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Altered cortical and subcortical connectivity due to infrasound
... auditory stimulation (i.e. stimulation below the threshold of perception). For example, 5-Hz IS exposure presented at SPLs as low as 60–65 dB has been shown to trigger the response of inner ear components such as the outer hair cells in animals [29] and it has been suggested that outer hair cell sti ...
... auditory stimulation (i.e. stimulation below the threshold of perception). For example, 5-Hz IS exposure presented at SPLs as low as 60–65 dB has been shown to trigger the response of inner ear components such as the outer hair cells in animals [29] and it has been suggested that outer hair cell sti ...
Background - Harvard University
... relevant what the dog feels (notion 2). Yet we will see that this definition is a key to neurobiological studies. Around this time, Thorndike’s (1911) Law of Effect postulated that a reward increases the frequency and intensity of a specific behavioral act that has resulted in a reward before or, as ...
... relevant what the dog feels (notion 2). Yet we will see that this definition is a key to neurobiological studies. Around this time, Thorndike’s (1911) Law of Effect postulated that a reward increases the frequency and intensity of a specific behavioral act that has resulted in a reward before or, as ...
SNS COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY (An Autonomous Institution
... c) Each oligodendrocyte forms the myelin of sheath of a number of different axons Ans : Microglia are scattered throughout the grey and white matter 80. Which of the following statements about the central nervous system (CNS) are correct? Please select all that apply a) The capillaries of the brain ...
... c) Each oligodendrocyte forms the myelin of sheath of a number of different axons Ans : Microglia are scattered throughout the grey and white matter 80. Which of the following statements about the central nervous system (CNS) are correct? Please select all that apply a) The capillaries of the brain ...
cerebellum
... – Each parallel fiber forms excitatory synaptic contacts with numerous Purkinje cells. – All output from the cerebellar cortex is carried by the axons of Purkinje cells into the cerebellar wm. – The Purkinje cells form inhibitory synapses onto the deep cerebellar nuclei and vestibular nuclei, which ...
... – Each parallel fiber forms excitatory synaptic contacts with numerous Purkinje cells. – All output from the cerebellar cortex is carried by the axons of Purkinje cells into the cerebellar wm. – The Purkinje cells form inhibitory synapses onto the deep cerebellar nuclei and vestibular nuclei, which ...
Ionotropic Glutamate Receptors in Aplysia californica and Molecular
... (Greger, et al. 2007). Conversely, Ca2+ is the principal ion transported by NMDAR in vertebrate models (Mayer and Westbrook 1987). In mammals, NMDAR are obligatory heterotetramers composed of various arrangements of three subunits, Grin1, Grin2, and Grin3 (Glutamate Receptor Ionotropic/NMDA). This m ...
... (Greger, et al. 2007). Conversely, Ca2+ is the principal ion transported by NMDAR in vertebrate models (Mayer and Westbrook 1987). In mammals, NMDAR are obligatory heterotetramers composed of various arrangements of three subunits, Grin1, Grin2, and Grin3 (Glutamate Receptor Ionotropic/NMDA). This m ...
Red calcium indicator
... calcium changes produce a strong response at 650 nm. In our hands, as can be noted from the variance in the lots 908a and 910a, we have not yet achieved consistent results for the 517 nm peak, although the 650 nm peak has consistently shown a ~20-fold increase in emission upon calcium saturation. No ...
... calcium changes produce a strong response at 650 nm. In our hands, as can be noted from the variance in the lots 908a and 910a, we have not yet achieved consistent results for the 517 nm peak, although the 650 nm peak has consistently shown a ~20-fold increase in emission upon calcium saturation. No ...
identification of central cholinergic neurons containing both choline
... our findings with the known distributions of AChEcontaining neurons (Jacobowitz and Palkovits, 1974) indicated that several areas rich in AChE-positive neurons did not contain ChAT-positive neurons. In view of the widespread use of histochemical staining procedures for AChE to study “cholinergic” ne ...
... our findings with the known distributions of AChEcontaining neurons (Jacobowitz and Palkovits, 1974) indicated that several areas rich in AChE-positive neurons did not contain ChAT-positive neurons. In view of the widespread use of histochemical staining procedures for AChE to study “cholinergic” ne ...
The Switch of Subthalamic Neurons From an Irregular to a Bursting
... Ejecting currents were chosen in such a way to induce a clear decrease in firing rate. Besides, prolonged low current GABA applications were invariably associated with a trend toward the total inhibition, leading to a nonstationary firing that avoided any correct quantitative analysis with the Poiss ...
... Ejecting currents were chosen in such a way to induce a clear decrease in firing rate. Besides, prolonged low current GABA applications were invariably associated with a trend toward the total inhibition, leading to a nonstationary firing that avoided any correct quantitative analysis with the Poiss ...
Comparative neuronal morphology of the
... cetartiodactyls (humpback whale, giraffe), and primates (human, common chimpanzee). Although there are many representative freehand and camera lucida drawings of cerebellar cortex neurons (Ramón y Cajal, 1909, 1911; Chan-Palay and Palay, 1970, 1972; Palay and ChanPalay, 1974; Braak and Braak, 1983; ...
... cetartiodactyls (humpback whale, giraffe), and primates (human, common chimpanzee). Although there are many representative freehand and camera lucida drawings of cerebellar cortex neurons (Ramón y Cajal, 1909, 1911; Chan-Palay and Palay, 1970, 1972; Palay and ChanPalay, 1974; Braak and Braak, 1983; ...
The subfornical organ: A central nervous system site for actions of
... dorsomedial nucleus, and the lateral hypothalamic area (31), and it is clear that leptin signaling in these structures plays a pivotal role in regulating energy balance. The presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) leads to the obvious question as to how this peripheral peptide gains access to the ...
... dorsomedial nucleus, and the lateral hypothalamic area (31), and it is clear that leptin signaling in these structures plays a pivotal role in regulating energy balance. The presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) leads to the obvious question as to how this peripheral peptide gains access to the ...
Sensory Nerves in Adult Rats Regenerate and Restore Sensory
... regimeswere maintained throughout. There were no significant differences(p > 0.05 ANOVA) between any of the three groups (NGF treated, anti-NGF treated,and the control group) at each time point. the proximal fiber population that was present in the distal segment when cutaneous sensory function had ...
... regimeswere maintained throughout. There were no significant differences(p > 0.05 ANOVA) between any of the three groups (NGF treated, anti-NGF treated,and the control group) at each time point. the proximal fiber population that was present in the distal segment when cutaneous sensory function had ...
THE NEUROMUSCULAR SYSTEM CHAPTER 5: 1.3.1 The
... • Axon transmits neural impulse away from the cell body towards other neurones or effector cells such as muscle fibres. • Achieved via depolarisation of axon membrane to produce action potential. • An action potential travels down axon via saltatory conduction. • Acetylcholine enables the electr ...
... • Axon transmits neural impulse away from the cell body towards other neurones or effector cells such as muscle fibres. • Achieved via depolarisation of axon membrane to produce action potential. • An action potential travels down axon via saltatory conduction. • Acetylcholine enables the electr ...
The Physiology of the Kidney and Body Fluids EDUCATIONAL
... acid, and creatinine. Clearance of secreted and filtered solutes can approach renal plasma flow. Other solutes such as proteins, amino acids and glucose are conserved by the normal kidney and have zero clearance. The kidney produces hormones (erythropoietin, renin-angiotensin and calcitriol). It has ...
... acid, and creatinine. Clearance of secreted and filtered solutes can approach renal plasma flow. Other solutes such as proteins, amino acids and glucose are conserved by the normal kidney and have zero clearance. The kidney produces hormones (erythropoietin, renin-angiotensin and calcitriol). It has ...
Differential Temporal Storage Capacity in the Baseline Activity of
... Department of Integrative Brain Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto; and 2Division of Sensory and Cognitive Information, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Aichi, Japan Submitted 8 December 2009; accepted in final form 3 March 2010 ...
... Department of Integrative Brain Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto; and 2Division of Sensory and Cognitive Information, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Aichi, Japan Submitted 8 December 2009; accepted in final form 3 March 2010 ...
Kandel ch. 43 + Two review papers
... highly organized connections with virtually the entire cerebral cortex, as well as the hippocampus and amygdala. Finally, a wide range of motor and nonmotor behaviors have been correlated with activity in individual basal ganglia neurons in experimental animals and with metabolic activity in the bas ...
... highly organized connections with virtually the entire cerebral cortex, as well as the hippocampus and amygdala. Finally, a wide range of motor and nonmotor behaviors have been correlated with activity in individual basal ganglia neurons in experimental animals and with metabolic activity in the bas ...
Article
... Rhythmic movements, such as walking, swimming, and flying, are commonly driven by neural networks known as central pattern generators (CPGs). CPGs produce rhythmic motor patterns in the absence of sensory feedback [1–3], and are found in many species including insects and mammals, sharing many simil ...
... Rhythmic movements, such as walking, swimming, and flying, are commonly driven by neural networks known as central pattern generators (CPGs). CPGs produce rhythmic motor patterns in the absence of sensory feedback [1–3], and are found in many species including insects and mammals, sharing many simil ...
Self-Organizing Visual Cortex Model using Homeostatic Plasticity
... neuron connected with a bunch of synapses to one post-synaptic neuron. Consider the case of positive correlation in which the firing of pre-synaptic neuron caused potentiation of post-synaptic neuron. According to Hebbian rule, synapses between these two neurons should be strengthened, which in turn ...
... neuron connected with a bunch of synapses to one post-synaptic neuron. Consider the case of positive correlation in which the firing of pre-synaptic neuron caused potentiation of post-synaptic neuron. According to Hebbian rule, synapses between these two neurons should be strengthened, which in turn ...
Book 1 Clinical Chemistry of the Kidney and Renal
... 16). These segmental arteries divide again and eventually supply the interlobar arteries which ascend between the medullary pyramids (area known as the renal columns) (Ref. 6, p. 16). At level of corticomedullary junction, the interlobar arteries "arch" over the base of renal pyramid; hence the name ...
... 16). These segmental arteries divide again and eventually supply the interlobar arteries which ascend between the medullary pyramids (area known as the renal columns) (Ref. 6, p. 16). At level of corticomedullary junction, the interlobar arteries "arch" over the base of renal pyramid; hence the name ...
Branching out: mechanisms of dendritic arborization
... the area (its dendritic field) that encompasses its sensory and/or synaptic inputs16,17. Second, the branching pattern and density of dendrites must be suitable for sampling and processing the signals that converge onto the dendritic field18,19. Third, dendrites need to have the flexibility for adju ...
... the area (its dendritic field) that encompasses its sensory and/or synaptic inputs16,17. Second, the branching pattern and density of dendrites must be suitable for sampling and processing the signals that converge onto the dendritic field18,19. Third, dendrites need to have the flexibility for adju ...
Possible cues driving context-specific adaptation of optocollic reflex
... The vibratory stimulation of the head was delivered, at ⬃110 Hz, with another homemade vibrator of circular shape, 15 mm in diameter and 4 mm thick, fixed on the top of the head by adhesive tape after the feathers had been cut. The angular amplitude of head vibrations measured with a coil cemented t ...
... The vibratory stimulation of the head was delivered, at ⬃110 Hz, with another homemade vibrator of circular shape, 15 mm in diameter and 4 mm thick, fixed on the top of the head by adhesive tape after the feathers had been cut. The angular amplitude of head vibrations measured with a coil cemented t ...
Anosmia and parosmia
... knob) extending to the mucosal surface where olfactory receptors have access to the mucus (figure 1). When odorants are delivered to this area they combine with odorant-binding proteins that facilitate movement through mucus and then subsequent rapid clearing after recognition. Thus mucus rheology p ...
... knob) extending to the mucosal surface where olfactory receptors have access to the mucus (figure 1). When odorants are delivered to this area they combine with odorant-binding proteins that facilitate movement through mucus and then subsequent rapid clearing after recognition. Thus mucus rheology p ...
PDF of this article
... mechanism known as indirect excitotoxicity (42,43). This mechanism may very well occur in the nigral neurons of PD patients, which are exceedingly vulnerable to toxic insults due to a number of specific conditions, the most important being mitochondrial enzyme complex I deficiency (44). The increase ...
... mechanism known as indirect excitotoxicity (42,43). This mechanism may very well occur in the nigral neurons of PD patients, which are exceedingly vulnerable to toxic insults due to a number of specific conditions, the most important being mitochondrial enzyme complex I deficiency (44). The increase ...
Invulnerability of retinal ganglion cells to NMDA excitotoxicity
... 3A – F; see Experimental methods). Surprisingly, RGCs were not killed by glutamate or its agonists including NMDA and kainate (Figs. 3A – F, 4). Indeed, 100% of the purified RGCs survived after exposure to these agonists for 1 h (Fig. 4) or even after 1 week (data not shown). Because it has been fou ...
... 3A – F; see Experimental methods). Surprisingly, RGCs were not killed by glutamate or its agonists including NMDA and kainate (Figs. 3A – F, 4). Indeed, 100% of the purified RGCs survived after exposure to these agonists for 1 h (Fig. 4) or even after 1 week (data not shown). Because it has been fou ...
The GABAergic system in schizophrenia
... from animal brain material. Working on crayfish stretch receptors initially and later with the monosynaptic kneejerk reflex in cats, Ernst Florey reported that a Factor I had inhibitory effects in these systems (Florey and McLennan, 1955). Factor I was later purified from beef brain and shown to be ...
... from animal brain material. Working on crayfish stretch receptors initially and later with the monosynaptic kneejerk reflex in cats, Ernst Florey reported that a Factor I had inhibitory effects in these systems (Florey and McLennan, 1955). Factor I was later purified from beef brain and shown to be ...
Local Gene Expression in Axons and Nerve Endings: The Glia
... consequence on the trophic support of the axonal periphery. How could a cell body metabolically sustain an axon comprising more than 100-fold its mass? How could a perikaryon synthesize all the axonal, presynaptic, and dendritic proteins in addition to its own? How could it deliver them to the right ...
... consequence on the trophic support of the axonal periphery. How could a cell body metabolically sustain an axon comprising more than 100-fold its mass? How could a perikaryon synthesize all the axonal, presynaptic, and dendritic proteins in addition to its own? How could it deliver them to the right ...
Stimulus (physiology)
In physiology, a stimulus (plural stimuli) is a detectable change in the internal or external environment. The ability of an organism or organ to respond to external stimuli is called sensitivity. When a stimulus is applied to a sensory receptor, it normally elicits or influences a reflex via stimulus transduction. These sensory receptors can receive information from outside the body, as in touch receptors found in the skin or light receptors in the eye, as well as from inside the body, as in chemoreceptors and mechanorceptors. An internal stimulus is often the first component of a homeostatic control system. External stimuli are capable of producing systemic responses throughout the body, as in the fight-or-flight response. In order for a stimulus to be detected with high probability, its level must exceed the absolute threshold; if a signal does reach threshold, the information is transmitted to the central nervous system (CNS), where it is integrated and a decision on how to react is made. Although stimuli commonly cause the body to respond, it is the CNS that finally determines whether a signal causes a reaction or not.