathological features where assessed and compared to NTs/NTRs immunolabelling. Furthermore, in this experiment, a wild type mouse line (Balb-C) was included as a control for a thorough -normal- mouse brain mappi ...
Dopamine in Schizophrenia
... the DA hypothesis. A series of studies using D2 radioreceptor imaging have found larger displacement of the ligand from striatal D2 receptors following amphetamine challenge in untreated and neuroleptic-naïve schizophrenics compared to healthy controls, pointing to a greater stimulation of these rec ...
... the DA hypothesis. A series of studies using D2 radioreceptor imaging have found larger displacement of the ligand from striatal D2 receptors following amphetamine challenge in untreated and neuroleptic-naïve schizophrenics compared to healthy controls, pointing to a greater stimulation of these rec ...
(2012) Prediction of economic choice by primate amygdala neurons
... Analysis of licking durations confirmed that monkeys distinguished save–spend trials in both free choice and imperative tasks even before cue appearance (Fig. S3). Furthermore, performance levels were similar for both tasks (80% and 76% correct trials in the free choice and imperative tasks, respecti ...
... Analysis of licking durations confirmed that monkeys distinguished save–spend trials in both free choice and imperative tasks even before cue appearance (Fig. S3). Furthermore, performance levels were similar for both tasks (80% and 76% correct trials in the free choice and imperative tasks, respecti ...
The Optic Tectum in Fishes
... Microelectrodes may also pick up action potentials indicative of individual neurons in tectum. If such units are visually responsive, their receptive fields generally differ from the relatively small, retinotopically ordered MURFs of superficial tectum, instead taking a bewildering variety of forms. ...
... Microelectrodes may also pick up action potentials indicative of individual neurons in tectum. If such units are visually responsive, their receptive fields generally differ from the relatively small, retinotopically ordered MURFs of superficial tectum, instead taking a bewildering variety of forms. ...
Stimulus (physiology)
In physiology, a stimulus (plural stimuli) is a detectable change in the internal or external environment. The ability of an organism or organ to respond to external stimuli is called sensitivity. When a stimulus is applied to a sensory receptor, it normally elicits or influences a reflex via stimulus transduction. These sensory receptors can receive information from outside the body, as in touch receptors found in the skin or light receptors in the eye, as well as from inside the body, as in chemoreceptors and mechanorceptors. An internal stimulus is often the first component of a homeostatic control system. External stimuli are capable of producing systemic responses throughout the body, as in the fight-or-flight response. In order for a stimulus to be detected with high probability, its level must exceed the absolute threshold; if a signal does reach threshold, the information is transmitted to the central nervous system (CNS), where it is integrated and a decision on how to react is made. Although stimuli commonly cause the body to respond, it is the CNS that finally determines whether a signal causes a reaction or not.