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Local Gene Expression in Axons and Nerve Endings: The Glia
... consequence on the trophic support of the axonal periphery. How could a cell body metabolically sustain an axon comprising more than 100-fold its mass? How could a perikaryon synthesize all the axonal, presynaptic, and dendritic proteins in addition to its own? How could it deliver them to the right ...
... consequence on the trophic support of the axonal periphery. How could a cell body metabolically sustain an axon comprising more than 100-fold its mass? How could a perikaryon synthesize all the axonal, presynaptic, and dendritic proteins in addition to its own? How could it deliver them to the right ...
mGluR-dependent persistent firing in entorhinal cortex layer III neurons SYNAPTIC MECHANISMS Motoharu Yoshida,
... Persistent firing is believed to be a crucial mechanism for memory function including working memory. Recent in vivo and in vitro findings suggest an involvement of metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) in persistent firing. Using whole-cell patch-recording techniques in a rat entorhinal cortex ...
... Persistent firing is believed to be a crucial mechanism for memory function including working memory. Recent in vivo and in vitro findings suggest an involvement of metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) in persistent firing. Using whole-cell patch-recording techniques in a rat entorhinal cortex ...
Acceleration of visually cued conditioned fear through the
... groups indicated that c-fos expression was significantly higher for all groups that showed cued fear responses after one session of conditioning than for the light-conditioned sham lesion group, which did not (P < 0.01, t-test; Fig. 4d). This is consistent with the hypothesis that activation of the ...
... groups indicated that c-fos expression was significantly higher for all groups that showed cued fear responses after one session of conditioning than for the light-conditioned sham lesion group, which did not (P < 0.01, t-test; Fig. 4d). This is consistent with the hypothesis that activation of the ...
Ionic Mechanisms in the Generation of Subthreshold Oscillations and
... 2003) caused by the expression of different h-channel subtypes (Santoro et al., 2000). Therefore, a number of models of the hcurrent have been presented based on experimental work in a variety of cell types. Using a model of the steady-state activation and the activation time constant, voltage-clamp ...
... 2003) caused by the expression of different h-channel subtypes (Santoro et al., 2000). Therefore, a number of models of the hcurrent have been presented based on experimental work in a variety of cell types. Using a model of the steady-state activation and the activation time constant, voltage-clamp ...
pain and emotion interactions in subregions of the cingulate gyrus
... in the context of the four-region model showed prominent brain activation during both sad and happy emotions. The sACC is activated during sad events; whereas when individuals experience happy emotions, the pregenual ACC (pACC)17, which is located in a rostral position in the ACC, is activated. In t ...
... in the context of the four-region model showed prominent brain activation during both sad and happy emotions. The sACC is activated during sad events; whereas when individuals experience happy emotions, the pregenual ACC (pACC)17, which is located in a rostral position in the ACC, is activated. In t ...
Kisspeptin Signaling Is Required for the Luteinizing Introduction of Males
... ¤ Current address: School of Anatomy, Physiology and Human Biology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia ...
... ¤ Current address: School of Anatomy, Physiology and Human Biology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia ...
The role of mirror neurons in cognition
... Mirror neurons are a class of brain cells fortuitously discovered in the premotor cortex of the macaque monkey that become active during both execution and observation of the same action. This straightforward property is what enabled these neurons to conquer the fields of cognitive science and becom ...
... Mirror neurons are a class of brain cells fortuitously discovered in the premotor cortex of the macaque monkey that become active during both execution and observation of the same action. This straightforward property is what enabled these neurons to conquer the fields of cognitive science and becom ...
Stereoscopic Processing of Absolute and Relative Disparity in
... signal should be a consequence of the reduction in response from adapted neurons selective for the attribute being tested. The major advantage of this approach is that it targets specific subpopulations of neurons, as response differences can be referred back to adaptation-tagged neurons (Grill-Spec ...
... signal should be a consequence of the reduction in response from adapted neurons selective for the attribute being tested. The major advantage of this approach is that it targets specific subpopulations of neurons, as response differences can be referred back to adaptation-tagged neurons (Grill-Spec ...
Impact of prefrontal cortex in nicotine
... Systemic administration of nicotine increases dopaminergic (DA) neuron firing in the ventral tegmental area (VTA), which is thought to underlie nicotine reward. Here, we report that the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) plays a critical role in nicotineinduced excitation of VTA DA neurons. In chloral ...
... Systemic administration of nicotine increases dopaminergic (DA) neuron firing in the ventral tegmental area (VTA), which is thought to underlie nicotine reward. Here, we report that the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) plays a critical role in nicotineinduced excitation of VTA DA neurons. In chloral ...
Spatial and Temporal Integration of Signals in Foveal Line Orientation
... line segments over a single short line cannot be accounted for by vernier discrimination of the inner ends of the line segments. A: 2 collinear 5-arcmin line segments with 15-arcmin inner separation. B: vernier threshold for 2 lines, 5 arcmin long and separated by 15 arcmin, which remained strictly ...
... line segments over a single short line cannot be accounted for by vernier discrimination of the inner ends of the line segments. A: 2 collinear 5-arcmin line segments with 15-arcmin inner separation. B: vernier threshold for 2 lines, 5 arcmin long and separated by 15 arcmin, which remained strictly ...
The role of the cerebellum in classical conditioning of
... (US). Most of the data that have been collected over the years are from studies of eyeblink conditioning; hence we focus on that response system here. To the extent tested, the cerebellum is involved in the same way for all striated muscle responses learned to deal with an aversive US (e.g. forelimb ...
... (US). Most of the data that have been collected over the years are from studies of eyeblink conditioning; hence we focus on that response system here. To the extent tested, the cerebellum is involved in the same way for all striated muscle responses learned to deal with an aversive US (e.g. forelimb ...
Quick Quiz 1 - child-development-2011
... 1. All of the following are principles of development that can be recognized during infancy EXCEPT a. cephalocaudal principle. c. principle of hierarchial integration. b. proximodistal principle. d. principle of interdependent cooperation. 2. When considering the development of the brain, one biolog ...
... 1. All of the following are principles of development that can be recognized during infancy EXCEPT a. cephalocaudal principle. c. principle of hierarchial integration. b. proximodistal principle. d. principle of interdependent cooperation. 2. When considering the development of the brain, one biolog ...
Evidence for time division multiplexing of multiple simultaneous
... Using novel statistical methods to evaluate spiking activity on a variety of time scales, we found ...
... Using novel statistical methods to evaluate spiking activity on a variety of time scales, we found ...
Change of vanilloid receptor 1 expression in dorsal root ganglion
... pain in rats [6,7]. Our results confirm the role of VR1 during this period of hyperalgesia. From day 1 to day 21 after CFA injection into the hind paw of rats (Fig. 1), VR1 expression in DRG and the superficial layers of the spinal dorsal horn increased, with a peak at days 7–14; the ratio of VR1-po ...
... pain in rats [6,7]. Our results confirm the role of VR1 during this period of hyperalgesia. From day 1 to day 21 after CFA injection into the hind paw of rats (Fig. 1), VR1 expression in DRG and the superficial layers of the spinal dorsal horn increased, with a peak at days 7–14; the ratio of VR1-po ...
Selectivity for the Shape, Size, and Orientation of Objects for
... orientation of objects for grasping in neurons of monkey parietal area AIP. J. Neurophysiol. 83: 2580 –2601, 2000. In this study, we mainly investigated the visual selectivity of hand-manipulation-related neurons in the anterior intraparietal area (area AIP) while the animal was grasping or fixating ...
... orientation of objects for grasping in neurons of monkey parietal area AIP. J. Neurophysiol. 83: 2580 –2601, 2000. In this study, we mainly investigated the visual selectivity of hand-manipulation-related neurons in the anterior intraparietal area (area AIP) while the animal was grasping or fixating ...
Control of breathing by interacting pontine and
... shaping of the breathing pattern. Many peripheral mechano- and chemo-sensory afferents, including those from the lungs, tracheobronchial tree and carotid bifurcation, provide feedback signals involving in the homeodynamic control of breathing, cardiovascular function, and different types of motor be ...
... shaping of the breathing pattern. Many peripheral mechano- and chemo-sensory afferents, including those from the lungs, tracheobronchial tree and carotid bifurcation, provide feedback signals involving in the homeodynamic control of breathing, cardiovascular function, and different types of motor be ...
Barrel cortex function - Brain Research Institute
... stimulus leading to activation of the cerebral cortex can be brought under tight experimental control. Measurement of neocortical information about a stimulus that we control precisely, may tell us something about the capability of the neocortex to process and to respond to this specific sensory inpu ...
... stimulus leading to activation of the cerebral cortex can be brought under tight experimental control. Measurement of neocortical information about a stimulus that we control precisely, may tell us something about the capability of the neocortex to process and to respond to this specific sensory inpu ...
Article - Perelman School of Medicine at the University of
... et al., 2005). We therefore sought to investigate whether this transcription factor might function in the development of subcerebral and other CFu neurons. We first examined the temporal course and cell-type-specific expression of SOX5 protein in the neocortex during embryonic corticogenesis. We fin ...
... et al., 2005). We therefore sought to investigate whether this transcription factor might function in the development of subcerebral and other CFu neurons. We first examined the temporal course and cell-type-specific expression of SOX5 protein in the neocortex during embryonic corticogenesis. We fin ...
Nervous System Module - Year 2 Semester 1 Number of Credit – 8
... 2. Describe the biochemical aspect of specific receptors for neurotransmitters- ionotropic receptors (ion channels) -metabotropic receptors 3. Explain the mechanism of action of receptor 4. Explain the biochemical regulation of neurotransmitters 5. State the mode of action of neurotransmitters ...
... 2. Describe the biochemical aspect of specific receptors for neurotransmitters- ionotropic receptors (ion channels) -metabotropic receptors 3. Explain the mechanism of action of receptor 4. Explain the biochemical regulation of neurotransmitters 5. State the mode of action of neurotransmitters ...
repo
... neuroglioblast/glioblast-specific driver, limited to development. Restricted expression in larva. ...
... neuroglioblast/glioblast-specific driver, limited to development. Restricted expression in larva. ...
Neuromechanical coupling in the regulation of muscle tone and joint
... the spindle to become taut, as if the muscle were suddenly stretched, stimulating the intrafusal spindle sensory organ. The intrafusal fibers generate an excitatory afferent signal that is transmitted back to the spinal cord through fast sensory nerves. These sensory fibers directly synapse with α m ...
... the spindle to become taut, as if the muscle were suddenly stretched, stimulating the intrafusal spindle sensory organ. The intrafusal fibers generate an excitatory afferent signal that is transmitted back to the spinal cord through fast sensory nerves. These sensory fibers directly synapse with α m ...
The Emerging Roles of Oxytocin in Rhythmic Prolactin Release
... 1. The prolactin rhythm is likely due to interactions between dopamine neurons and lactotrophs. 2. The prolactin rhythm can be induced by mating, or in OVX animals, by cervical stimulation, central or peripheral prolactin injection, or peripheral oxytocin injection. 3. Oxytocin at the lactotroph is ...
... 1. The prolactin rhythm is likely due to interactions between dopamine neurons and lactotrophs. 2. The prolactin rhythm can be induced by mating, or in OVX animals, by cervical stimulation, central or peripheral prolactin injection, or peripheral oxytocin injection. 3. Oxytocin at the lactotroph is ...
Mammalian Models of CNS Regeneration - Wiley-VCH
... Probably the best model for producing reliable complete lesions of a CNS tract is provided by the optic nerve, which can be completely sectioned or crushed by an experienced operator, with little chance of axonal sparing. This has allowed major discoveries to be made on the influence of neurotrophic ...
... Probably the best model for producing reliable complete lesions of a CNS tract is provided by the optic nerve, which can be completely sectioned or crushed by an experienced operator, with little chance of axonal sparing. This has allowed major discoveries to be made on the influence of neurotrophic ...
Physiology Ch 19 p213-228 [4-25
... Failure of Increased Total Peripheral Resistance to Elevate Long-Term Level of Arterial Pressure if Fluid Intake and Renal Function Do Not Change – basic equation for arterial pressure is: Arterial pressure = cardiac output * total peripheral resistance -when total peripheral resistance is acutely ...
... Failure of Increased Total Peripheral Resistance to Elevate Long-Term Level of Arterial Pressure if Fluid Intake and Renal Function Do Not Change – basic equation for arterial pressure is: Arterial pressure = cardiac output * total peripheral resistance -when total peripheral resistance is acutely ...
Stimulus (physiology)
In physiology, a stimulus (plural stimuli) is a detectable change in the internal or external environment. The ability of an organism or organ to respond to external stimuli is called sensitivity. When a stimulus is applied to a sensory receptor, it normally elicits or influences a reflex via stimulus transduction. These sensory receptors can receive information from outside the body, as in touch receptors found in the skin or light receptors in the eye, as well as from inside the body, as in chemoreceptors and mechanorceptors. An internal stimulus is often the first component of a homeostatic control system. External stimuli are capable of producing systemic responses throughout the body, as in the fight-or-flight response. In order for a stimulus to be detected with high probability, its level must exceed the absolute threshold; if a signal does reach threshold, the information is transmitted to the central nervous system (CNS), where it is integrated and a decision on how to react is made. Although stimuli commonly cause the body to respond, it is the CNS that finally determines whether a signal causes a reaction or not.